Training
Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles – A New Challenge for Training System Development
A
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SIMULATED ALTERNATIVES FOR COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSING
Intelligent
Systems for Training Damage Control Assistants
MOPED
- A Mobile Evaluation System to Support Observers During Distributed Team
Training
Assessing Distributed Team Performance in DARWARS Training: Challenges and Methods
Performance
Assessment in Distributed Mission Operations: Mission Essential Competency
Decomposition
Using
Open Source Game Engines to Build Compelling Training Simulations
Virtual
Environments for Training First Responders - FiRSTE
Deployable
Simulation Training for Operational Medical Personnel
Lessons
Learned From Virtual Flag Integration
Training
Strategies for a Deployed, Distributed Virtual Environment
Royal
Navy Merlin Training System: Sonobuoy and Dipping Sonar Training
Stick
and Rudder Training for the Mind
STRATA:
DARWARS for Deployable, On-Demand Aircrew Training
DARWARS
Ambush! – Authoring Lessons Learned in a Training Game
The
DARWARS Tactical Language Training System
Embedded
Distributed Training: Combining Simulations, IETMs, and Operational Code
Scenario
Management Methods for On-Board, Self-Directed Training of a Naval Command Team
Integrating
Technologies for Shipboard Helicopter Signaling Skill Training
THE UTILITY OF METRICS IN
TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS - LESSONS LEARNT FROM RN TNA
Enhancing Simulation-Based
Training with Performance Measurement Objects
How to Effectively and
Efficiently Develop, Test, and Train Rules of Engagement
The Use of MMF to Organize,
Train, and Equip the Force
Auto-Authoring Instruction
from Ontological Representations of Procedures
MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER
THAN WAR: A TOOLBOX FOR WARRIORS
OneSAF Interoperability
with CTIA – A LVC Connectivity Approach
CACCTUS: Linking the Live,
Virtual, and Constructive Environments
Army Training Support
System and Implications of Training Transformation (T2)
Evolving DODAF: An
Integrated Training Enterprise - Delivery Architecture Framework
Performance Support
Solutions: What You Need When You Need It
SYNTHETIC TECHNOLOGIES – A
SELECTION SCHEMA FOR FUTURE AIRCREW TRAINING SYSTEMS
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – A New Challenge for
Training System Development
Jeffrey Pfledderer,
Technical Expert Special Projects Branch Training Systems Product Group Wright-Patterson AFB,
Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles are an increasingly important resource in the conduct of
modern warfare. Systems such as the Air Force’s MQ-1 Predator have proven
their effectiveness numerous times in recent combat operations. These systems
were rapidly developed and fielded, sometimes transitioning from concept
demonstration to operational use without the intermediate steps normally
accomplished under the traditional system acquisition process. In addition,
UAV programs have proven to be very useful testbeds
for new and innovative ideas, taking a “what-if” exercise and making it an
operational capability almost overnight. This approach stands in stark
contrast to manned aircraft upgrade programs, which require a much more time-consuming
and exhaustive testing and certification process. One
result of this rapid laboratory-to-field implementation approach has been the
lack of robust, fully capable training systems being made available to the warfighters at the time the system is operationally
deployed. Training has largely been conducted on an ad-hoc basis using
suboptimal resources, resulting in training deficiencies which ultimately may
have contributed to mishaps and loss of aircraft. The accelerated process has
simply not provided sufficient time or resources to accommodate a traditional
training system development. A longer term, but equally significant, problem
resulting from this approach has been trainer concurrency management. Keeping
up with aircraft changes in such a fast-paced environment poses a significant
challenge, even when sufficient planning has been accomplished. However, the
abbreviated testing process has shortened the timeframe available to
simulator developers to develop concurrency modifications for the trainers.
This problem is further compounded by the lack of robustness in the
rapidly-fielded initial training systems. This
paper will discuss the unique training system issues resulting from the rapid
fielding of such systems, and provide recommendations for implementing timely
and effective training systems in this challenging environment. 2004 Paper
No. 1793 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SIMULATED ALTERNATIVES FOR
COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSING
Talleah L. Allen,
Ronald W. Tarr, John White,
Scott Tanner University
of Central Florida Institute for Simulation and Training Background This paper
describes the systems approach we used to develop and validate a virtual
diagnostic and training solution for the ground transportation community,
specifically those who hold a Commercial Drivers License (CDL). The training
system integration includes a computer-based knowledge test, virtual
mechanical compliance walk-around inspection, and simulator-based driving
skills tests. Using a systems approach, we designed the Virtual Check Ride
System (VCRS) to be a cost-effective, time-saving alternative to standard CDL
testing and training. ADDIE Model
Using the
ADDIE (analysis, design, develop, implement, and evaluate) Instructional
Design Model, we created a blended interactive multimedia intervention.
