Training
AN INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM (ITS) FOR FUTURE COMBAT
SYSTEMS (FCS) ROBOTIC VEHICLE COMMAND
AN INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM FOR REMOTE SENSING AND
IMAGE INTERPRETATION
TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC AAR FOR TACTICAL SIMULATION
TRAINING
NAVAL GUNFIRE TRAINING WITHOUT THE TRAINING RANGE
NEXRI Interoperability Concepts for the Joint Strike
Fighter
Integration of Joint Modeling and Simulation System Models
into the ACTS
Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) Rapid Decision
Trainer (RDT)
Applying Learning Outcomes to Media Selection for Avionics
Maintenance Training
Key Crew Resource Management Behaviors Underlying C-130
Aircrew Performance
PC-Based “MicroSims” in a Distributed Military Simulation
Environment
Secure Distributed Digital Training Systems for the U.S.
Army
HLA INSIDE AND OUT: INTRA- AND INTER-VEHICLE
COMMUNICATIONS
The Challenges of Creating Storyboards for SCORM Conformant
Multimedia Courseware
Evaluating Distance Learning Delivery Effects on Mission
Safety and Performance
Web-Delivered Simulations for Lifelong Learning
MC-130 EMBEDDED RADAR WARNING SIMULATOR
Train as you Fight – Design and Integration Issues for
Embedded Training in the Future Combat System
Electronic Warfare Rangeless Embedded Training A Cost
Effective Training Approach
Developing an Adaptive ADL Solution for Training Medical
Teams
How Simulation is Training the Army’s New 91W
Remote Medical Treatment Protocols for First Responders
The Joint National Training Capability “The Centerpiece of
Training Transformation”
A Capabilities-Based Architecture for Simulating WMD
Emergency Response
Concepts for Training of Joint Combined Operations
Planning Based on Modelling & Simulation Support
“Train As You Fight” Integrating The Army's Aviation
Mission Planning System With AVCATT
UAV Mission Trainers - Requirements and Solutions for
Current and Future Systems
Special Training for Special Forces
A Chromakey Augmented Virtual Environment for Deployable
Training
Virte: A Training System For The Future…Today!
The RAF Helicopter Voice Marshalling Simulator: Early Experiences & Recent Enhancements
VoRTEX – The Development of a Generic Architecture for VR
Maintenance Trainers
Lessons Learned Using Tactical Software in Maintenance
Training Simulations
Requirements for a High Fidelity Virtual Aircraft
Maintenance Training Environment
Local Positioning Systems: New Possibilities for Urban
Combat Training
A Common Instructor Operator Station Framework: Enhanced
Usability and Instructional Capabilities
Navy Aviation Simulation Master Plan Requirements Analysis
REUSE POTENTIAL OF LEGACY SIMULATORS TO SUPPORT DMO
Air Combat Student Performance Modelling Using Grounded
Theory Techniques
Extending the Team Learning Methodology to Coalition
Training
Semi-Autonomous Cyberware Red Team Forces for the
Information Warfare Battlespace
Benchmark Study of NASA and Air Force Space Operations
Training
AN INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM (ITS) FOR FUTURE COMBAT SYSTEMS (FCS) ROBOTIC VEHICLE COMMANDRandy Jensen
, Richard Stottler
Stottler Henke Associates, Inc. Henry Marshall
, Jeffrey Stahl
Under the Army’s Future Combat Systems (FCS) concept, the warfighter manning a Control Vehicle (CV) crewstation must maintain situational awareness and apply tactical decision-making principles in a heightened information-rich setting with distributed vehicles and sensors under his command. This paper discusses a proof-of-concept Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) to provide scenario-based practice for the FCS soldier. In this context, a limited principle hierarchy serves as the instructional basis for the training system and the automated evaluation of student actions in an FCS scenario. Embedded training systems for this domain must be integrated with a variety of software packages using a common protocol. This system communicates with the OneSAF Test Bed (OTB) simulation environment, and the control interface for networked robotic vehicles under the student's command. In addition to the fundamental tactical principles, students are also monitored for their mastery with the task of translating tactical intentions to robotic commands correctly executed in the control interface. The ITS observes the student's actions and performance in a simulated scenario and produces specifically tailored feedback on principles executed correctly and incorrectly. Design issues for the development of an ITS for the FCS domain also include the need to facilitate scenario authoring, and the objective of providing a flexible architecture that can switch between real-time feedback during scenario execution versus strictly after action review. This proof-of-concept system aims to provide a foundation for future training systems based on the same architecture, but supporting team training on multiple scenarios with multiple simultaneous participants. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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AN INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM FOR REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGE INTERPRETATIONStottler Henke
Associates, Inc. Remote sensing technology is playing an increasingly central role in military operations. The interpretation of satellite and aircraft photography has great utility in allowing forces to assess a situation from a secure, stealthy distance. However, performing effective interpretations of remote sensing photography is a complex science. Knowledge of a complex, highly-visual domain, such as that of remote sensing, cannot be learned from manuals. For an analyst to become proficient requires a large investment of training time from an expert. Our paper describes an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) being built for NASA. The goal of this software is to provide the benefits of a one-on-one remote sensing instructor to teach Earth Science principles. The ITS integrates directly with the NASA Image2000 image processing software, the actual end environment in which researchers perform real-life tasks. Together, NASA Image2000 and the ITS provide students with a dynamic, hands-on educational experience that is cost-effective. It monitors and assesses the student’s actions, provides immediate feedback as well as contextual guidance and challenges. A separate authoring tool allows new tutorials for the ITS to be developed by non-programmers. Thus, instructors can readily produce interactive, adaptive tutorials for an area of remote sensing interest. With regard to military application, tutorials can be constructed to teach the wide array of interpretation tasks: image enhancement, object classification, target discrimination, damage assessment, weather prediction, etc. The tutorials can focus on a specific geographical location. This paper outlines our research of a remote sensing ITS system, its general framework, the artificial intelligence technologies it employs to model the knowledge of the student and the expert, and its application to the Earth Science domain. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website |
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TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC
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NAVAL GUNFIRE TRAINING WITHOUT THE
AAI Corporation The political storm following the tragic live-fire training
accident on This paper is available on the 2002 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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NEXRI Interoperability Concepts for the Joint Strike FighterJames E. Keeler , Joseph J. Testa JE Sverdrup Technology, Inc./TEAS Team Eglin AFB, Major Dwayne J. Opella Joint Strike Fighter Program Office The overarching mission of the Air Force Range
Instrumentation Systems Program Office (RISPO), located at Eglin Air Force
Base, Interoperability with the JSF is the key driving factor for the NEXRI set of open (i.e., non-proprietary) standards governing the behavior and performance of the system elements. Key considerations for allowing FMT, DMT, and P5CTS interoperability with the JSF are based on NEXRI performance-based standards that include definition of the following areas: participant instrumentation capability, wireless data link and voice communications, multi-level security, pre-mission planning, data recording, post-mission debriefing, the JSF’s Communications Navigation Instrumentation and Embedded Training capabilities, interrelated Department of Defense standards (such as Joint Technical Architecture, Foundation Initiative 2010, DMT, and Joint Tactical Radio System). This paper presents background regarding shortcomings in current range instrumentation, DoD guidance on JSF/NEXRI interoperability, a primer on the NEXRI program, and key combat training system range interoperability concepts for the JSF currently under study for NEXRI standardization. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Integration of Joint Modeling and Simulation System Models into the ACTSSverdrup Technology, Incorporated Eglin Air Force Base, The credibility and validity of weapon simulations used in the Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System/Air Combat Training System (TACTS/ACTS) are crucial to achieving positive training goals. The Air Force Air Armament Center (AAC) Range Instrumentation System Program Office (RISPO) is continually seeking effective and cost efficient approaches to improving existing weapon simulations and adding simulations of new or more advanced weapons. This paper describes an effort where the RISPO explored the concept of integrating JMASS compliant weapon models into the TACTS/ACTS. In fall 2002, the initial integration experiment was completed using JMASS compliant surface-to-air missile (SAM) models, the Computation and Control System (CCS), and the Joint Display System (JDS). The paper will present the goals of the concept exploration together with an overview of the design, conduct, and outcome of the experiment. Particular attention is paid to the issues that resulted from integrating JMASS object-oriented programming structures into the legacy air combat training structured programming. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) Rapid Decision Trainer (RDT)US Army RDECOM Simulation Technology US The Department of Defense recently published the roadmap for transforming future military training in the document Strategic Plan for Transforming DOD Training. Distributed learning technologies play a key role in the DOD training transformation strategy and support life-long learning, a key component of the Army’s training transformation strategy. The U.S. Army Training & Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is leveraging distributed learning capabilities as a means to improve training effectiveness, reduce training costs, and improve overall soldier readiness. Research continues in the Army to improve distributed learning technologies as well as its ability to incorporate these technologies in both resident and non-resident training programs. Newly commissioned infantry second lieutenants are trained
at the US Army Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) at The trainer incorporates web-enabled 3D graphics and audio content built upon open source technologies. Training scenarios are delivered through Extensible Markup Language (XML). A Learning Management System (LMS) will provide instructors with feedback and a summary of student performance. The trainer will use existing government standards such as the High Level Architecture (HLA) and the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Applying Learning Outcomes to Media Selection for Avionics Maintenance TrainingDynamics Research Corporation In recent years, much emphasis has been focused on the use of training simulation systems to support aircrew training. The results are well documented. However, in spite of the clear impact of maintenance performance on readiness, and the growing complexity of the maintenance task, the use of simulators for maintenance training has received much less attention. Experience has shown that the approaches used to select media for operator applications do not transfer well to maintenance training. A methodology is needed that will reflect the complex cognitive aspects of avionics maintenance, and incorporate the growing range of training system technologies in an effective, usable media selection methodology. This paper describes the development and application of a
media selection methodology based on Robert Gagne’s theory of learning
outcomes. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Key Crew Resource Management Behaviors Underlying C-130 Aircrew PerformanceAir Force Research Laboratory Anacapa Sciences Lockheed Martin Information Systems Dyess AFB, Lockheed Martin Information System Little Rock AFB, Air Force Instruction 11-290 (AFI 11-290) encourages migration of CRM training from presentation of generic concepts to instruction that addresses platform and mission specific CRM behaviors. This paper describes an effort to facilitate this migration in the C-130 community by identifying key underlying behaviors, which were extracted from three data sources. In the first, expert observers documented CRM behaviors and mission performance as experienced C-130 crews underwent annual Mission Oriented Simulator Training (MOST). Specific CRM behaviors discussed in Class A mishap report narratives formed the second. The third source was instructor comments in student training records. Extracting CRM behaviors was supported by applying several content analysis tools. One involved organizing applicable elements of the Air Force Safety Center Human Factors Taxonomy into CRM “bins.” Another was an aircrew performance framework, originally developed for S-3 crews, that was applied to provide a structure to connect core CRM areas with observed behaviors. All three data sources revealed strong quantitative relationships between CRM and mission performance overall, and varying degrees of importance within CRM areas. These relationships have strong implications for allocating finite training resources to optimize potential benefits. The main focus in this paper is on qualitative findings to identify specific CRM course content and support development of behaviorally-based CRM training objectives for simulators and flight. CRM behaviors observed in the MOST study are combined with the specific CRM behaviors described in recent Class A mishap reports to recommend behaviorally-anchored terminal CRM training objectives. Trends in the CRM behaviors across our studies suggest opportunities to improve crewmember CRM skills through both modified CRM academic instruction and increased opportunities for “hands-on” performance with feedback. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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PC-Based “MicroSims” in a Distributed Military Simulation EnvironmentWilliam E. White , Lead MicroSim Engineer Louis Wharton , Computer Scientist Dave Kotick , Principal Engineer, Concept Development Integration Lab Eric Anschuetz, Head, Technology Development & Integration Lab Branch NAVAIR This paper will provide insight on how low-cost PC-based simulators can provide meaningful training to the war fighter given current advancements in the video gaming industry. It will also describe a new opportunity to add a Department of Defense (DoD) compatible interoperability interface to PC Aviation Training Devices (PCATD) based on Microsoft’s Direct Play technology used by many commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) flight simulators. This paper will attempt to provide a vision of how the PCATD will fit into the Navy’s future training capabilities, given the new possibilities for interoperability in a distributed military simulation environment. The initial results of NAVAIR Orlando’s interoperability concept study will be presented. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Secure
Distributed Digital Training Systems for the
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HLA
INSIDE AND OUT: INTRA- AND INTER-VEHICLE COMMUNICATIONS
Southwest Research Institute A Virtual Environment Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle
(VEAAAV) simulator has been developed as part of the Office of Naval Research
(ONR) Virtual Technologies and Environments (VIRTE) program. The High Level
Architecture (HLA), commonly used for inter-vehicle communications in
distributed simulations and to share other simulation-wide data, was also
used for communications between internal components within the VEAAAV
simulator. A separate HLA federation is used to distribute the internal
vehicle data eliminating the need for the data to be added to the Federate Object
Model (FOM) of the external federation. The simulator has incorporated an
Agile FOM Implementation (AFI) for external communication, which provides for
multiple FOM support. The simulator consists of a vehicle simulation
component and three modular crewstations; a driver, gunner, and vehicle
commander. All communications between the VEAAAV simulation components, the
marine-machine interface (MMI) components, and the Image Generators (IGs) are
handled through HLA. There are several advantages to using HLA for both
internal and external communications. Processes communicating over HLA can be
distributed either as sub-processes or geographically. This allows the
crewstations, or even components within the crewstations, to operate from
remote locations, and makes it possible to distribute the main vehicle
simulation component as necessary to improve performance. Instructional
Tutoring Systems (ITS) and After Action Review (AAR) systems can easily
receive internal simulation data by subscribing to the appropriate data in
the FOM. Because the simulator IGs receive HLA data directly, the need to
have a centralized vehicle simulation component to receive and rebroadcast
external data is eliminated and allows for the playback of This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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The
Challenges of Creating Storyboards for SCORM Conformant Multimedia Courseware
