IMPROVING PERFORMANCE IN PILOT TRAINING BY USING THE CHAIR FLYING TECHNIQUE

Malls, Sprawl and Clutter: Realistic Terrain for Simulation of JUO Steve Prager, PhD and Kent Cauble Lockheed Martin STS Bellevue, WA David Bakeman Nakuru Software, Inc. Seattle, WA Steve Haes and Glenn Goodman Alion Science and Technology Washington, DC Until recently, the vast majority of joint modeling and simulation (M&S) activities were germane to theater level operations. Where they existed, synthetic environments for M&S of urban activities were typically of limited scope and out of context to the remainder the battlespace (e.g., the broader theater of operations, the rest of a given city). Recent Joint Urban Operations (JUO) experimentation at the J9 Joint Experimentation Directorate, USJFCOM, sets a new standard for urban synthetic natural environment (SNE) development and urban M&S. A key driver in the requirements for the JUO synthetic environment is the idea that a realistic opposing force must be able to take advantage of the urban environment. This “thinking” enemy is driven through a human in the loop (HITL) process wherein enemy activities are modeled after real world threats and realistic “local” advantage. In order for this local advantage to be prosecuted, a realistic urban environment is required that supports such activities. The terrain database produced for JUO thus represents a revolutionary step forward in terms of combined scale and detail of a synthetic environment. The database produced for JUO experimentation includes over 1.8 million attributed buildings (many thousands of which are based on real-world footprints and corresponding urban terrain zones), a road network that is approximately five times denser than VMAP1 data, and numerous discrete intensified features such as parked cars, dumpsters, jersey barriers, individual trees, tree canopies, and trashcans. The scale and fidelity of the JUO database is, in turn, one of the key drivers behind a series of significant changes to the Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF) Compact Terrain Data Base (CTDB) format. This paper will discuss the characteristics of the JUO database, details regarding the data content and production methodology, and the rationale for the requirements that drove intensification and production and format decisions. 2004 Paper No. 1884
Creating a Communication Infrastructure for Simulating Urban Operations Richard Williams BMH Associates, Inc. Norfolk, VA John J. Tran Information Sciences Institute, USC Marina del Rey, CA Bill Helfinstine Lockheed Martin Boston, MA Joint Forces Command is currently developing a large-scale, human-in-the-loop (HITL) federation to support a Joint Urban Operations (JUO) experiment. This resulting JUO HITL federation brings together hundreds of simulations running on both Scalable Parallel Processors and standard desktop computers located at sites ranging from Hawaii to Virginia. This endeavor faced the challenge of developing a communication infrastructure that could support a demanding set of simulation requirements while faced with multiple technological hurdles. These diverse issues, which included high latency rates, huge amounts of network traffic, and organizing large numbers of computers, had to be solved to create both a stable and reliable federation. This paper shall focus on how the communication infrastructure for the JUO HITL Environment was constructed. It shall describe how the capabilities and demands of the network, machines, run-time infrastructure, and multiple simulations affected the communication topology design. The paper shall also describe the resulting infrastructure used for the JUO HITL federation with a discussion of system strengths and weaknesses. The paper shall use quantitative measurements to illustrate how changes to infrastructure affect network traffic levels and performance. This paper shall also introduce the specific tools created to facilitate the rapid generation and distribution of the complex communication topology. Finally, future development work shall be discussed that should result in an even more robust system with improved implementation features. 2004 Paper No. 1733
Successful Joint Experimentation Starts at the Data Collection Trail—Part II Robert J. Graebener, Gregory Rafuse, Robert Miller & Ke-Thia Yao M&S Team, Experimentation Engineering Department, J9 USJFCOM Suffolk, Virginia Last year Joint Forces Command’s, Joint Experimentation Directorate (J9) initiated planning and development in technical support of the most complex experiment (URBAN RESOLVE) undertaken to date. The experiment trials (Summer 2004) will explore future concepts and technologies for achieving situational awareness and understanding when operating in a robust large-city urban environment. In addition, the need for generating quantifiable results took on a renewed level of interest. The Commander, Joint Forces Command directed that future experiments provide findings that can survive critical scrutiny, particularly if those transformational products and solutions are to be promulgated across the Department. The authors’ add another chapter to last year’s paper, as they craft a system for providing more creditable and quantifiable data to support experiment findings. This paper will cover: changes made in the initial plan for data collection and analysis as new challenges arose along the way; the technical issues related to the architectural choices; as well as the challenges awaiting the group of individuals charged with maintaining a nationwide, distributed federation and network whose ultimate goal is to provide cogent, traceable data generated from the federation and human-in-the-loop player inputs. In preparing for the experiment trials, initial data storage assumptions gave way to the realities of finding more robust methods of collection as bandwidth traffic increased as federation architectures were modified to support emerging user requirements. Innovative approaches on how near-real-time data would be collected were instantiated as attention turned towards the post-processing needs that would sustain the experiment analysis team in the months following the trials. Integrating scalable parallel processors and addressing issues dealing with the means for storing and retrieving extremely large quantities of data added to the challenges. Finally, major lessons learned will be addressed from a transformational perspective. 2004 Paper No. 1579