Participant characteristics included commercial truck-driving students and
expert drivers. Expert drivers were classified as drivers who have been
driving commercial vehicles for more than three years and those with less
than three years are classified as novice. During the
analysis phase, the Federal Department of Transportation (FDOT),
A
Diagnostic and Training Tool Based on the
analysis, a bank of 500 knowledge test questions were developed and
internally validated by Subject Matter Experts (SME). The design phase began
with a Computer Based Training (CBT) module, which generates a dynamic
After-Action-Review (AAR). The CBT, The
validation scores collected thus far suggest that the Virtual Check Ride is a
fair assessment of the CDL and may be a cost and time benefit if incorporated
into the training and re-certification procedures of organizations. 2004 Paper
No. 1540 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Intelligent Systems for Training Damage Control
Assistants
Stanford University CSLI The Navy is shifting
its training and education from traditional methods, such as on-site
instruction, texts, and observing students during drills, to
computer-supported learning such as web-based instruction and computer
simulations in lieu of live drills. This transition presents the challenge of
keeping the best parts of traditional methods of instruction while obtaining
the advantages that computers afford. The challenge is more difficult because
to maximize savings in manpower, money and time, computer-based learning must
be able to teach, evaluate and give feedback to students without any
instructor in the loop. A valuable aspect of
traditional training methods, in which computers currently fall short, is the
'mentor/student' relationship: an experienced person discussing a novice's
performance with him or her. The mentor gives the student direct,
personalized feedback in a setting where the student can ask questions and
discuss issues. Most computer simulations are lacking in this type of
interaction. We propose that
giving computers the ability to debrief and discuss a student's actions using
natural language will more closely simulate this relationship and greatly
improve the effectiveness of computer-based learning. To assess this
hypothesis, we are utilizing natural language technology to (1) allow
students to use a damage control trainer for surface ships by speaking with
the simulation system, and (2) to support a subsequent spoken discussion with
an intelligent tutoring system that provides an after action review of the
student's performance. The combined system performs a mentoring function,
helping students learn correct actions and avoid 'practicing mistakes'. We
are studying the usefulness of this mentoring system for students under
training in damage control, and will present results about differences in
rate of learning with and without mentoring. An additional benefit of natural
language interaction with the computer systems is that students train as they
will actually perform on duty. 2004 Paper No. 1908 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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MOPED - A Mobile Evaluation
System to Support Observers During Distributed Team Training
Annemarie Hiemstra,
Marcel van Berlo & Wytze
Hoekstra TNO Human Factors Soesterberg, the Distributed team
training, often in joint settings, is becoming more and more important in the
military training today. As the teams and training staff are not physically
on the same location, special attention should be paid to performance
measurement and feedback. Important questions are what should be measured
during distributed team training, how this should be evaluated during the
After Action Review, and in what ways the training staff should be supported
in doing this. In this paper we will explore these issues and describe a
tool, the Mobile tool for Performance measurement and Evaluation in
Distributed training (MOPED), which we have developed specifically for
distributed team training. When evaluating team
performance in distributed team training it is important to not only address
the performance of the local team, but also the performance of the local team
in relation to the other teams in the training and vice versa. The mobile
evaluation tool is a hand held device that supports the evaluator in
observing team performance. The observer can send data to a central database,
where the data of all observers of the distributed team are analyzed and then
sent back to the local observer, who can now complete the
debrief. Some other functional features of the tool are on call
checklists based on targeted behaviors and a debrief organization screen that
facilitates the observer's preparation of the After Action Review. A preliminary version
of the tool was tested at the Royal Netherlands Navy during a small scale
pilot. The results were promising and used to improve the tool. MOPED will be
tested more thoroughly to identify those aspects of distributed team training
that are crucial for the teams and should be addressed during the After
Action Review. Special attention will be paid to the support of observers in
providing this 2004 Paper No. 1531 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Assessing Distributed Team Performance in DARWARS
Training: Challenges and Methods
Shawn A. Weil,
Frederick J. Diedrich,
Jean MacMillan Aptima, Inc. Talib S. Hussain,
William Ferguson, BBN Technologies DARWARS is envisioned
to be a virtual training environment in which multiple distributed
individuals will interact with each other and with synthetic entities to in order
to acquire operational skills. Training in teamwork skills will be a
significant component of the DARWARS experience. In particular, DARWARS will
provide the capability for training multiple teams of players at the same
time, where the teams will interact in a variety of ways, thereby providing
training opportunities for a wide variety of skills. Accordingly, DARWARS
faces a significant challenge in assessing teamwork skills as player s
interact with the simulation and with each other, and in providing that
assessment to players in the form of coaching during a training session or
feedback in an After Action Review (AAR). Assessing the performance of
distributed teams in a simulation-based environment faces three major
challenges: (1) creating situations in which the relevant teamwork skills are
appropriate; (2) measuring behavior in these situations; and (3) providing
assessment to learners at the appropriate moment and the appropriate level of
detail. This paper will review our methods, discuss the measures most
relevant to DARWARS, and present an example of teamwork measurement in a
multi-player commercial game scenario designed to teach teamwork skills
relevant to military teams. 2004 Paper No. 1858 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Performance Assessment in Distributed
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Using Open Source Game Engines to Build Compelling
Training Simulations
Perry McDowell
,
Rudolph Darken MOVES Institute - Naval The arguments for
increasing the amount of computer-based training are clear, convincing, and
essentially over: almost every unit in the military is shifting its training
strategy to include a larger percentage of computer-based training. The
question now is how to create computerized training systems using the best
and most cost-effective methods. One solution is to
increase the training done in simulators. Military simulator-based training
has been used in substantial, expensive systems for over thirty years, first
in flight trainers and later in vehicle simulators. Simulator training was
limited to such large scale problems and solutions due to the cost of
procuring, operating and maintaining these systems. However, with today’s
technology, simulators can be built for any area of the military, and
operated on standard desktop computer systems or game consoles for a wider
range of tasks. In order to
demonstrate such training systems’ efficacy, we have built an application to
train shipboard personnel in basic Damage Control, which is a task every
shipboard Sailor must complete. The simulation is very similar to “First
Person Shooter” games which are wildly popular with the military’s primary
demographic. We intend to conduct research using this system to determine its
effectiveness in improving performance. One of the most
intriguing parts of this research is that this trainer was built with an open
source game engine created in house. By using an open source engine, we have
saved the licensing fees charged by large game companies, which normally run
between $500,000 and $1,000,000. Additionally, this open source engine
removes the legacy stovepipe that stunts the use of so many current training
systems. This not only greatly reduces the initial cost, but significantly