ManTech Advanced Development Group (MADG) As the Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) becomes a worldwide standard for analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating multimedia training products, it’s imperative that technical writers and instructional designers shift their approaches to creating multimedia storyboards. Writers and designers must account for the many different ways in which the training will ultimately be stored, accessed, and utilized by end users. From learning management systems (LMSs) to search-driven knowledge bases to CD-ROM, writers and designers must now appropriately develop a single training product that is portable to each of these environments. This requires a new way of organizing, planning, and designing at the storyboard phase of the development process to ensure that a cost-effective, SCORM conformant, and instructionally valuable product is realized. Challenges include identifying Shareable Content Objects (SCOs), creating the appropriate SCORM manifest documentation, aggregating, sequencing, and other issues that most writers and designers did not need to account for in the past. Unfortunately, many organizations are now relying on programmers to help them meet SCORM requirements. This is another expense for content developers and extends the production schedule. Therefore, profitability and timeliness are greatly affected. Storyboarding applications that leverage automated tools will help writers and designers create SCORM conformant multimedia courseware that is instructionally valuable and cost effective. By examining online storyboard functionality and automated tools, along with the testimonials of experienced writers and designers, and key TRADOC and ATSC personnel, contractors and storyboard developers will have a better understanding of how online storyboarding applications linked with automated tools can help them meet the challenges of creating and delivering SCORM conformant products. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Evaluating Distance Learning Delivery Effects on Mission Safety and PerformanceGary Grubb , Dynamics Research Corporation, Enterprise, AL Kurt Kline , Dynamics Research Corporation, Enterprise, AL Dr. Larry Katz , Army Research Institute, Fort Rucker, AL Army Research Institute’s Aircrew Coordination Training Enhancement (ACTE) effort promotes applied research and development of a distance learning delivered, interactive aircrew coordination training system. The goal of this three-phase program is to provide Army aircrews deployed worldwide with the knowledge and skill-sets needed to increase safety and mission performance in daily operations. Research products from the two completed phases include prototype courseware and training materials. This paper describes Phase III research methods, performance measures and web-based data collection systems that were developed to evaluate the effects of distance learning delivered ACTE materials on safety and mission performance in operational units. The research design included three operational units: one receiving no training, the second receiving traditional classroom instruction, and the third receiving training using the Army’s Classroom XXI linked to the unit’s local Digital Training Facility. Measures included (1) reported completion, delay or aborted mission segments related to performance of crew coordination objectives and, (2) accident, incident or error reduction reports citing crew coordination as a factor. Data collection methods included a combination of Likert type scales, questionnaires, and a web-based mission performance and incident feedback program. The measures and methods used to quantify the effectiveness of distance learning delivery on operational unit safety and mission performance may be applied to other training systems. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Web-Delivered
Simulations for Lifelong Learning
Geoffrey Frank , Brooke Whiteford , Randy Brown , George Cooper , Noah Evens , Kevin Merino RTI International Research Triangle Park, North Carolina The U.S. Army has started transforming its training approach to focus on lifelong learning. A key piece of this transformation is shifting the role of the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) schools from a focus on resident training to a mix of resident training and support of distance learning in the units. This is a paradigm shift that requires a major shift to the development and support of distance learning simulations. The Signal Center at Ft. Gordon is leading the implementation of lifelong learning. It is creating the University of Information Technology (UIT), and is using assignment-oriented training to reduce the time for new recruits to get to their units, trained in the skills needed for their first assignment. The Signal Center is using Virtual Reality simulations that are delivered over the Internet from the UIT website to unit computers for training soldiers going to different assignments. These simulations must meet stringent requirements. The missions of the units may preclude extended access to the Internet, so the training must operate in stand-alone mode, and must be downloadable in segments using a modem and a phone line in under 15 minutes. The simulations must run on a broad range of computers with varied performance capabilities. This paper describes two simulations developed for the UIT. The first trains operation and maintenance of the AN/TRC-173B, a Radio Terminal Set. The second trains operation and maintenance of the FBCB2 command, control, and communication system. These simulations contain a series of lessons for each skill that help the soldier go through the learning stages of Familiarization, Acquiring the skill, Practicing the skill, and Validating the skill, while teaching the soldier to use the Technical Manuals. They combine high fidelity 3D virtual reality views with 2D displays to bring the technical manual alive. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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MC-130
EMBEDDED RADAR WARNING SIMULATOR
Air Education and Training Command Studies & Analysis Squadron Randolph AFB, Texas Air Education and Training Command, Studies and Analysis Squadron (AETC SAS) in conjunction with the 58th Special Operations Wing (58 SOW) at Kirtland AFB, NM, assessed the suitability and effectiveness of using an embedded simulator to stimulate the HC/MC-130P AN/ALR-69 radar-warning receiver (RWR). The AN/ALR-69 is Air Force Special Operation Command’s (AFSOC) operationally employed radar warning receiver (RWR), currently installed on AC-130, MC-130, and MH-53 aircraft. It continuously monitors the radar environment to alert the pilot of any hostile or foreign activity that may be taking place. Currently, the only way to effectively train aircrews in the use of the RWR is by scheduling flights at electronic warfare (EW) ranges. Although these ranges provide excellent training, they are expensive, constrained by scheduling considerations, and consume additional flying hours in transit time. Ultimately, this training approach is limited by the scarcity of training opportunities necessary to teach and reinforce learned behaviors. The 58 SOW, in conjunction with the Air Force Research Laboratory, Warfighter Training Research Division (AFRL/HEA), has created an on-board system to stimulate the HC/MC-130P AN/ALR-69 RWR with fully correlated and validated threat parametric data. Advances in technology now permit hosting of a transportable, affordable, and credible "electronic combat range in a box" utilizing a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) personal computer (PC). In addition to overcoming the cost and inconvenience associated with geographically constrained EW ranges, this solution allows instructors to manipulate the order of battle in support of diverse training scenarios. The ability to regularly engage countermeasures against adversary air defense radar systems during routine training sorties infuses increased realism into the training domain and permits aircrew to "train the way we fight." The study focused on real-time interactions between aircraft positional data, line of sight (terrain masking) calculations, clutter degradation, and RWR visual/aural cueing to provide accurate threat representation. Additionally, the test confirmed that no permanent aircraft modifications are required and the system installation/removal does not exceed 30 minutes. This paper presents the test and study results and recommendations. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Train
as you Fight – Design and Integration Issues for Embedded Training in the
Future Combat System
Simulation Technology Center, US Army Research, Development and Engineering Command Orlando, Fl Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida Orlando, FL For the past six years embedded simulation research has focused on methods to transform digital-based current force systems, such as the latest version of Abrams tank and Bradley Fighting Vehicle, into systems capable of supporting embedded individual, crew and unit training. This research was spearheaded by the Inter-Vehicle Embedded Simulation Technology (INVEST) Science and Technology Objective (STO). While many technologies still required improvement to meet onboard training needs and size limitations, the INVEST program had great success in demonstrating the potential of the technology for both current and future programs. Based in part on the success of the INVEST program, the Army decided in 2003 to make fully embedded simulation a requirement for Future Combat System (FCS). This paper discusses research focused on embedded simulation capabilities for the FCS. The Embedded Combined Arms Team Training and Mission Rehearsal (ECATT/MR) STO was initiated in FY03 to explore risk areas for FCS embedded simulation. As a new system start, FCS has the advantage of building embedded technology into the fundamental architecture of the system rather than having to add it later to a fielded system. However, development is complicated by the fact that neither the FCS vehicles nor FCS doctrine are yet defined. This paper discusses the development and application of an embedded testbed as an aid to FCS embedded training concept exploration. The paper discusses testbed use to define a fundamental embedded interface that will permit embedded components to interoperate via a network for large exercises and mission rehearsal. Other technologies being explored for FCS are also discussed such as the vehicle-soldier linkage for dismounted infantry training, intelligent tutoring and the use of C4ISR to control computer generated forces. The paper concludes with a discussion of future work.
