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2nd NTDC AND INDUSTRY CONFERENCE

Proceedings of the Second Naval Training Device Center and Industry Conference

“Technology in Training”

28-30 November 1967

NAVTRADEVCEN IH-143

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Second Naval Training Device Center/Industry conference theme–  3

NAVTRADEVCEN IH-143 U.S. army participation group present and future  3

U.S. Marine Corps–Training by simulation   4

engineering technology for training devices  4

microelectronics for training devices  5

Processing and recording of flight-test positional data   5

near field techniques and application as an in situ performance monitor/training device  6

Training equipment for a battlefield environment  6

trends in digital simulation   7

is standardization of computers for training simulators a myth?  7

the military application of the commercial digital computer   8

digital recording and analysis of simulator outputs  8

computer/display interface techniques for simulators  9

advanced display systems  10

a universal display system for command and control  10

the real world through the windscreen   11

visual simulation   12

A new infinity image system    12

optical system limitations for visual simulation   13

profit improvement through value engineering   14

Multimission (fighter/attack) impact on future crew training   14

audio-visual considerations in the design of training aids  15

learning, retention and transfer   15

an examination of part and whole approaches to training related to the design of simulators  16

extending the potential of oft’s  16

a study of adaptive training using an operational flight trainer simulator  (1) 17

training devices for understanding the fundamentals of marine acoustics and the marine environment  18

implications of the poseidon-polaris human engineering program for training hardware requirements  18

the generalized sonar maintenance trainer   19

weapons system trainer effectiveness as seen by the maintenance engineer world   19

the naval training device center reviews integrated logistic support requirements  20

integrated logistics support development techniques for small scale systems  20

an analysis of the quantitative maintainability and supportability characteristics of a weapon system trainer   21

configuration control  22

modular packaging techniques and devices  23

military training vs contractor-conducted training– A challenge to industry   23

technical documentation updating for a trainer undergoing change  24

truth in negotiations  24

the negotiation process  25

weighted guidelines  26

Papers submitted but not presented: 26

ACOUSTIC DEVICE FOR SUBMARINE SIGNATURE SIMULATION   26

The Naval training device center electromagnetic compatibility program    27

underwater technology and hydro-optics  28

LASER VISIBILITY AND OCULAR SAFETY FOR THE KOLLSMAN LASER WEAPON FIRE SIMULATOR   29

 

 

 

Second Naval Training Device Center/Industry conference theme–“Technology in Training”

INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE

Dr. Hanns H. Wolff

Technical Director, Naval Training Device Center and Conference General Chairman

 

 

It is a pleasure to welcome you to the Second Naval Training Device Center/Industry Conference.  As most you know, this conference grew from an idea for a problem-solving meeting for a specific trainer area.  It was NTDC’s late Commanding Officer, Capt. J.K. Sloatman, who supported and encouraged the idea of a conference that would deal with NTDC’s and the Training Industry’s problems on a broad basis.

 

Though we received many favorable comments last year from Industry and other Government Agency attendees, I feel that the real proof of usefulness is in the continued interest shown by other participating Government activities, and the Trainer Industry.

 

Soon after we had sent out the invitations we were assured of the desirability for this second conference.  In fact, the response and the requests for attendance by companies that did not participate in last year’s conference were such that we feel we did the right thing when we limited the attendance to two persons from each Company.  Three times as many companies asked for admission and we were forced to turn down a number of requests due to limited space.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 


NAVTRADEVCEN IH-143

U.S. army participation group

present and future

Colonel L. H. LeVine, U.S.A.

Commanding Officer, Naval Training Device Center

 

I would like to add my welcome to those of Admiral Owen and Dr. Wolff, and hope that this conference will prove helpful and fruitful to all of us.

 

During last year’s NTDC/Industry Conference, you were given a presentation by LTC Philip Cunningham which presentation concerned itself generally with the organization and mission of the U.S. Army Participation Group, and what we were doing in the way of training-device developments at that time.  Neither our organization nor mission has substantially changed during the past year.  Consequently, rather than be repetitive, I would prefer to discuss what’s new in Army training-device development, what some of our more critical training problems are, and what we can see in the future for the Army Participation Group and for Industry.

 

We have several major programs pertaining to the development of training devices at NTDC, for example:

 

1)             The Synthetic Flight Training System for the Army Aviation School

2)             A training device requirement study for the Main Battle Tank-70

3)             And, third, the Moving Target Simulator for Redeye.

 

Each of these programs has a potential of many millions of dollars, provided that the development effort is successful.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

U.S. Marine Corps–Training by simulation

Major R.R. Sheahan, United States Marine Corps

Training Services Officer

 

Gentlemen–we can no longer afford the luxury of exclusive use of actual operational Weapons Systems and support Systems for training.