reduces the cost of follow-on because the application is not tied to a
certain vender who is able to charge exorbitant rates. 2004 Paper No. 1868 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Virtual Environments for Training First Responders -
FiRSTE
Michael G. Hilgers,
Ming C. Leu , Richard H. Hall
,
Sanjeev Agarwal Terry Lambert Battelle Robert Albright MANSCEN Fort Leonard Wood, MO Kyle Nebel TACOM Since September 11th
the need to train civilian response personnel to cope with terrorist activity
has greatly intensified; yet affordable and effective training methodologies
are elusive. The First Responder Simulation and Training Environment (FiRSTE) system is built to address this situation. Its
purpose is the application of virtual reality simulations for training
civilian first responders to deal with weapon of mass destruction events in a
zero-risk environment while applying proper procedures, techniques, and
protocols. Underwritten through
support from the Tank-automotive, and Armament Command, FiRSTE
is designed to accommodate personal protection equipment, be physically
stressful, mentally challenging, compatible with federal simulation
standards, and portable. Since the target training audience includes rural
and small town civil responders, FiRSTE was built
using inexpensive components to demonstrate the affordability of such
training technology. Forward motion
control in the virtual environment is driven by the trainee walking on a
treadmill modified to communicate with a gaming engine via a data acquisition
card. The trainee holds a mock-up of a Photo Ionization Detector (PID) which
has the same mode control buttons as the actual device. The virtual
environment is viewed via a head mounted display placed w ithin
the mask of a self-contained breathing apparatus. A mouse wheel embedded in
the PID mock-up provides directional control. The release of chemical toxins
within a building and the associated sensor behavior is simulated using
HLA-compliant software developed by the investigators. Three concept
exploration phases have been performed using local firemen. Quantitative and
qualitative measures were collected, and analyses were carried out with the
goal of evaluating: a) the nature of users’ navigation through the
environment; b) the degree of perceived fidelity and presence; and c)
subjective and objective effectiveness of the training tool. 2004 Paper No. 1766 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Deployable Simulation Training for Operational
Medical Personnel
Roberta Gearhardt William J. Walsh Laura Millitello & Andrea Snead Current training for
deployable medical personnel occurs in the field through on-the- job training
and focuses on the acquisition of procedural knowledge. This severely limits
the capability of training organizations to rapidly produce “mission
ready" personnel for the field, and hinders mission performance for
deploying medical forces, both ground based and air evacuation teams. Medical
professionals need a means of accelerating the acquisition of expertise in
decision-making and team coordination that underlies responses to chemical,
biological and radiological (CBR) threats. This paper describes the use of
cognitive approaches to determine the training scenarios needed and the
content to be included in simulation-based training to ad dress the potential
threat environments where ground based medical crews and aerospace medical
personnel are expected to operate. The use of simulation based training will
provide medical personnel with realistic, high fidelity, mission-oriented
training in critical medical skills, decision- making and team coordination
for emergency response and rapid deployment. The simulations developed will
be hosted in multiple delivery media to facilitate their use at the home duty
station, on transport aircraft en-route to deployment, at ground bases and in
theater. A conceptual high-level design and demonstration has been developed
in this Phase I SBIR effort to prove the concept for the training
technologies and simulation. 2004 Paper No. 1710 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Lessons Learned From Virtual Flag Integration
Scientific Research Corporation
USAF Distributed Kirtland AFB, The United States Air
Force Distributed Mission Operations Center (USAF DMOC) has participated in
distributed simulation exercises since the mid-1990s. Four years ago, the
DMOC initiated a series of exercises that immerses warfighters
in an intense virtual environment. Now known as Virtual Flag, nine of these
exercises have successfully trained warfighters in
an environment closely simulating battle conditions. The DMOC integrates
operational and simulation systems from Joint Services in an exercise
environment that includes units located from coast-to-coast and scenarios
with thousands of entities. This paper presents methodologies used at the
DMOC that integrate these systems in warfighter
training exercises. 2004 Paper No. 1648 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Training Strategies for a Deployed, Distributed
Virtual Environment
Peter Crane USMC Training & Education
Command Aptima, Inc. Matthew Archer Distributed Mission
Operations (DMO) is a U. S. Air Force program to augment aircraft training
with multi- participant, simulator training. DMO Mission Training Centers
have been established for F-15 and F-16 fighters and for AWACS mission crews.
In addition, a DMO research testbed has been
developed at the Air Force Research Laboratory in 2004 Paper No. 1849 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Correcting The Vision – Introducing The Joint
National Training Capability (JNTC) Advanced Training Technology Laboratory
(JATTL)
Director Advanced Training
Technologies JNTC Battle Laboratory Director
VMASC Until recently there
has been no real single portal for migration of technology and technical
training concepts into a single Joint context. This however, is necessary for
the Joint National Training Capability (JNTC) to achieve its mission of
“training the Joint warfighter”. This portal is the
flagship laboratory for the JNTC network or Joint Training and
Experimentation Network (JTEN), known as the JNTC Advanced Training
Technology Laboratory (JATTL). This laboratory will act as a lens by
concentrating on Research, Development, Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) of
technologies, which enhance capabilities in the JNTC technical focus areas (Command,
Control, & Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (C2 & ISR);
Live, Virtual and Constructive (LVC) Environment; Instrumentation, Data
Collection and After Action Review (AAR); Opposing Forces;
Information/Knowledge Management; Architecture/Standards) while ensuring
interoperability, maturity, stability and most importantly relevance for
candidate technology under development for use in Service and Joint training
environments. The ATT mission is to evolve, enhance and provide tools,
processes and products for the JNTC by acting as the technology pipeline in
support of joint training for the warfighter. A
sustained process using systems engineering and acquisition best practices to
identify, evolve, enhance and develop new capabilities that address training requirements,
challenges and shortfalls is essential. ATT is and will leverage existing and
future Science & Technology (S&T) investments to a maximum extent
with Industry, Academia, Government and International organizations. Finally,
by taking a holistic approach, the JATTL will assimilate joint standards and
architectures to enable a seamless integrated LVC training environment for on
demand warfighter use. This paper will
describe the concept for the JATTL and explain the modes and methods for
transferring technology and expertise into the JNTC as well as outlining
technical challenges that it is focusing on to set new benchmarks. 2004 Paper No. 1787 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Training Tomorrow's Submariners Today - An Innovative
Approach and Simulation-based e-Learning System
ATeL, LLC Arnold O. Lotring,
Glen Graebner The paper describes
the simulation-based online training system that is being developed to assist
submarine technical personnel in understanding applied engineering principles
as well as to enhance their skills in preventing and troubleshooting emergency
situations. The system challenges the learner to explore the design and
operation of several major devices and their components in a virtual
computerized environment. The underlying technological principles and
scientific laws are linked to the virtual reality experience. The system is
designed with a flexible multi-layered and open-ended architecture. It
comprises virtual experiments, interactive lessons, problem exercises,
quizzes, integrated assessment and auxiliary tools for instructional modification.