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Electronic Warfare Rangeless Embedded Training A Cost Effective Training ApproachMichael Cooper, Linda Viney, Tom McDermott Georgia Tech Research Institute Atlanta, Georgia US military aircraft are continuously being updated with the latest advances in modern weaponry and electronic warfare (EW) systems are no exception to this trend. While enhancing ownship threat avoidance and detection capabilities, these advances in weaponry place significant demands upon service men and women to adequately train with these new systems to maximize their battlefield effectiveness. On-going efforts are underway to enhance EW training on several US Air Force aircraft. These enhancements provide closed-loop simulations of air-defense environments creating realistic in-flight combat training for the aircrew. This training capability is an integral part of the aircraft integrated processor operational flight program (OFP), which allows for ‘on-demand’ training facilitating an in-route mission rehearsal. This capability also removes the requirement to schedule expensive time on training ranges or can be used in conjunction with traditional range training to supplement the training environment. This paper will present an overview of an EW Embedded Training System including: the embedded training architecture, an instructor toolset for configuring training scenarios consisting of threat laydowns and air defense behaviors, and a training mission playback capability to support instructor scoring. Additionally, this paper will summarize results from these ongoing efforts. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Developing an Adaptive ADL Solution for Training Medical TeamsSowmya Ramachandran , Michael Cramer Stottler Henke Associates, Inc San Mateo, CA Alan Ashworth AFRL/HEAI Brooks City Base, TX Training military medical personnel to maintain readiness for medical emergencies and combat-related operations is a critical problem. Distance learning solutions are required for providing effective training while minimizing time away from the important peacetime duty of providing quality medical care to military personnel. Since medical emergencies are unexpected, it is important to dynamically generate customized courses to address the particular emergency. Since time is at a premium in such situations, it is important to address the precise learning needs of the medical team being trained. We are developing an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), called ADAPT-MD, for military medical teams in combat and emergency procedures. Using a scenario-based approach, this system provides adaptive instruction that is customized to individual teams and their members. Team training poses challenges beyond individual training and few ITSs address this problem. Issues like student modeling, team performance evaluation, tailoring the challenge level of scenarios to student expertise, etc. take on added complexity. Adapt-MD addresses these issues by using a compositional approach to scenario generation and student model representation. A student model of a team comprises of a model of the team as a whole and models of each of the individual members. In addition to representing each members own state of expertise, the student model also represents his knowledge of the other team members’ tasks and abilities. ADAPT-MD has facilities for creating scenarios that are adapted to individual team members’ expertise levels. Simulations can include simulated intelligent entities to take the place of team members. The ADAPT-MD framework includes an authoring tool for specifying presentation content, domain knowledge, training scenarios, and instructional strategies. This framework is currently being applied to create an ITS for training hyperbaric treatment teams. It is, however, domain-independent and can be used to create ITSs for other medical domains. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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How Simulation is Training the Army’s New 91WRDE Command Orlando, FL ARNG MCTS-PA Annville, PA This paper describes how the Army is using simulation to train its 91W Healthcare Specialists. The 91Ws are a new medical series. Previously the Army had 91Cs, who are licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and 91Bs, who are combat medics. These two specialties merged to become the new 91W Healthcare Specialist. The 91Ws are certified as emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and also in basic or pre-hospital trauma life support. Many 91Ws do not have an opportunity to practice in a civilian hospital or trauma center. Consequently, the first time many medics treat a patient is in combat. The 91Ws have one of the most important tasks on the battlefield. Since they treat the patient immediately after the injury occurs, they have a huge impact on the outcome of that patient. They must be decisive and skilled medics to maximize the patient’s chances of survival and recovery. The Department of Combat Medic Training at AMEDD Center and School uses patient simulations of various forms to provide valuable hands-on experience to the Army’s next generation of warrior medics. Patient simulation allows trainees to develop critical psychomotor skills that can only be acquired through hands-on training. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Remote Medical Treatment Protocols for First RespondersJR & Associates Vienna VA Air Force Research Laboratory Mesa, AZ The Department of Defense recognizes a serious void in remote operational health care management and is actively searching for solutions to pressing medical readiness issues. Chemical and biological agents and new operational threat environments combined with a rapidly changing scientific database and scarce medical resources accelerate the demand for new tools and methods to enhance and strengthen remote medical management capabilities. Tools that distribute knowledge and capabilities to aid a range of first-responders in comprehensively evaluating a medical situation, guide the uniform collection and reporting of critical information, and provide a telemedicine clinical reach-back to medical experts for rapid point-of-care evidenced-based guidance are essential components of today's medical preparedness and response plans. This paper will describe a framework and methodology for the development of a distributive, deployable, protocol-driven training system with integrated telemedicine capabilities to enhance and streamline assessment and management of remote medical situations across military and civilian environments, nationally and internationally. Ultimately, the creation of this type of system could enhance the efficient and effective transfer of remote clinical and logistical information, expedite appropriate medical intervention, significantly leverage available medical resources and knowledge, reduce mortality, morbidity and the incidence of medical errors and reduce long-term injury related disabilities through rapid remote management of medical conditions. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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The Joint National Training Capability “The Centerpiece of Training Transformation”Joint Warfighting Center Suffolk, VA Joint Warfighting Center Suffolk, VA In January 2003 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld assigned Joint Forces Command a critical new role in the department’s effort to transform training through the establishment of a Joint National Training Capability. This capability will significantly improve joint training by embedding joint tactical tasks in Service training events, closing horizontal gaps between Service training programs, establishing broader joint interoperability training events, and configuring exercises to improve vertical exercise linkages; all in a global distributed training environment. The first transformation of training was the establishment and improvement of Service national training centers. These sites provided the Services with robust, dynamic, training in a realistic, albeit Service-centric, combat environment. The JNTC will produce a second transformation in training by extending the Service-centric focus to encompass joint operations. This will improve realism in a joint context, improve opposition forces, improve ground truth through improved instrumentation and data sharing, and improve the assessment of joint training events. The JNTC will reach beyond the essentials of training event planning and execution. JNTC will coalesce Service investments in training systems and infrastructure such that the tools of training are joint tools. JNTC will ensure that all elements of joint command and control systems, processes, and techniques are employed in Service and joint training. JNTC will provide oversight and management for diverse, unique, and expensive Service OPFOR investments such that critical OPFOR tools can be shared across Service boundaries. JNTC will provide incentives to the Services to ensure that investments in training are joint and interoperable. Finally, JNTC will provide the resources, coordination, focus, and a testbed for the development and implementation of advanced training technologies. The JNTC is the cornerstone of training transformation creating a persistent joint training environment that enables US forces to train like they fight; at an affordable cost. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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A Capabilities-Based Architecture for Simulating WMD Emergency ResponseSAIC Orlando, FL The Automated Exercise and Assessment System (AEAS) is a simulation that enhances training and coordination of emergency response to incidents involving Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). The system simulates WMD incidents, and allows emergency responders to utilize their own Incident Command System and available resources to exercise decision-making and other cognitive skills. The WMD scenarios cover a variety of incidents, including chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high explosive (CBRNE) attacks. In order to optimize the training experience, the exercising jurisdiction must be able to respond to the simulated incident with the resources and capabilities that they would normally have, and using their own command structure. There is no standard equipment set or nomenclature for emergency responder agencies, and resources available to response agencies vary greatly. Agency structure is also highly variable, with HazMat resources reporting to the Fire Department in some jurisdictions, and to Law Enforcement or even Emergency Medical Services in others. It is impractical to ask jurisdictions to specify their equipment from an exhaustive and perpetually outdated list, so a capabilities-based approach to building resources was created. This approach allows unlimited resource composition and a flexible command structure, allowing user specification of specialized units such as Urban Search and Rescue or National Guard WMD Civilian Support Teams. This paper will discuss the AEAS Agency Survey component used for specifying a jurisdiction’s resources and the capabilities-based implementation for simulating those resources in a WMD response.