 

Heretofore, the feeling has been that training to the real situation in a real environment cannot be simulated.  Recognizing the current simulation state-of-the-art this precept is only partially true.  Additionally, expenses involved in operating modern complex tactical systems, restrictions on operating areas on land, sea and in the air, and the extensive training required to gain crew combat capability, collectively dictate a requirement to accomplish such required training through some form of accurate, meaningful, simulation.

 

The cockpit trainers and weapon systems trainers we deal with today provide a spring-board from which future simulators can be brought to fruition.  I believe we have barely scratched the surface.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

engineering technology for training devices

G.V. Amico

Assistant Technical Director (Sea Warfare), Naval Training Device Center

 

Today, there is an engineering technology for training devices.  Stated another way, we can say that there is a specialized training device technology.  This condition did not exist in the past, however.  The early days of training device development were largely based on inventive or experimental approaches to training problems.  The dedicated efforts of the pioneers of the training device program and the successes they achieved gave the initial impetus to the training device program, as we know it today.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

microelectronics for training devices

Robert L. Lowry

Goodyear Aerospace Corporation

 

In an article published in the February 21, 1966 issue of Steel Magazine, B.A. Jacoby of RCA neatly capsuled the case for integrated circuits.  “In 1959, integrated circuits meant microscopic electronics–and scientists were interested.

 

In 1961, integrated circuits meant more reliable electronics–and the military became excited. 

 

In 1966, a processing technology that is predictable, reproducible, and economical has made integrated circuits mean low-cost electronics–and an industry revolution is in the making.”

 

The revolution predicted by Mr. Jacoby has indeed occurred – and on an extremely wide front.  Today we find that revolution well underway in the simulator and trainer industry.  Goodyear Aerospace’s conversion to microelectronics for training devices began around 1963 when the first RTL integrated circuits became available.  The movement gathered momentum in 1966 when the first general-purpose integrated circuit operational amplifier became available.  The revolution–at least from the viewpoint of Goodyear Aerospace–will be apparent when we deliver to NTDC in early 1968 a trainer wherein 50 percent of the electronic “make” portion is integrated circuitry and 75 percent of the “buy” portion is integrated circuitry.  Designs now in the form of laboratory breadboards indicate that by 1970 more than 90 percent of the electronics content of Goodyear Aerospace trainers will be integrated circuitry.  The “why” of this revolution and the rapidity of its growth lie in three words–low-cost electronics.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

Processing and recording of flight-test positional data

William D. Gluck

Airborne Instruments Laboratory

 

Pilot training exercises involving actual flight-test patterns and aircraft operations are costly to plan and perform.  It is important, therefore, that the flight data be preserved for pilot debriefing and evaluation of the procedures and performance.  Recording of position processing of the acquisition data from Mark X SIF transponder replies is accomplished.  This paper describes a system that permits replay of a synthetic display presenting aircraft position, identity, and altitude.  Plots of actual data from operational sites are presented as an indication of the accuracy attainable.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

near field techniques and application as an in situ performance monitor/training device

Paul J. O’Brien

Electro-Acoustic Systems Laboratory, Hazeltine Corporation

 

Conventionally, all acoustic transducer parameters are measured in the far-field or Fraunhofer region.  This is undesirable for some of the larger sonar systems, since very long test distances are required as well as elaborate calibration test sites.  As a result, an extensive “down time “ of the system is necessary.  The capability of measuring the parameters of the AN/AQS-10 system, while in the Fresnel or near-field region, is valuable since it eliminates a great many of these problems areas.  This capability is made feasible through utilization of a relatively new method of near-field transducer measurement.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

Training equipment for a battlefield environment

Robert C. Hanson

Reflectone Division, Otis Elevator Company

 

Several weeks ago at an American Ordnance Association meeting, General Durrenberger, Commanding General of the Army’s Weapons command, succinctly summarized the demands of today’s combat units in the field.  Their needs are more firepower, greater mobility, and increased protection.

 

These broad requirements are, of course, not new; we have heard them before, and we will continue to hear them in the future.  But when we stop for a moment to think about the total implication–and problems–surrounding these demands, a number of basic truths and challenges become very obvious.

 

Combat requirements, such as firepower, mobility, and protection, are almost always tightly interdependent.  For example, firepower and mobility are essential elements of protection.  Or conversely, protection is a function of your ability–and success–to shoot and scoot.