All training resources are based on a uniform pedagogical approach and are
conceptually linked in such a way that they compliment each other. The system
employs “learning-by-doing’ and problem-based training methodologies that
prove to be effective for all learners including those with limited technical
training but who will be assigned to highly technical job areas. This new
approach attempts to provide alternate opportunities for the learner to
understand and master technical training topics. A training cycle begins with
the virtual exploration of a particular process or system using realistic
highly interactive simulations. The trainee is then provided with an
interactive lesson that focuses on underlying technological and scientific
principles to support the learner's conceptual understanding. Realistic Java or
Flash simulations immerse trainees in job related virtual environments
enabling them to perform tasks that are similar to those they will face in
real life. Learners are able to (1) observe the physical processes
insightfully at different levels of detail, (2) analyze constraints between
relevant parameters, (3) push these parameters beyond normal allowed values
to simulate infrequent operating conditions or casualty situations, (4) run “what
if” scenarios, and (5) acquire data from virtual experiments for detailed
analysis and comparison to actual operating conditions in a theory to
practice approach. Such complex activities help trainees master
troubleshooting skills and better appreciate the potential causes of
hazardous or even emergency situations. 2004 Paper No. 1592 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Royal Navy Merlin Training System: Sonobuoy and
Dipping Sonar Training
CAE inc. Lockheed Martin ASIC RNAS Royal Navy RNAS The Royal Navy Merlin
Training System (MTS) is a complex network of five training devices that
provide a fully immersive, realistic training environment for flight crews
and mission systems operators. The MTS was designed and built by CAE, under a
subcontract from Lockheed Martin, to provide extremely realistic front line
squadron/flight training for Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and Anti-Surface
Warfare (ASuW) missions. When operated in its
integrated m ode, with a front cockpit and a rear crew trainer coupled, full
aircraft operations are supported, allowing complete aircraft training. The acoustic simulation
developed for the MTS includes high-fidelity simulation of the Merlin
helicopter acoustic suite which comprises a dipping sonar system and a sonobuoy processing system. The acoustic simulation is
fully integrated as part of the MTS overall sensor simulation which also
includes radar and ESM. Another important
innovation of the system is the capability to train up to three crews
performing ASW operations in the same scenario. The simulation considers the
mutual interferences between all acoustic sensors and processing coherent
information among them. All dipping sonar components (cable model, control
panels, signal processing, tracking processing, sonar mode management and
video and audio generation) are fully simulated using COTS PCs with the Linux
operating system. For the sonobuoy processing
system, the real processing unit is being stimulated using dedicated hardware
interfaces. Complex sonobuoy types such as BARRA,
CAMBS and HIDAR are supported. The sonar systems are fully integrated into a
virtual acoustic and synthetic environment. This paper describes
the acoustic training capabilities of the MTS. It will detail how multiple
aircrew acoustic training is performed on the MTS in a mutual
interactive-mode environment and will explain how the various developed
monitoring and control tools allow the instructors to achieve efficient
training and role-play capabilities. 2004 Paper No. 1720 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Stick and Rudder Training for the Mind
BMH Associates, Inc. NAVAIR TSD NAVAIR TSD NAVAIR TSD NAVAIR TSD “Only perfect
practice makes perfect.” Said another way, warfighters
must train as they would expect to fight in order to ensure that sound mental
habits are established, which will increase the Warfighter’s
opportunities to make good (and winning) decisions in stressful situations.
Unfortunately, for many reasons (e.g., lack of resources, inadequate
technology, legacy system limitations, time, etc.) military personnel have
not always been able to train in a manner consistent with their doctrine and
tactics. Recent Department of Defense (DoD) and
Navy “Transformation” doctrine emphasis on realistic integrated training,
along with significant advances in Modeling and Simulation (M&S)
technology, have resulted in training opportunities that aircrews could once
only dream about. This paper will
describe a new initiative to enable netted tactical team training within the
Navy. The initiative, part of the ONR-funded Virtual At Sea Training (VAST)
program, is called Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Air VAST. ASW Air VAST will
result in a system of deployable and networked laptop trainers for the
aircrew of the SH-60B (LAMPS MK-III). As part of this program, a new system
called the Mission Rehearsal Tactical Team Trainer (MRT3) has been developed
to allow the aircrew to perform mission rehearsal as a team with the crew’s
ship and other ASW air platform counterparts. The MRT3 is designed as a fully
integrated tactical team trainer for the LAMPS aircrew and the entire ASW
Team. It is not a flight trainer; rather, the focus of this deployable system
is on providing a capability to develop ASW tactical team expertise,
specifically the cognitive aspects associated with performing a tactical
mission. Therefore, MRT3 can be described as a “stick and rudder trainer for
the mind” that facilitates collaborative decision making and enables Warfighters to train in an operationally relevant
synthetic battlespace, just as they would perform
during combat operations. 2004 Paper No. 1764 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
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STRATA: DARWARS for Deployable, On-Demand Aircrew
Training
Benjamin Bell NAVAIR Aptima, Inc. VTSG, Inc. Current practices in
team training rely either on coordinated scheduling of personnel local to a
base or ship (which limits the availability, breadth, and consistency of
training), or on TDY training at a dedicated facility (which presents few
opportunities, risks rapid skill degradation, and incurs high costs). To
overcome these limitations we are developing Synthetic Teammates for Realtime Anywhere Training and Assessment (STRATA). STRATA is supporting DAR PA’s Training Superiority
(“DARWARS”) program and its vision for persistent, on-demand distributed
mission training. STRATA integrates several innovative technologies that, for
the first time, allow users to interact in challenging, engaging scenarios
with distributed human and synthetic players, executing realistic missions at
varying challenge levels. Our goal is to achieve considerable improvement in
user performance by combating skill decay, to afford on-demand practice of
both individual and team-level skills, and to provide tools that enable
designers to create innovative training that is fully deployable with minimal
equipment requirements. A central feature of
STRATA is the use of intelligent, interactive synthetic teammates that
communicate verbally with users and exhibit realistic task and team
behaviors. STRATA also affords instructor-optional training, through the use
of advanced capabilities for automated mission briefing, individual and team