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Concepts for Training of Joint Combined Operations Planning Based on Modelling & Simulation SupportNATO C3 Agency The Hague, The Netherlands Even in the new security environment with diplomatic and political strategies military power can’t be ruled out and is often necessary to back up diplomacy by the threat of force. Military operations in that respect will always be joint and combined (multinational). The planning of such missions on the operational level has to be done in the multinational environment bringing different cultures with their planning approaches and traditions together. NATO has established Guidelines for Operational Planning (GOP) which are made to support the Joint Multinational environment in which NATO operates. The staff officers coming from different nations have to be familiarized with this planning environment. Seven new nations are invited to become members of NATO. They also have to be familiarized with the planning process in NATO. Besides NATO also “coalitions of the willing” have to bring planning cultures of different nations together to establish some interoperability in planning. The familiarization as training task can be achieved using different concepts. From a system level perspective individual training has to be the starting point and the enabler for a collective training with the aim to bring the whole staff in a situation which is close to real world especially in using their normal command and control means. Modelling and Simulation (M&S) can support the whole range of training tasks and is not only restricted to the collective training with its Computer Assisted Exercise (CAX) approach. This paper will describe concepts for an integrated training approach bringing individual and collective training together. The use of scenarios especially developed for training issues and the use of M&S will be key points. NATO is supported by the NATO Consultation Command and Control Agency (NC3A) with their Operational Analysis specialists in this regard. NC3A developed a full range of tools for the support of individual and collective training. These tools and the requirements which led to their development are presented. The paper will also report about the experience gained and the lessons learned. A summary and an outlook on future possibilities will conclude the paper. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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“Train As You Fight” Integrating The Army's Aviation Mission Planning System With AVCATTL3 Link Simulation and Training Binghamton, New York One of the major training objectives of the Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer – Aviation (AVCATT-A) Re-configurable Manned Simulator is to provide the capability to "Train as You Fight". This concept goes beyond providing realistic cockpits. The concept stresses multiple collaborative training systems where student-student interactions can be taught and evaluated. The concept also includes the ability to rehearse missions in a more realistic synthetic environment. AVCATT-A extends the "Train as You Fight" concept into the preparation and planning phase of a mission. This paper discusses the integration of the Army's Aviation Mission Planning System (AMPS) with the AVCATT-A system, thus allowing the ARMY aviators to "Train as You Fight". For a typical mission, AMPS generates a significant amount of data that is used to describe several mission parameters such as Air Routes, Communications, Waypoints, Friendly and Threat situations, Performance load data and Weather information. To effectively utilize the AMPS generated data, many issues were identified and addressed. Challenges encountered spanned areas such as Aircraft Data Rights, Database Correlation, Interface Media/Format Compatibility, Simulator Fidelity and Mission Generation. This paper discusses each of these areas and the approaches taken to satisfy them for the multiple helicopter types that AVCATT supports. Finally, the paper discusses how an AMPS system could be used to further enhance the overall capabilities of the AVCATT-A training system. For example, AMPS could be used to initialize friendly and enemy forces. AMPS might also be used to create much of the exercise-wide initialization data, which is currently created by manual input. Additionally, comparing mission results with the mission objectives provided by AMPS could be used to augment the evaluation of a training session’s success or failure. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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UAV Mission Trainers - Requirements and Solutions for Current and Future SystemsSilver Arrow / Elbit Systems Haifa, Israel In the last few years the world has witnessed a fast growth of the Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV) market. While various kinds of UAVs had been introduced, the training systems for most of these systems were left far behind. Training systems for UAV systems are needed throughout the whole life cycle of the system. During the phase in of a UAV system, it is required to train the crews in an environment, which is as close to real life operational environment as possible. Training such a UAV crew is a complicated task as there is a need to train the full range of mission phases, including mission planning, cruising, reconnaissance and surveillance tasks, artillery fire adjustment, damage assessment and more. All these indicate that there are a lot of airborne and ground subsystems to simulate and control in the trainer which is, like the UAV system, a “system of systems” i.e. UAV systems (including 6 DOF), payloads, communications, GCS systems and especially the 3D Payload video. It is essential to enables the operators to train both in normal operating environment and in malfunction/emergency situations, which should be simulated as well. In later phases of the system’s life there is a need to train in a joint distributed training environment, where all the training units can train and interact on the same scenario at the same time. The UAV mission trainer should have the capability of training in a joint and cross platforms/systems/units training operations such as joint training with the intelligence forces, artillery units, air support squadrons etc. The UAV mission trainer should also allow mission rehearsals. This paper will try to address the current requirements and available solutions by looking on the existing HERMES UAVs trainers, and will try to forecast the requirements for next generation UAV trainers as UAV’s roll is rapidly expending. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Special Training for Special ForcesPM CATT (STS) PEO STRI Orlando, Florida CAE USA Military Simulation & Training Tampa, Florida The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) (SOAR(A)) conducts extraordinary operations that require unique training capabilities. This paper describes those capabilities, and the methods used to achieve them. The paper first looks at the mission of the 160th and how that mission dictates the need for special training capabilities. These capabilities encompass integrated mission planning, mission rehearsal, and rapid prototyping. An overview of the methods used to achieve these capabilities is presented, in the context of the Light Assault/Attack Reconfigurable (LASAR) A/MH-6M Combat Mission Simulator (CMS), currently undergoing development and integration into the existing SOAR(A) training system. The Requirements Analysis/Concept Exploration (RA/CE) sustainment effort is also described, with particular emphasis on its role in achieving timely capability enhancements and aircraft/simulator concurrency. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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A Chromakey Augmented Virtual Environment for Deployable TrainingRudolph P. Darken , CDR Joseph A. Sullivan Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California U.S. Naval Academy Annapolis, Maryland In our attempts to
construct virtual environments that simulate certain aspects of the real
world, several significant technical shortfalls have limited our ability to
elicit human behavior in the VE that approximates human behavior in the real
world. Among these shortfalls are display issues and the insertion of the
trainee in the training environment. Observable differences between the
training environment and the real environment can severely limit the ability
to induce stress and consequently to train complex tasks. These issues are
exacerbated in a deployed setting where footprint matters most. Our training problem involves skilled helicopter pilots and the ability to train at sea. The objective is to construct a training system suitable for deployed use that is low cost, small footprint, and that can be shown to have quantitative value as a training device. This paper will describe a mixed reality appended trainer solution that uses a Chromakey technique to mix the real environment inside the cockpit with the simulated environment outside the cockpit. This apparatus allows the near-field environment, including cockpit displays, maps, and controls, to “pass through” while the view out the window is replaced with a virtual simulation. Our prototype has been integrated with JSAF and interoperates with other simulators under development in our program. It will then describe an initial experiment that determined if experienced helicopter pilots could effectively navigate using this system and if their performance was reasonably similar to their performance in an actual helicopter. Results indicate that performance in the trainer does approximate actual performance within real world threshold values and that techniques for overland navigation used in actual flight also apply directly to navigation using the simulator. Future work includes adding NVG capabilities and further experimentation to determine the extent of training transfer possible with the system. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Virte: A Training System For The Future…Today!Michael A. White , Christopher Arena BMH Associates, Inc Norfolk, VA BMH Associates, Inc Norfolk, VA and Orlando, FL Virtual Technologies and Environments (VIRTE) is an Office of Naval Research (ONR) sponsored advanced research initiative focused on meeting the training needs of forward-deployed amphibious forces faced with increasing operational tempo and mission complexity. This program focuses on providing training and mission rehearsal capabilities for crewmembers that operate Navy Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC), rotary-wing aircraft (RWA) and USMC Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles (EFV). Technological advances have made it possible to reduce both the physical footprint and the number of computational processors required to run manned simulators. Thus, the basic functions of a simulator that once required a warehouse-sized space and multiple high-end computers can now be replicated with off-the-shelf personal computers (PCs). VIRTE has produced three manned simulators able to operate in a Joint Synthetic Battlespace (complete with Joint Semi-Automated Forces (JSAF) simulation engine and a dynamic synthetic natural environment) and has adopted and modified an existing after action review system (AARS) into a suite of compatible simulation systems, all with reduced footprints. VIRTE also is achieving interoperability with other programs intent on providing computer-based simulations such as the USMC Deployable Virtual Training Environment (DVTE). The purpose of this paper is to share some of the challenges the VIRTE Systems Engineering and Integration (SEI) Virtual Product Team (VPT) encountered and overcame in the course of developing, assembling, integrating and testing the entire suite of simulation systems. We discuss innovative methods of providing user-friendly simulation interfaces and address reuse of existing simulation components to provide a common training environment. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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The RAF Helicopter Voice Marshalling Simulator: Early Experiences & Recent EnhancementsVirtalis / VP Defence Limited & University of Birmingham UK A paper presented by the author at I/ITSEC 2002 described the development of a new virtual reality (VR) system for training RAF Helicopter Voice Marshalling (HVM) students. The results of early human factors analyses of in-flight behaviors were instrumental in delivering affordable, PC-based trainers hosting semi-immersive virtual environments, endowed with levels of fidelity and visual cues commensurate with the training tasks specified. Since the installation of the simulators at RAF Valley and Shawbury, reductions in the number of student failures following remedial VR training have been experienced. RAF instructors and students alike have commented positively on the benefits accrued and cost savings made by undertaking repeatable VR sessions prior to flying actual training sorties over land and sea. However, in some cases, concerns were raised that the simulators actually fell short of delivering a comprehensive training package, although this was due to budgetary limitations underpinning the original RAF statement of requirements. For example, RAF Valley personnel (Search And Rescue Training Unit, SARTU) drew attention to the need for a detailed virtual littoral (coastal) scene, in addition to the basic seascape environment already in place. Shawbury personnel also commented on the absence of a method of training the handling of under-slung loads and the need for greater accuracy in measuring student performance in confined area operations. This paper presents some of the recent enhancements to the original simulators, covering the development of the littoral environment in detail, together with early student results, observations and operational findings. In addition, there is growing RAF interest in extending the VR simulators even further to support rear-door gunnery training. The paper concludes with a relevant description of the recent development of a low-cost, general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) trainer to enhance the Royal Navy’s Close-Range Weapons Simulator Facility at HMS Collingwood (also presented at I/ITSEC 2002). This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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VoRTEX – The Development of a Generic Architecture for VR Maintenance TrainersAlenia Marconi Systems (AMS) Integrated Systems Division Dunfermline, Scotland Alenia Marconi Systems (AMS) Integrated Systems Division Dunfermline, Scotland The argument between the use of real equipment versus synthetic environments for training is not new. No one can deny the importance of physical fidelity, but as the complexity of military systems increases so too does the cost of procuring and maintaining real equipment for training purposes alone. Decisions are taken which often result in a poor quality training environment where exercises are inadequate and throughput is compromised. Computer Based Training of course is already in widespread use, but Virtual Reality (VR) training is different in that it adds value by providing the ability to build complex simulations that enable a user to assimilate information and interact within the simulated environment, either in real time, or where appropriate, faster than real time. AMS is currently engaged in developing a generic VR platform that can be customized for any specific training application. The Virtual Reality Training Executive (VoRTEX) is a software suite that provides a core of common functions and a pre-defined architecture that run on COTS PC hardware under Windows. The VoRTEX architecture and design process, whose basis is in UML, is re-usable and the core software is configured for each specific trainer application through the use of database tables. This paper discusses the options available to the end user of training equipment and describes why synthetic media are becoming more prevalent. It then describes the development of VoRTEX from its origins as a bespoke diagnostic trainer through to a generic classroom facility for VR maintenance training. The paper also discusses the VoRTEX architecture and design process and identifies the experience and lessons learned from the development to date. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Lessons Learned Using Tactical Software in Maintenance Training SimulationsResearch Triangle Institute Research Triangle Park, North United Defense Santa Clara, California NAVAIR Orlando Orlando, Florida As the US Army strives to reduce logistical costs, more and more functions traditionally performed by the maintainer with plug-in test and diagnostic equipment are being performed by diagnostic software executing on computers embedded in the weapons system. This approach is critical to reducing the "logistics tail" of test equipment and the complexity of maintenance tasks. The role of the system maintainer is being redefined as working with the embedded diagnostic software to troubleshoot problems, isolate faults to line replaceable units, and repair systems through remove and replace operations or by performing adjustments guided by the system under test. This means that maintenance training must focus on teaching the maintainer how to use the diagnostic software effectively. The Army is using simulations to provide maintenance training at its schools as a way of minimizing the acquisition and maintenance costs of weapon systems that are not deployed. A key decision for the maintenance training simulation developer is whether to use tactical diagnostic software as opposed to emulations of that software in a maintenance simulator. This paper presents lessons learned during the successful development and fielding of the Diagnostic and Troubleshooting (DT) Trainer for the M2A3/M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle System (A3 BFVS). The A3 BFVS DT is currently fielded at Fort Knox and Fort Benning and has been used to successfully train eleven Maintenance classes to date. This desktop maintenance trainer uses the tactical vehicle software to replicate the system's operational and diagnostic behaviors. It also uses interactive two-dimensional and three-dimensional A3 BFVS components as the soldier-machine interface to the virtual A3 BFVS. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Requirements for a High Fidelity Virtual Aircraft Maintenance Training EnvironmentThe Boeing Company St. Louis, Missouri Virtual reality (VR) training applications have attracted worldwide attention and study. One application that shows great potential is aircraft maintenance training. Virtual aircraft maintenance trainers offer the advantage of affordability and flexibility over traditional hardware-based trainers, providing an accurate, 3D representation of the aircraft without the associated lifecycle costs of physical hardware mockups and original aircraft equipment. Moreover, VR permits comprehensive user interaction with the virtual aircraft's systems and components. These range from dynamic navigation using augmented or hypothetical viewpoints to complex manipulation of realistic virtual aircraft components. The past several years have seen advances in computer and visualization technologies that make the integration of VR with traditional training media more practical. To exploit this new potential, The Boeing Company's Phantom Works group has been investigating high fidelity virtual environments for maintenance training as a more effective means to support its aerospace products. One result of this effort is a matured set of requirements, derived in part from lessons learned creating numerous prototypes. This paper will discuss these requirements, which address many key elements necessary to develop an effective virtual maintenance trainer. Discussion will recognize the challenging issues of source data conversion, geometry management, user navigation and interaction, and functional simulation integration, all associated with the virtual environment. Training systems providers who develop solutions based on these blueprint items will better produce more realistic and effective environments for maintenance training. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Local Positioning Systems: New Possibilities for Urban Combat TrainingUbisense Limited Quayside, Cambridge, England As urban combat becomes more important the need for effective large-scale urban combat training is increasing. But urban combat environments are complex and cluttered, making it hard to monitor player performance and so conduct effective exercise control (EXCON) and after action review (AAR). Local Positioning Systems (LPS) can help solve this problem by tracking the locations of players and weapons in real time across the entire training environment, even inside buildings and tunnels. By integrating LPS with other systems, such as hit detection and digital video cameras, EXCON personnel can see a detailed real-time overview of the entire engagement, and the AAR can be supported by automated retrieval of synchronized data streams from LPS, weapon systems and video cameras showing selected players or events. Even closer integration with weapons systems can provide extra realism including modeling of area weapons and control of pyrotechnics and simunitions. Meeting the challenge of these applications places heavy demands on the LPS: it must provide accurate and robust sensing even in sensor-hostile environments, such as buildings and tunnels; it must ensure that responsive performance is maintained whatever the scale of the environment; it must enable fast and low risk training application development; and it must provide built-in support for minimizing total cost of ownership. This paper details the benefits of integrating LPS into urban combat training, describes the application- and systems-level requirements that LPS must meet and discusses how currently-available systems match up to these requirements. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Military Operations Other Than War
(MOOTW): Making Flexible Asymmetric Simulation Technolgies (FAST) Relevant
for Warfighters