 

However, continually trying to satisfy demands with new tools takes us down the path of technological change, adaptation, application, and need. And herein lies the underriding challenge of the Government/Industry team–to be able to meet demand with technological prowess.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

trends in digital simulation

E.B. Boyle

Aircraft Armaments, Inc.

 

Digital simulation, as used in simulators and trainers we know today, has followed directly from the larger analog simulators of the 1950’s.  It was first in the realm of large, complex systems such as these that digital computers became competitive.  These large analog systems were based on the technology of the vacuum tube, computing servomechanism and precision potentiometer.  In some of the later systems, printed circuit cards were used to simplify manufacturing and maintenance, but the equipment remained physically large, frequently inaccurate and invariably difficult to maintain.  Power consumption and heat generation were both very large.  A simulator of this type and period is shown in Figure 21.  It has the ability to simulate the flight of 48 airplanes under individual “pilot” control.  Radar returns from these “aircraft” are presented on four separate radar sets, and are used by air traffic controllers to study control problems.  This system employs approximately 10,000 vacuum tubes, which although conservatively rated, represented a difficult maintenance task.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

is standardization of computers

for training simulators a myth?

Milton Fischer

Head, Computer Laboratory, Naval Training Device Center

 

The increased use of digital computers in training devices and operational equipment since 1960 has presented many new problems to NTDC.  A study of the application of digital computers to training devices and of the experience with these devices in the field has revealed problems in hardware, software and personnel that must be resolved if training devices using digital computers are to satisfy the complex requirements imposed on them.  A discussion of some of these problems and a recommendation for a short and long range approach to their solution is presented in this paper.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

the military application of the commercial digital computer

R.P. Berkowitz and H.A. Dellicker

Honeywell, Computer Control Division

 

Low-cost, high performance, general-purpose computers have been available to commercial users for some time.  Generally, a military user has been excluded from the primary advantages of these computers; namely, low-cost, flexibility, availability, full systems support and designs proven by high-volume use.  His problems and applications vary every bit as much as the commercial user’s, but the military user is restrained because he cannot supply a stable, air-conditioned, vibration-free environment for the equipment.  In recognition of the variety and extremes of the military environment, specifications have been developed (MIL specs) to ensure a guaranteed base of performance in military applications.  Computers designed to provide full compliance with these specifications are usually limited in their general capabilities and intended for one function only.  They are also limited in the quantity of units built and used, and these limitations greatly increase their cost.

 

This paper presents the argument that commercial computers, without loss of their advantages, can–through relatively minor mechanical modification–be used in operational military applications.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

digital recording and analysis of simulator outputs

E.A. Robin

International Business Machines Corporation, Federal Systems Division

 

Simulator computer programs should be designed to capitalize on the latest training innovations in data recording and analysis.  Related equipment should be configured for operational training and instructor guidance and include four main considerations in the design of data recording and analysis programs.

 

1)       The recording function should be integrated into the on-line data collection system to preserve program system integrity of the operational simulator programs.

 

2)       A data collection executive and modular on-line recording routine can effectively use computer memory and execution time resources.

 

3)       The post-run analysis program can provide human factors engineers the media for operator analysis without the usual delays of a data reduction facility.  The actual simulator digital computer can be programmed to give the instructor, human factors engineers, and other pertinent personnel a set of reduced training data reports or analyses immediately after a simulation session.  The ability to quickly reduce data gives all key personnel a unique selection of data reduction programs necessary to evaluate the simulation run just completed.  Human factors engineers can enter their judgments in selecting the data reduction programs best suited to the situation.

 

4)       The dynamic program selection of post-run analysis programs directly after a simulation run gives meaningful results immediately.  In contrast, normal data processing procedures process all the data from daily simulation sessions in a batch process manner, usually generating a large amount of paper.  Using this daily procedure a more substantial problem results when the instructor wishes to find a specific situation for man/machine evaluation.

 

Two systems–Federal Aviation Agency Computer Driven Simulation Environment (CDSE) and the TACFIRE Training Support System (TSS)–will emphasize data recording and data evaluation.  The first system has been implemented and actual results will be given.  The second system is designed and design considerations will be discussed.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

computer/display interface techniques for simulators

R.A. Heartz

General Electric Company

 

During the past few years the digital computer has replaced the analog computer in most simulator systems even though input and output requirements are mostly analog functions.  Thus the analog-to-digital (A/D) and the digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion requirements represent a major simulator subsystem.  For example, the Nuclear Power Plant simulator that is now being developed for training plant operators presents computer/instrumentation interface requirements that are typical to a wide range of operator training simulators.  In this system, over 300 meters and recorders are driven from digital computer output signals.  The computer addresses each meter channel sequentially every second.  A meter channel consists of an address decoder, a digital storage of the analog amplitude for each cycle, a digital-to-analog amplitude conversion and the amplifier that provides the meter drive signal.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

advanced display systems

Joseph Hallet

Sylvania Electronics Systems

 

The amount of information that can be used effectively by an operator is a key parameter in the design of any display system.  Present display consoles attempt to increase the amount of information content by using coded shapes and symbols; by intensification or by flashing of important items; and by controlling the display format in such a way as to enhance the recognition of significant data.  However, color, which is one of the most effective methods of coding information, has not been widely used in display consoles because of the lack of a suitable device.