performance measurements, and automated after-action review (AAR). STRATA is being demonstrated in the context of Close Air
Support training. More broadly, the combined capabilities
of synthetic teammates and automated instruction affords team training
that is truly on-demand. 2004 Paper No. 1626 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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DARWARS Ambush! – Authoring Lessons Learned in a
Training Game
David E. Diller,
Bruce Roberts BBN Technologies Stephen Blankenship,
David Nielsen Total Immersion Software As the conflict in 2004 Paper No. 1835 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
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The DARWARS Tactical Language Training System
W. L. Johnson,
S. Marsella,
H. Vilhjálmsson CARTE, USC / Info. Science
Institute The DARWARS Tactical
Language Training System (TLTS) helps learners acquire basic communicative
skills in foreign languages and cultures. Learners practice their
communication skills in a simulated village, where they must develop rapport
with the local people, who in term will help them accomplish missions such as
post-war reconstruction. Each learner is accompanied by a virtual aide who
can provide assistance and guidance if needed, tailored to each learner’s
individual skills. The aide can also act as a virtual tutor as part of an
intelligent tutoring system, giving the learner feedback on their
performance. Learners communicate via a multimodal interface, which permits
them to speak and choose gestures on behalf of their character in the
simulation. The system employs video game technologies and design techniques,
in order to motivate and engage learners. A version for Levantine Arabic has
been developed, and versions for other languages are in the process of being
developed. A first version is scheduled to be transitioned into use by US
Special Forces in late 2004. The TLTS project has
developed and integrated several advanced technologies, including speech
recognition tailored for learner speech, motivational tutorial dialog,
learner modeling, and multi-agent social simulations. The virtual aide in the
game is implemented as a pedagogical agent, able to interact with learners at
a motivational and social level as well as a cognitive level. Character
behavior in the game is controlled by the Psychsim
cognitive modeling system, that models the
motivations of social agents. Multi-user authoring tools enable linguists,
instructional designers, and simulation developers to collaborate in the
specification and construction of lessons and simulations in multiple
languages. The TLTS is part of the DARWARS Training Superiority program
developing new technologies for military training. 2004 Paper No. 1568 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
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Embedded Distributed Training: Combining Simulations,
IETMs, and Operational Code
George Cooper
,
Randy Brown,
Brooke Whiteford,
Geoffrey Frank RTI International DOT US Ft Gordon, 15th Signal Brigade Ft Gordon, Sustainment training on the operation and maintenance of high
availability systems is difficult since the system cannot be taken out of
service for training purposes. However, the operators and maintainers must be
well trained to react quickly to events that could jeopardize system
availability. Web-delivered simulations are a good way of providing such
training because they won’t affect system availability and are widely
available. High availability
systems require sophisticated system control software to support fault
tolerance and online maintenance. These systems and their Interactive
Electronic Technical Manuals (IETM) are becoming much more tightly
integrated, and use of the system control software is an essential part of
operation and maintenance training. The best way to train interactions with
this software is to incorporate as much of the actual software as practical
into the simulation, so that the operator/maintainer “trains as he fights.” This paper describes
a simulation that was developed to train 31S MOS soldiers how to operate and
maintain the AN/GSC-52A ground strategic satellite communication station.
This simulation required integration with the strategic software for system
Control, Monitoring, and Alarms and with the system IETM. This simulation was
developed to support conversion of 31S to assignment oriented training. The
simulation includes a “system control and indicators” lesson that shares its
content with the corresponding section of the IETM. A signal flow lesson is
used to help the student visualize the content of the “concept of operations”
section of the IETM. Operational lessons include pre-operational checks and
restoring communications links. Troubleshooting lessons include the use of
test equipment such as spectrum analyzer. Web-based delivery of
these simulations presents challenges for balancing training requirements and
delivery systems and capabilities. This paper describes some of the tradeoffs
made in the development of this simulation. 2004
Paper No. 1922 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Scenario Management Methods for On-Board,
Self-Directed Training of a Naval Command Team
TNO Physics and Electronics
Laboratory The Royal The TNO Physics and
Electronics Laboratory, Scenario management
is the process of defining, preparing, executing, analyzing, and evaluating a
training scenario in an interactive simulation-training environment. Scenario
management of on-board, self-directed team training is challenging. This is
because no dedicated training staff is available; team members must perform
scenario management tasks all by themselves. Frequently, team members will
lack the didactic experience of a dedicated training staff. Additionally, as
they are themselves part of the training, they lack the time to assess the
team performance during the scenario execution. Even more important, they
lack insight in the overall team performance and the performances of
individual team members. This is why scenario management tools need to
provide didactic support to the team and need to facilitate the registration
of team performance during the scenario execution. This paper describes
two scenario management methods for self-directed training. A peer-to-peer
method has been evaluated, where each team member act s as a trainee as well
as an observe r for colleague team members. This method seems feasible for
self-directed training of a small team in a not too complex training
scenario. In other situations, a different solution has to be found. Here, a
scenario management method will be considered, where one team member no
longer trains his or her primary task, but coordinates the training, and acts
as the training facilitator for the other team members. This method will be
evaluated in 2004. 2004 Paper No. 1484 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Integrating Technologies for Shipboard Helicopter
Signaling Skill Training
John W. Ruffner,
Ph.D., Kathleen D. Titley,
Jim Fulbrook,
Ph.D. DCS Corporation, NAVAIR – A wide range of
training technologies, such as instructor-led, hands-on, computer-/web-based
training (CBT/WBT), and virtual reality simulation are integral parts of a
trainer’s toolbox. Since each technology has strengths and limitations,
integrating technologies to achieve skill training effectiveness is
necessary. Signaling helicopter landings, takeoffs, and flight operations on
U.S. Navy ships with small decks is a critical mission skill initially
trained in the schoolhouse and later reinforced during shipboard training.