Dynamics Research Corporation MITRE Corporation As in Somalia and Haiti, as well as Bosnia, Kosovo and most recently Afghanistan, MOOTW often encompasses open-ended missions unrelated to traditional military core competencies of fighting and winning wars. Geopolitical factors, transformations in US foreign and security policies, and terrorist attacks, when combined with US political leadership and advances in power projection capabilities, all contribute to the growing importance of MOOTW. Consequently, an emerging challenge for the military is how best to use FAST in training commanders and their staffs to fight and win on the battlefield of MOOTW. To enhance warfighter readiness, the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) continues to explore FAST in the representation of the natural environment, human and organizational behavioral representation, and repository support. Today, such efforts make it possible to create a prototype MOOTW toolbox that promotes training and readiness as it supports mission planning, analysis and execution. In consonance with documented operational needs for modeling peace support operations and multinational training, as well as non-force-on-force and stability operations, DMSO developed a prototype toolbox to advance end-to-end problem analysis and/or situation rehearsal. Moreover, this prototype supports data and working scenarios, a knowledge base containing lessons-learned in the use of the tools, and assessments done with the tools as well as supporting training materials. This paper describes the challenges of developing a toolbox environment that allows various tools to operate synergistically through the exchange of data, as well as the employment of reusable scenario definition files, in eXtensible Markup Language. This prototype includes the integration of the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defence stochastic simulation model of Diplomatic and Military Operations in a Non-warfighting Domain (DIAMOND) modified for DoD use, the US Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS) Tool, the Canadian Mine Tool, and the US Unit Order of Battle Data Access Tool (UOB DAT). This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Anywhere - Anytime Orders Production Training using OneSAF Objective System and the Maneuver Control SystemDynamics Research Corporation Orlando, Florida Scientific Applications International Corporation Orlando, Florida Tactical orders production in a fast paced, time sensitive, combat situation requires warfighter operations officers to be firmly grounded in doctrine, tactics, unit structure and capabilities and highly proficient in the use of digital communications equipment. Currently, military service schools and unit-level staff training programs do not provide a low overhead, train anywhere – train anytime process, but instead are time-consuming, resource-laden undertakings. The need exists for a low cost, time efficient process for the development of tactical orders production skills. This paper presents a training system design using software applications developed for the U.S. Army’s next generation training simulation, One Semi-Automated Forces Objective System (OOS), and digital communications equipment found in Army brigade-level tactical units called the Maneuver Control System. Enhancement of tactical orders production skills will be achieved by requiring the operations officer to develop and digitally transmit a doctrinally correct operations order within time limitation using actual wartime procedures and technology. A ‘train up’ period will be required emphasizing doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures, orders formatting, battlefield synchronization and use of the communications equipment. Evaluation will be accomplished utilizing several of One Semi-Automated Forces Objective System (OOS) software applications designed for command and control interface, military scenario development and after action review. This ‘learning with technology’ approach provides for Army-wide application and lends itself to a broader Department of Defense use by integrating joint-service language and operational graphics designed for automated communications in an intra/inter-service environment. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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A Common Instructor Operator Station Framework: Enhanced Usability and Instructional CapabilitiesNAVAIR Orlando TSD Orlando, FL Jardon and Howard Technologies, Inc. Orlando, FL CHI Systems, Inc. Orlando, FL NAVAIR Orlando TSD Orlando, FL Military aviation training faces many new challenges today with the introduction of networked or distributed mission training. One of the challenges that must be met is the need to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of instructors in what is becoming an increasingly complex and demanding training environment. Another challenge is the need for system acquisition cost saving methods in relation to major training subsystems. The present work is based upon previous research (Walwanis Nelson, Smith, Owens, Stubbs, & Bergondy-Wilhelm, 2003) and brings focus upon both of these issues in seeking new ways to improve the usability and capabilities of the Instructor Operator Station (IOS) subsystem, which is a key component of all modern aviation simulation systems (Farmer, Van Rooij, Riemersma, Jorna, & Moraal, 1999). Findings from interviews with instructional personnel across seven Navy aviation platforms concerning IOS requirements are reviewed and a framework for a Common IOS (C-IOS) is proposed in order to achieve improved training support and system acquisition cost savings objectives. Ways in which training personnel will benefit through improved strategies and capabilities to meet requirements such as scenario development, performance measurement, and mission debriefing are discussed. Further development of the concepts and infrastructure to implement the C-IOS across Navy aviation platforms is needed to demonstrate the proposed payoffs of these scientific and technological advances. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Navy Aviation Simulation Master Plan Requirements AnalysisDynamics Research Corporation Andover, MA 01810 Erosion of aviation readiness through the Inter-Deployment Training Cycle is a major concern for Navy Type Commanders. In response to this concern, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations sponsored an in-depth analysis to identify the physical and functional requirements of training systems that meet operational training needs of post-Fleet Replacement Squadrons in selected aviation communities. The Navy Aviation Simulation Master Plan (NASMP) Requirements Analysis was conducted to define these training requirements that will guide the design and development of effective and empowering mission simulation solutions for Fleet aviators. The initial NASMP Requirements Analysis identified operations training system requirements for the following Navy aircraft and their aircrew personnel: F/A-18C/E/F, E-2C, EA-6B; SH-60 B/F; MH-60S, EP-3E; P-3C, and E-6B. This paper describes the technical approach that was used. The approach is comprehensive in scope, aggressive in its implementation, and included all of the training front-end analysis steps required to define Navy aviation mission, system function, aircrew task, training media, training system alternative (including utilization and cost), fidelity, and simulator functional requirements. An important feature of the approach was using the Universal Naval Task ListæNaval Mission Essential Task List Process to identify mission task requirements; and decomposing and linking these tasks to Navy Training and Readiness task lists, and individual, team and collective aircrew task performance requirements. Lessons learned include the efficacy of mission-based task analysis, reconciling semantic and operational differences in mission terminology and usage, shortcomings in MIL-PRF-29612 mission analysis guidance, reconciling task differences across Navy aircraft communities, the need for validated models to conduct utilization and cost analyses, and the critical need for a comprehensive, accessible, and current training requirements analysis database to host the data, conduct requirements analyses, and report results. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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REUSE POTENTIAL OF LEGACY SIMULATORS TO SUPPORT DMOAir Force Research Laboratory, Warfighter Training Research Division Mesa, Arizona Modeling and simulation has become an increasingly more important contributor to mission readiness. Distributed Mission Operations (DMO) has the potential for big payoff in terms of peacetime Aerospace Expeditionary Force (AEF) and coalition preparation as well as operational joint mission rehearsal. There is an enormous residual investment in existing simulation-based training devices that were not designed for DMO. The question arises as to whether these legacy or fielded simulator systems can be used to support DMO objectives and the training needs of tomorrow? The answer to this question is an important one because of its potential economic impact and it can spread DMO to more systems earlier. At the same time, the answer can be unique to each system since it will be based on many variables. Legacy systems are plagued with concurrency problems, exorbitant life-cycle costs, obsolete computer systems, and a lack of networking capability. Other variables include funding, contract issues, ownership of aircraft and simulator software, ripple effects of changes, and having the right personnel. There have been various legacy simulator systems that have gone through a redesign and refurbishment to provide enhanced training capabilities including Distributed Mission Training (DMT). The Air Force Research Laboratory, Warfighter Training Research Division, has had significant experience in integrating existing systems into DMT and reusing elements of legacy systems to meet new training requirements. We have seen the extreme of integrating DMT capabilities into an existing system to a simple offering of the cockpit and existing software as resources in a follow-on RFP for a new simulator system. This paper addresses the variables, their implications, actual conversion experiences, recommendations, and lessons for future simulator procurements to ensure that the next generation of simulators will have the capability to meet yet undetermined future needs. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Air Combat Student Performance Modelling Using Grounded Theory TechniquesRoyal Air Force Oxford, England Cranfield University Bedford, England This paper describes the use of grounded theory techniques to develop a performance model for fighter crews undergoing initial training in pairs combat techniques on the Tornado F3 Operational Conversion Unit (OCU). The work was undertaken as part of a study to evaluate the training effectiveness of the JOUST low-fidelity, multi-player simulator system used for pairs air combat training. The OCU instructors considered that students performed poorly in communications related aspects of pairs combat, and attributed this to the fact that the available synthetic training aids only took a single crew. They had identified the JOUST system as being a more appropriate training device. The empirical evidence, in the form of archived narrative reports of past student performance in the pairs phase, was investigated in order to develop a student performance model, identifying the essential aspects of performance upon which the instructors were focused. A total of 46 reports completed by an equal mix of pilot an d navigator instructors (80%) of the instructor population) were analysed to provide 200 performance statements. The performance model was developed through successive application of open, axial and selective coding of these statements. Grounded theory technique was selected for evaluating this qualitative data as it provided a rigorous analytical procedure, and it facilitated the development of a model of student performance by analysis independent of input form the subject matter experts, namely the instructors whose opinions were to be validated. The model that was developed was found to support the anecdotal evidence from the instructors on students’ communications problems, and was consistent with published models of situational awareness in air combat. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Mission Essential Competencies for the AOC: A Basis for Training Needs Analysis and Performance ImprovementThe Group for Organizational Effectiveness, Inc. Albany, NY Simulation Technologies, Inc. Mesa, AZ Aptima, Inc. Woburn, MA Air Force Research Laboratory Mesa, AZ The Air and Space Operations Center (AOC) is the operational Command and Control center in which the Commander, Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR) has centralized the functions of planning, direction, and control over assigned and attached Air Force resources. If the COMAFFOR is also designated as the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), these functions will be performed for all aerospace resources from the Air Force and other Services and nations made available for planning and tasking within the guidance provided by the Joint Force Commander. The core manning of an AOC consists of approximately 252 personnel from over 30 Air Force enlisted and officer career fields. The majority of these personnel do not receive training on their duties and systems within the AOC prior to their assignment. They are expected to meld career field knowledge and skills, professional military education, and AOC unique training to perform their part of the planning, direction and control of Air Force resources. The Air Force has recently declared the AOC a weapon system with the attendant focus on training and certifying AOC operators. The Air Force Research Laboratory, Warfighter Training Research Division, under the sponsorship of ACC/DOY and AC2ISRC/DOT have begun an effort to define AOC training and rehearsal requirements using an approach based on Mission Essential Competencies (MEC). This effort provides the most complex attempt to date to apply the MEC process across multiple teams and individuals. This paper will discuss the application of the process to two AOC divisions, Combat Plans and Combat Operations, and provide an interim report on the results. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Extending the Team Learning Methodology to Coalition TrainingTodd A. Hockensmith, Paul J. Hession Sonalysts, Inc Orlando, FL NOVONICS Arlington, VA NAVAIR Orlando TSD Orlando, FL Increasingly, the United States Navy is operating within coalitions to achieve its military objectives. Reliance on combined operations necessitates effective training to address new operational requirements. Little work, however, has been done to establish best practices for using simulation-based coalition training. Team Learning Methodology (TLM) is described as one approach for effective coalition training in a distributed simulation environment. The TLM has already been successfully implemented across a variety of United States Navy (USN) sponsored R&D and acquisition efforts (Brewer, Baldwin-King, Beasley, & O’Neil, 2001). The TLM focus is on distributed team training with an emphasis on team performance and problem-solving. Implementing TLM for combined training requires the redefining of team parameters and training requirements to support coalition operations. The results are new training objectives and performance measures to support these requirements. This was a Phase II effort that built upon lessons learned during a Phase 1 demonstration of the “virtual” training of coalition forces at the 23rd Annual Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference. The TLM is herein described as it was applied to defining coalition training requirements, the development and implementation of training objectives, and the creation of performance measures and debriefing materials. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Tactics
Development and Training Program Validation in Distributed Mission Training:
A Case Study and Evaluation with the USAF Weapons School
L3
Communications Link
Simulation and Training Division Las
Vegas, Nevada Air
Force Research Laboratory Warfighter
Training Research Division Mesa,
Arizona Simulation
Technologies Inc. Mesa,
AZ 16th
Weapons Squadron United
States Air Force Weapons School Nellis
AFB, NV When mission requirements emerge to test or validate tactics or training programs, state-of-the-art distributed training systems afford a bridging method for efficient exploration and development if used with appropriate attention to system strengths and limitations. The United States Air Force Weapons School’s 16th Weapons Squadron is the first USAF advanced tactical training unit to harness distributed simulation technology specifically for exploration, validation, and enhancement of air combat tactics training programs. The Air Force Research Laboratory’s F-16 DMO research site teamed with the USAFWS to provide DMO facilities, technical support, data collection, and training analysis. With fours years of program development and two years of performance data collected, this paper examines the 16th WS program as a case study to provide a roadmap of lessons learned for distributed training application in the advanced air combat training environment. The discussion opens with an assessment of mission constraints and requirements that drove the exploration of advanced training simulation applications in the F-16 and F-15 Weapons Instructor Courses (WIC). The examination then moves to a discussion of Air Force Research Laboratory and WIC data collection methods to assess graduate combat capability in DMO. The program’s evolution provides the context for discussing perceived and tangible results along with their implications for future extension of simulation technologies in advanced tactical training. Performance assessment comparisons between AFRL and WIC methodologies are explored in the context of the current DMO training program in both objective and subjective methods. Finally, the results of the 16th WS training initiative are compared to the USAF concept of operations for distributed mission training/operations for an examination of the implications of current lessons versus long-term program vision. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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Semi-Autonomous Cyberware Red Team Forces for the Information Warfare BattlespaceAir Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45431 Air Force Research Laboratory Orlando, FL 32828 “Train
the way you will fight” is the mantra for United States’ military training
and this philosophy has served the warfighter well as evidenced by the many
successful operations executed around the world over the last decade. However, this philosophy has not been
adopted in command post and commander exercises in the arena of information
warfare, which is untenable. The
coming capabilities in networks and computing portend a time when warfighters
will become increasingly dependent upon the unprecedented level of detailed
information available concerning the situation within a battlespace. Recent technological advances, including
improvements in computer-generated forces, information assurance and software
protection technologies indicate that a much more realistic information
warfare battlespace can be provided. Therefore, we are remedying this
situation by assembling an autonomous information warfare (IW) red team
capable of conducting information warfare exploits against friendly forces
and testing their information warfare readiness. In this paper, we discuss the enabling
technological advances that permit the assembly of an autonomous red team and
how they can be combined to develop a semi-autonomous force (SAF) information
warfare red team that can generate and conduct threat information warfare
activities without human supervision. A
further benefit of an IW red team will be that it can provide the capability
for standardized evaluation of defenses and allow command echelons to
experience and prepare for information warfare exploits in a variety of
forms. In this paper we discuss the
technologies that enable the development of a cyber red team and present a
methodology for the development of the cyber red team, also called the
information warfare opposing force (IW OPFOR). We motivate and highlight the need for the
cyber red team for training and defensive systems evaluation, discuss the
requirements for the information warfare cyber red team, and elaborate our
vision for its need and required capabilities to function within the
information warfare, or cyber, battlespace.
Given the state of technology, we believe that a symbiosis between man
and IW cyber red team is required to achieve an IW cyber red team and that
there must be a corresponding dividing line between the human’s
responsibilities and the cyber red team’s functionality. The paper is organized as follows. In Section One, we discuss the needs and requirements for the SAF information warfare red team and our vision for its capabilities. Section Two contains a discussion of previous and current research and technologies that support the creation of the cyberwarfare red team. Section Three contains a discussion of the developmental process and the testing and validation steps that we have identified to date. The paper concludes with a summary and suggestions for further efforts and research.
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Benchmark Study of NASA and Air Force Space Operations TrainingNational Aeronautics and Space Administration Teledyne Brown Engineering In 2002, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted a comparative analysis of the space operations training programs used by the United States Air Force (USAF) Space Command with those used by the NASA’s Payload Operations and Integration Center (POIC) at Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. The concentration of the study focused on improvements in payload operations ground controller training for the International Space Station Payload Program. This report looked at the respective programs and investigated potential improvements for NASA’s POIC ground controller training program in areas as diverse as staffing issues to database software capabilities. The report provided recommendations to NASA’s POIC management, based on the findings, in such areas as separation of office and console operator staffing, centralizing the POIC training staff, developing a web-based tracking database, and implementing recurring training and evaluation into NASA’s POIC training. This paper will provide a brief review of the analysis and then present the benchmarking recommendations made by the Marshall Space Flight Center Training Organization. It will discuss the reasons for each recommendation and the implementation scheme that will be followed for each approved one. It will further focus on the cooperation between the two governmental agencies and the challenges to making the cooperative efforts successful. This paper is available on the 2003 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website
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