Interchange and Interoperability – Modeling Environmental Data with the Common Data Model Framework Dale D. Miller, Annette C. Janett, Melissa E. Nakanishi, Leo J. Salemann, Timothy W. Miller Lockheed Martin Simulation, Training and Support Bellevue, WA Paul A. Birkel The MITRE Corporation McLean, VA Denise Hovanec, Constance Gray U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Topographic Engineering Center Alexandria, VA Julio De La Cruz, Todd Kohler U.S. Army Research and Development Command, Simulation and Training Technology Center Orlando, FL A logical Environmental Data Model (EDM) specifies the entities, attributes of the entities, and relationships between entities in any environmental domain: terrain, atmosphere, ocean and space. Formal EDMs have been developed for emerging and legacy modeling and simulation systems, data products produced by authoritative data providers, and for systems in the C4ISR domain. The Common Data Model Framework (CDMF) is a collection of tools based on Microsoft Access^© that help automate the generation, maintenance and analysis of EDMs. For example, the CDMF automates answering questions like “What percentage of the environmental terrain data required by Objective OneSAF is actually provided by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency ( NGA) product Urban Vector Map?” Other analyses allow investigation of environmental data interoperability between specific M&S and/or C4ISR systems. The CDMF was developed under government sponsorship and is freely available for both government and commercial use. Recently, the CDMF has been extended to better support the interchange, inter operability, and use of EDMs in different communities of i terest. While originally developed using the Environmental Data Coding Specification (ISO/IEC 18025 Final Committee Draft) as its data dictiona y, support for multiple data dictionaries is now pro- vided. Mappings may be defined between equivalent or related concepts in multiple data dictionaries. The mappings between individual concepts may be exact or approximate. The CDMF now supports interchange of EDMs with commercially available data modeling tools through the use of XML Metadata Interchange (XMI). The CDMF has also been extended to support the forward-engineering of EDMs to physical data models (where the data structures themselves are defined) and realizations using commercial technology. For terrain representation, one physical data model takes the form of an ESRI Geodatabase. ESRI Geodatabase implementations are in current use in a number of Joint and Army systems, all key to the evolving National System for Geospatial Intelligence. 2004 Paper No. 1553
Composability Perspectives Within the Threat Modeling and Analysis Program (TMAP) James C. Watkins, Carolyn Hare, and Roy O. Scrudder Applied Research Laboratories The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78758 Ollen Landrum and Michelle Busbee Air and Electronics Directorate National Air and Space Intelligence Center Wright-Patterson AFB, OH A primary mission of the Intelligence Production Centers (IPCs) within the U.S. DoD is to acquire, collect, analyze, produce, and disseminate information on foreign threat weapons systems. This community has begun transitioning from static textual-based products to integrated, dynamic engineering- and engagement-level threat models based upon commercial modeling software, thereby promoting better predictive analysis capability, increased integration, and significantly improved efficiency in providing comprehensive assessments to the client base. The Threat Modeling and Analysis Program (TMAP) is the result—a four-year-old initiative within the DoD that has facilitated this major improvement in process and a revolutionary new way of doing business. As the centers continue to develop products in the TM AP environment, they will develop a “critical mass” of model classes describing all threat systems, as well as a core of skilled analysts able to employ these tools effectively to sustain their intelligence products. The primary TMAP focus thus far has been on developing initial capabilities and embedding these processes into the analytical culture of each center’s “lane in the road.” As proficiency has progressed dramatically over the past two years, some of the centers have increasingly begun to explore and embrace the composability philosophy and work toward defining and implementing a common approach to this innovative method of producing threat assessments. The desired end-state is a set of composable simulation components that can be rapidly assembled in an interoperable simulation environment. This paper will explore the current state of TMAP development guidance and standards that have the potential for improving composability aspects of TMAP models and simulations. Specifically, it will address those characteristics of TMAP models that contribute to M&S composability. This approach will define the characteristics that distinguish core, common, and custom structures used in simulation environments. 2004 Paper No. 1646
Improving Information Quality and Consistency for Modeling and Simulation Activities Roy Scrudder Applied Research Laboratories The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas Dr. W. Henson Graves, Tom Tiegen, Chris Johnson Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Joint Strike Fighter Program Fort Worth, Texas Steve Hix Paradigm Technologies, Inc. Arlington, VA James W. Hollenbach Simulation Strategies, Inc. Washington, D.C.