Currently, U.S. Navy schoolhouse Landing Signal Enlisted (LSE) courses train
signaling skills using a combination of instructor presentations and practice
sessions with an actual helicopter, during which each trainee receive s only
approximately two minutes of supervised practice. Students are not qualified
as LSEs after the course; they must pass a
shipboard certification, which may not occur for many months after
schoolhouse training. As a result, the Navy identified a requirement to
develop and implement additional training and simulation opportunities for
signaling skills. This paper describes the development of a CBT/WBT solution
for the LSE as an Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) Prototype course. The
goals of the project are: 1) to prepare deployed LSE personnel for their
Personnel Qualification Standard (PQS) certification once aboard ship and 2)
to document the challenges of developing an ADL SCORM conformant course. This
paper discusses the results of the training development and integration
efforts, and presents examples illustrating novel uses of multimedia and
interactive training. In addition, we discuss challenges faced and lessons
learned about integrating training technologies and developing
SCORM-conformant courseware. 2004 Paper No. 1735 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Rethinking the Collective Task Analysis Process to
Support Future Combat System (FCS) Embedded Training
Dynamics Research Corporation Science Application
International Corporation Northrup Grumman Information Technology Dynamics Research Corporation Computer Sciences Corporation Human Resources Research
Organization In the near future,
the Future Combat System (FCS) Embedded Training (ET) system will provide
Soldiers with stand-alone and distributed collective training that is enabled
through embedded training technologies within FCS systems. FCS embedded
training will support live, virtual and constructive (LVC) training
approaches. Training Support Packages (TSP) for the FCS equipped Unit of
Action (UA) will provide all the materials needed for conducting collective
training. To support FCS embedded training, the TSP must be a mechanism that
will provide commanders with the flexibility to tailor training based upon
specific needs of their units. A substantial collective task analysis effort
is currently underway to support design of the TSPs
that will be implemented in an embedded training environment. This requires a
substantial “rethinking” of the traditional collective task analysis process
identified in the Army’s Systems Approach to Training (SAT). This paper
addresses challenges related to conducting a collective task analysis when
the end product is embedded training. Particular emphasis is placed on the
approach being used to identify task conditions and how this approach will
support a commander’s ability to tailor training in an embedded training
environment. Finally, discussion is provided on how data products from the
task analysis are being leveraged to support FCS embedded training system and
software engineering teams. 2004 Paper No. 1533 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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THE UTILITY OF METRICS IN TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS -
LESSONS LEARNT FROM RN TNA
NTE(TTD) Adoption of formal
Training Needs Analysis (TNA) in the Royal Navy (RN) followed an
investigation by the UK National Audit Office (NAO) into the use of
simulators in training. The NAO report, released in 1992, recommended the
implementation of rigorous methods for assessing the effectiveness of
training solutions across the UK Armed Forces. Now in common use, TNA is the
single methodology recommended by the UK MOD Acquisition Management System
for determining the most cost-effective methods of meeting training
requirements. The aim of this paper is
to research and expose the ways in which the RN, through its published
guidance on the conduct of TNA, has sought to fulfil
the requirements of the NAO report. In particular, the Author w ill investigate
and justify the importance awarded to auditability
and objectivity, common threads to the evolving TNA methodology, and conduct
a review of existing metrics employed in TNA. This review will explore the
utility of metrics, based on evidence from RN TNA, and will present a set of
lessons learnt from the implementation of quantification techniques. Thus the
Author will attempt to set the limits of achievable objectivity throughout
TNA and seek to disprove the commonly-held misconception that auditability is confined exclusively to the domain of
metrics. The paper will
conclude with recommendations formulated to assist TNA practitioners strike
an objectivity balance, which seeks to avoid reliance on metrics alone. The
Author’s recommendations will be placed in context of the RN’s latest
guidance on TNA, which seeks to redress the balance generated by earlier
over-prescription of quantification. In this way, a practicable approach for
addressing the objectivity/subjectivity equilibrium will be presented, enabling
the training analyst to generate more timely, meaningful and reliable
information in support of the acquisition process. 2004 Paper No. 1530 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Enhancing Simulation-Based Training with Performance
Measurement Objects
Webb Stacy,
Ph.D., Jared Freeman,
Ph.D. Aptima, Inc. Stephanie Lackey,
Danielle Merket NAVAIR Training Systems
Division Current simulation
object models are optimized to support practice, not training. Training
requires support for human performance measurement and feedback. This, in
turn, requires that simulation object models give first class status to data
concerning human performance. We define Performance Measurement Objects
(PMO), which represent actors, behavioral data, and measurement methods. PMOs support the real-time requirements of intelligent
agents, human observer/instructors, and distributed performance assessment
processors. 2004 Paper No.1704 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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How to Effectively and Efficiently Develop, Test, and
Train Rules of Engagement
Institute for Defense Analyses
(IDA) Institute for Defense Analyses
(IDA) Rules of Engagement
(ROE) that govern the use of force have come under increased scrutiny since
the commitment of forces to Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in The genesis for this
project was ROE issues arising from OEF. Some individuals perceived that ROE
confusion and constraints, both in terms of targeting sets and approval
authorities, resulted in frustration and missed opportunities. ROE issues and
concerns are not endemic only to this conflict. They occurred in other
military operations before and after OEF. Nor are they isolated to on e
service or functional area; the multitude of environments and perspectives
make applying them complex and require combatant command and service ROE
supplements to support the operational environment. The problem becomes, “How
do we more effectively and efficiently develop, test, and train ROE? The objectives of
this effort are to (1) identify key ROE issues/lessons learned in various
case studies from the warfighter’s perspective; (2)
identify shortcomings in the ROE development, testing, and training process;
and (3) offer training and simulation solutions. 2004 Paper No.1547 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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The Use of MMF to Organize, Train, and Equip the
Force
Dynamics Research Corporation Dynamics Research Corporation The Missions and
Means Framework supports DoD’s transformation from
a Forces-based, materiel-centric (focused on the "players") Cold War
posture to a Mission-based, capability-centric (focused on the
"playbook") asymmetric warfare focus. The framework establishes a
disciplined, repeatable procedure for explicitly specifying the mission and
assessing mission accomplishment. The framework is an integrated procedure
for deriving mission requirements in accordance with join t guidance,
analyzing the task, cap ability, and solution trade-offs, and specifying the
required capabilities and training needs. This paper will outline the
concepts of the MMF and detail the methodology’s successful employment in
each of the following 4 areas: a)
The US Army’s
Future Combat Systems Acquisition Program (supporting the Program Office, the
Combined Test Organization, and the Training IPT) b)
Operations Plan
to Task Decomposition in support of DUSD(R) as requested by Joint Staff J-7.