 

The conventional color television tube employs an internal shadow mask, which severely limits resolution.  While there have been some attempts to use this type of tube for information display, it has been necessary to work with much larger symbols than would normally be desired, and registration (convergence) of colors is not sufficiently precise to permit accurate mixing data in different colors.  Figure 64 shows the effect of the shadow mask structure in limiting the size of symbols that can be displayed.  In this illustration, the symbols have been scaled to 1/4 inch height, and it may be seen that even at this large size the quality leaves a great deal to be desired.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

a universal display system for command and control

Herbert C. Hendrickson

Philco-Ford Corporation, WDL Division

 

The very hearing of the adjective “universal” in connection with a display system is enough to antagonize many of us who have struggled to bend the laws of physics to satisfy the difficult demands of a user-display interface.  More than one company has advertised a “universal console” which failed to adequately meet display requirements for any system other than the one for which it was specifically designed.  It seems impossible to design a system or console which will universal.  Yet, the pressure from the Government is increasing to standardize on a cost-effective display system which would be commonly and interchangeably used for command and control by all the services.  The purpose of this paper is to describe a universally applicable technology which satisfies desires of the Government while retaining the ability to custom-tailor systems by connecting together various combinations of display system universal modules. This paper reports on advanced display techniques by which the Philco-Ford Corporation has been pioneering a new generation of real-time displays designed not only to overcome the deficiencies of preceding display techniques, but to set the highest standards of display quality and cost-effectiveness.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

the real world through the windscreen

William C. Ebeling

General Precision Systems, Inc. (Link Group)

 

The need for realistic visual simulation, particularly for the critical maneuvers of aircraft takeoff and landing, has long been established.  This need has been increased enormously by the new airline requirements to operate under Category II and, in the future, possibly Category III conditions.  It is difficult and dangerous to train for these conditions in the actual airplane, and the problem is compounded by the fact that a training mission in the aircraft must wait CAT II weather conditions to occur.  Also, the dollar risk to the airlines for training in the airplane has been increased by the new generation of jet transports and the SST.

 

The simulation industry has been struggling with the visual problem for many years, while other facets of the ground-based simulator perform with incredible fidelity because of the introduction of the large-scale digital computer.  The net result is that fidelity of simulation of the sensory cues substantially lags behind that of instrument-flight simulation.

 

Following is a description of the various approaches that have been taken to solve this problem, details of the limitations in each approach, and a discussion of the tradeoffs that are available to particular simulation problems.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

visual simulation

J.B. Kelley

Manager, Avionics Engineering Division, Goodyear Aerospace Corporation

 

Simulator and trainer suppliers must execute programs to acquire technical capabilities in advance of anticipated training equipment requirements.  A typical example of such a program is one implemented by Goodyear Aerospace Corporation for the area of visual simulation.  Although the need for effective visual simulation has been apparent since the initial utilization of present-day flight trainers, it was not until the early 1960’s that related component hardware development gave promise of approaching performance levels adequate for the task.

 

At that time Goodyear Aerospace launched a coordinated program of dual participation by the Company and the government.  The Company-sponsored work primarily was research and development tasks in the areas of optical probes, lightweight optical elements, and reference-data techniques.  The government-sponsored work (Navy, Air Force, and NASA) was primarily in research and development for image generation and display.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

 

A new infinity image system

Joseph LaRussa

Manager, Advanced Engineering, Farrand Optical Company, Inc.