The Study identified the war plan mission-specific JMETL for the responsible
combatant command (USPACOM) down to supporting tasks at every subordinate
echelon. The resulting list of decomposed tasks, conditions and standards was
provided to the Joint Staff and DUS D(R). The office of the Undersecretary of
Defense (Personnel and Readiness) will use the interim and final reports to
guide their combatant command readiness reporting c)
The Joint
Readiness Mission for the Joint National Training Capability, specifying
mission to task to capability to materiel and non-materiel solutions to
determine effective Joint Training Requirements d)
The use of
Missions and Means Framework The paper will
further demonstrate how these results are consistent with the “Joint Defense
Capabilities Study: Final Report” recently completed. This Study, led by the
Honor able Pete Aldridge, concluded that among other findings, a common
framework is essential to enable the organizational change requirements for
DOTMLPF. 2004 Paper No. 1753 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Auto-Authoring Instruction from Ontological
Representations of Procedures
Alan O Meeks,
Gabriel Aviles,
Lee Lacy Dynamics Research Corporation The Semantic Web is
the next evolution of the World Wide Web (WWW), offering new technology
solutions for developing and presenting instruction. The key enabling technology
supporting the Semantic Web is ontologies. A new
WWW Consortium (W3C) standard, the Web Ontology Language - OWL, is used to
encode ontologies for the Semantic Web. OWL can be
used to represent and structure procedural knowledge for use in job aid delivery
systems. By auto-authoring procedural instruction in real-time based on
current conditions, development costs are reduced and just-in-time training
can occur. This paper describes
the results from a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) research
effort to develop ontologies and software to
auto-author procedural Interactive Multimedia Instruction “on-the-fly” from
disparate Semantic Web knowledgebases. The job aid
delivery system dynamically selects content using specific user conditions when
instruction is needed. This capability is enabled through the use of
OWL-encoded procedural knowledgebases. The content
is formatted based on pedagogical rules that take into consideration the end
user’s form factor and delivery mechanisms including user interface issues
(e.g., screen real estate). Sample demonstration content has been developed
for Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) technicians responsible for handling
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). 2004 Paper No. 1745 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Mixed Reality: A Tool for Integrating Live, Virtual
& Constructive Domains to Support Training Transformation
Frank S. Dean
,
Jr., Pat Garrity STTC, RDECOM The art and science
of simulation, interactive entertainment and experiential learning have
converged to provide new capabilities that have the potential to melt the
boundaries between the training domains of virtual, live and constructive
simulation and to create the next generation of Mixed Reality. Pulling from
the foundational research of augmented reality, Mixed Reality has been able
to tap the latest science and technology to spark the imagination and
emotions. Mixed Reality may be the missing component needed to meet the
challenge of transforming combined/joint training into the future. Once fully
developed and implemented, Mixed Reality must create a training environment
that combines the visceral nature of live training, with the dynamic and
non-linear characteristics of virtual and constructive simulation. 2004 Paper No. 1894 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR: A TOOLBOX FOR
WARRIORS
Mr. John Cipparone,
Mr. Wayne Randolph Dynamics Research Corporation The importance of
“military operations other than war” (MOOTW) continues to grow as DoD structures its forces to combat threats that challenge
our democratic values. As in To acknowledge such
realities, and in response to operational needs for modeling
non-force-on-force peace support and stability operations, the Defense
Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) continues to explore modeling and
simulation (M&S) technologies relevant to MOOTW. In consonance with the
initial vision that created a prototype MOOTW “toolbox” to advance planning,
end-to-end analysis, decision support, rehearsal, and training, DMSO is
refining its effort to en able the tools to be used in a complementary manner
across the levels of war. Correspondingly, an ex tension of this program
includes ongoing initiatives to extract C4ISR data from selective DoD C4I systems and to ingest
discrete data into the toolbox to initialize/update vignettes for the
models/applications to use. This paper will
describe the current status of DMSO’s initiative to
develop and field a “toolbox” that enables warriors to prosecute aspects of
selective mission areas within MOOTW across shifting civil-military
operations. Inclusive in this paper is an overview of the toolbox
architecture that enables tools to exchange data in Extensible Markup Language,
thereby providing leaders more time to think through symmetric and asymmetric
interactions inherent in MOOTW. Moreover, lessons-learned from the toolbox’s
recent employment in 2004 Paper No. 1514 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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OneSAF Interoperability with CTIA – A LVC
Connectivity Approach
The U.S. Army Program
Executive Office (PEO) Simulation Training and Instrumentation (STRI) is
using a product line approach to develop two major simulation domain products
– OneSAF Objective System (OOS) for the Computer
Generated Forces (CGFs) domain and the Common
Training Instrumentation Architecture (CTIA) for the live training
instrumentation domain. The OOS is the Army’s next generation entity level
brigade an d below constructive simulation,
specifically designed to meet the needs of the three major Army modeling and
simulation (M&S) domains. OOS is based on a Product Line Architecture
Framework (PLAF), which provides a mechanism to organize, categorize, and
define the layered software structure to incrementally meet the OneSAF requirements. The OOS PLAF identifies functionally
relevant software components that can be used as building blocks for higher
level functionality. The CTIA is a product line architecture that provides
the foundation by which the Live Training Transformation (LT2) product line
common and product-unique components are developed and then employed by the
LT2 applications. The CTIA provides its own PLAF (protocols, standards,
interfaces, etc.) to leverage commonality of requirements in support of
integrated exercises using multiple training range instrumentation, Tactical
Engagement Simulation System (TESS), and targetry
systems at Combat Training Centers, home station, institutions, and while
deployed. This paper provides an overview of these two simulation products
and proposes a concept whereby these two products work together in
conjunction with the Army Constructive Training Federate (ACTF) and the
Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (CATT) family of virtual simulators to provide
a seamless Army and Joint interoperable Live-Virtual-Constructive (LVC)
connectivity solution. 2004 Paper No. 1482 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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CACCTUS: Linking the Live, Virtual, and Constructive
Environments
Lieutenant Colonel Robert K.
Armstrong Deputy, Technology Division,
TECOM Director, Technology Division,
TECOM Lieutenant
Colonel Gregory R. Caldwell Liaison
Officer, Technology Division, TECOM Project Officer, CACCTUS, PM
Training Systems The Marine Corps’
Combined Arms Command and Control Training Upgrade System (CACCTUS) is a
transformational program that will add significant enhancements to the all
aspects of Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) training. CACCTUS will enable
comprehensive Marine Corps staff, unit, and individual training across the
Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) training realms through the
incorporation of all appropriate Command, Control, Communication, Computers,
and Intelligence (C4I) architectures and equipment. Further, CACCTUS will
facilitate multi-echelon as well as distributed training opportunities,
thereby increasing the breadth and scope of future training events. Also,
CACCTUS will incorporate links to and from the live training environment, to
include robust capture and display of events for detailed after action
review. This paper describes the capabilities that CACCTUS will bring to the
Marine Corps and how it will further Marine Corps Training Transformation. 2004 Paper No. 1572 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Promoting Air and
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Army Training Support System and Implications of
Training Transformation (T2)
The Army’s Training
Support System (TSS) is based on an analysis of the training capabilities
required to develop and sustain an expeditionary land force for conducting operations
within the Common Operating Environment. The TSS encompasses the capabilities
required to enable an operationally relevant training environment which is
networked, integrated, and interoperable using analysis of new warfighting capabilities and operational capability
trends on training support in the Army. The intent is to ensure a robust,
persistent capability that provides the full spectrum of training whenever
and wherever needed. This paper will describe the framework of the TSS
components and supporting subcomponents and capabilities. This structure
provides a rigorous and exhaustive description of 1) the product lines that
define the related families of training systems, 2) the architectures and
standards that enable interoperability and networking, and 3) the business
processes in management, evaluation, and resources that produce these
capabilities. The paper will also discuss the implications that DoD Training Transformation (T2) capabilities will have
on the Army TSS, such as how the TSS must be extensible and integrated into
the emerging T2 training capabilities. This will also enable the “gap and
seam” approach that JNTC uses for identifying vertical and horizontal Joint
training deficiencies and redundancies to the area of training support.
Finally, this paper provides a description of not only how the T2
capabilities will affect TSS design, but also provides suggestions on how T2
could benefit from the fundamental analysis on which the TSS is built. 2004 Paper No. 1690 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Evolving DODAF: An Integrated Training
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Performance Support Solutions: What You Need When You
Need It
Vice President, Training and
Simulation UNITECH Performance support
system (PSS) products are tools that supplement the performance limitations
of a performer or system. These products can manifest in many forms ranging
from simple paper based quick references to portable data assistant (PDA)
applications and fully web deliverable immersive synthetic environments. In
many forms, these applications are widely used in government and industry,
including the U.S. Coast Guard, Federal Aviation Administration, and U.S.
Marine Corps. This presentation includes practical examples of replicable
tools and methods proponents can use to foster cost-effective PSS development
and implementation within any organization. Drawing on case study examples
and practical applications that blend simulation, training and exercises with
PSS to significantly improve field performance, various models and
perspectives are explored. Specific elements include: ·
Presentation of
a take-away performance support model participants can use to identify when
PSS is appropriate and, if so, what sort of PSS solution w ill best fit their
needs. Model elements include price/cost, solution sets, training Vs. PSS,
project complexity/scalability, media, deployment strategies relative to
infrastructure and cultural readiness. ·
Definition
supported by examples to highlight the differences between performance
support, training, and simple job aids and examples of methods for moving
desktop support to other delivery methods when the performer doesn’t work at
a desktop or in an office environment. ·
Methods and
perspectives that can be applied to blend training and performance support
into powerful and complementary learning/job support tools, including designing
solution complexity based on user/performer expertise and creating performer
and job appropriate PSS interfaces, metaphors, and language. ·
Demonstration of
highly engaging and effective non-vendor specific PSS examples that range
from PDA based solutions to server delivered desktop immersive environments. 2004 Paper No. 1669 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Advanced Training for Commanders: A Competency-Based
Approach to Training Requirements Definition for the JFACC
The Group for Organizational
Effectiveness, Inc. Simulation Technologies, Inc. Dr. Michael J. Garrity and Katrina See Aptima, Inc. Air Force Research Laboratory The Joint Force Air
Component Commander (JFACC) is the commander of air assets and answers
directly to the Joint Force Commander (JFC). The Air and Space Operations
Center (AOC) is the weapon system which enables the JFACC to accomplish these
command and control (C2) responsibilities. Currently, JFACCs
receive little preparatory training for the complex AOC environment. General
John P. Jumper, CSAF, said of Kosovo: “LGen Michael
Short, JFACC of Operation Allied Force, trained himself in the operational
level of warfare… [Most of us in Air Force leadership] trained ourselves,
because our system did not.” (AF Magazine, April 2000). Unfortunately, this
is still the case. The Air Force recognizes that the AOC’s
weapon system designation necessitates a comprehensive training program. The AF Research
Laboratory, Mesa Research Site, has begun an effort to define JFACC training
needs in terms of requisite competencies, knowledge and skills critical to
the JFACC responsibilities. JFACC competency definitions will provide a
foundation for the development of advanced training and competency assessment
tools. Ultimately, this will provide the means to design critical events into
a scenario targeted at training JFACC-specific objectives. This vital link
between competencies and scenario-based training is the key to future
development of specialized training for senior C2 personnel. The initial
participants for this effort were former JFACCs in
the Air Force. Results will be validated via interviews with recent JFACCs, as well as other senior AOC leadership, including
AOC Directors and Division Chiefs. In this paper we will
discuss the initial results of our analysis with the former JFACCs. Additionally, we will analyze the findings of
this effort against results of other ongoing competency definition efforts
aimed at the lower level operators within the AOC. Finally, we will discuss
potential approaches to training senior-level personnel in scenario-based
training environments. 2004 Paper No. 1834 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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Cross-Divisional Analysis of Competency-Based
Training Requirements for the Air and
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SYNTHETIC TECHNOLOGIES – A SELECTION SCHEMA FOR
FUTURE AIRCREW TRAINING SYSTEMS
Lockheed Martin Simulation, Training & Support Richard T.M. Deverson,
LCDR Royal Navy Defence Procurement Agency Abbey The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) have recognised a gap exists between their current training cap
abilities designed to support a past generation of ab-initio
flying training requirements, and the projected need to produce aircrew
capable of performing in next-generation operational aircraft with modern
mission systems. The MoD is responding by conceptualising a future UK Military Flying Training
System (UKMFTS) system design, to which industry is anticipated to propose a
number of future synthetic technology solutions. Any evaluation of new,
potentially emergent, synthetic capabilities to support claims of integrated
training capability, however, must include informed consideration of how such
technologies are conceived in current practice, the degree of effectiveness,
and for what projected purposes these may be used in relation to future
training systems. Thus, the MoD sponsored an applied study into in-service synthetic
technologies and protocols, viewed in terms of how these may become
integrated into a next-generation flying training system. The study includes
assessments of sixteen cross-functional synthetic technology areas, current
and projected applications, a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) construct, and
a summary-level schema in tended to inform Mo D decision-makers on selection
protocols where synthetic technologies are conceptualised
for training system purposes. This paper describes
the study approach and synthesises the synthetic
technologies assessment and schema results. Data to be reported
within each synthetic technology area include: (1) current and projected
advantages and limitations (e.g.,
speech recognition systems provide a practical mechanism to navigate MFD
screens, however, high-noise and/or stress environments cause imperfect
results) ; (2) TRL; (3 ) projections of future training techniques (e.g., advanced distributed learning
systems enable change in training delivery strategies to an ‘online’ flight
school paradigm); and (4) projections of training tasks, methods, or
related purposes, as may be applied to an future flying training system’s
operational capability. 2004 Paper No. 1527 This paper
is available on the 2004 I/ITSEC CD ROM. Order
it from I/ITSEC'S Website. |
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