 

Although cockpit simulators have been developed to the point where aircraft dynamics and response to both external and pilot inputs are reproduced in a most realistic fashion, the same cannot be said of the corresponding visual displays currently available.  Generally speaking, “aircraft visual flight simulators” of several years ago were used for pilot training in tasks of a particular nature.  They were limited to particular or part tasks primarily because they were not capable of accurately reproducing all aircraft response to pilot initiated stimuli nor were they capable of introducing all the visual cues which a pilot requires to initiate the proper stimuli.  It was recognized, therefore, that the “transfer’ value from simulator to real flight was low.  However, the value of such simulators was rationalized by terming these devices part task trainers.  It is now felt that the lack of fidelity in both the display and image generation of these so-called part task trainers did not fulfill even the part task functions that they were capable of.  In other words, we have come to the realization that the absence of visual cues for a complete simulator did not necessarily equip that simulator for a lesser task.  This is true because many psychomotor responses are dependent, in an unknown manner, on human evaluation of many simultaneous cues, not all of which (nor the relative importance of which) are known.  Therefore, instead of rationalizing a simulator to a lesser task, it appears that we should devote ourselves to the achievement of an external world display as realistic as it is possible to generate with current methods.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 


optical system limitations for visual simulation

F.J. Oharek

Naval Training Device Center

 

A wide variety of optical systems have been designed to perform various training functions.  The types of systems involved would include items such as large screen displays, wide-angle lenses, variable focal length lenses, virtual image systems, anamorphic systems, and TV projection systems.  The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the problems encountered in optical systems when they are used to present visual displays for training.  In particular, the emphasis will be placed on “real world” simulation rather than data or chart displays.

 

Some of the “real world” visual simulators, which are being or have been developed, are visual flight trainers, ship docking trainers, infantry weapons trainers, and periscope trainers.  The ultimate goals for these “real world” simulators are that they be completely unprogrammed and that they have very high fidelity; however, since these goals are not generally attained, a discussion of the limitations encountered is appropriate.

 

In order to facilitate discussion of visual trainer limitations, we can divide the design function into three parts; geometrical and physical optics, design, environmental effects design, and human factors design.  The design parameters in each of these areas have been studied extensively but considerable work remains in order to understand the interaction of these areas and their effect on successful training.  Each of the areas will be discussed separately below and then a discussion of interactions will be attempted.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

profit improvement through value engineering

J.J. Kaufman

Manager, Industrial and Value Engineering, Florida Operations

Aerospace Division, Honeywell, Inc.

 

Until about four years ago, when value engineering became a subject for contract negotiation, the difference between the general category of cost reduction and value engineering was considered academic at best.  The fact that VE probed areas requiring Customer approval was thought “interesting” but as far as its profit impact, it was considered to be intuitively related to the cost reductions achieved.  However, product costs were being reduced and the implied (if not measurable) impact on profit was enough to satisfy industrial requirements and justify the continuance of value engineering as an organized discipline.

 

Because of the somewhat unique aspect of value engineering, that of questioning the intended function of an item or system with respect to its cost, interest on the part of the Department of Defense started to grow.  As Government began to probe this activity, Industry answered with a multitude of “before and after” examples, demonstrating how end-product costs can be reduced through the use of value engineering.  The DOD soon realized that changes were being requested by Contractors which, when approved, measurable reduced the contractor’s cost to perform their contracts.  The method most successfully employed to gain approval for value engineering proposals was referred to as “no-cost ECPs” (engineering change proposals), whereby a contractor would request permission to modify an item under contract and indicate that the change would not increase the cost of the contract.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

Multimission (fighter/attack) impact on future crew training

L.F. Hickey and V.G. Vaden

The Boeing Company

 

Today’s aircraft weapon systems are primarily designed with a strong single-mission capability supplemented by limited multimission capability.  It appears desirable, from a cost/effective viewpoint, to develop a full multimission aircraft weapon system.  Studies are being performed to determine requirements for such a system concept, its cost, and technical feasibility.

 

In support of these studies, Boeing, under Navy contract, is performing research concerned with training, cockpit, and avionics aspects of single and two-place multimission fighter/attack aircraft weapon systems.  The crew utilization program is being conducted in two phases, Figure 96.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

audio-visual considerations in the design of training aids

Harold R. Florea

Head, Engineering Services Department, Naval Training Device Center

 

The program agenda indicates that some 30 minutes have been allotted to me for a discussion of audio-visual considerations in the design of training aids.

 

Twenty-one minutes will be devoted to the presentation of a sound slide program developed by the Center’s Audio-Visual Communications Division.  The presentation points out an area of Navy interest for suppliers who have an A-V design capability.

 

That leaves about nine minutes.

 

If I can persuade you, in that time, that more than nine minutes are required to examine A-V considerations in the design of training aids, yes, even more than a half hour.

 

Actually, I could easily talk a couple of hours on the subject.

 

What, then, is the objective of this brief discussion?  Primarily, it is addressed to the Center’s many new suppliers in the A-V field.  Our experience has been that their design efforts have not satisfied the Navy’s needs.  Our specifications cannot be precise in the areas where contractor creativeness and ingenuity are being sought.  We feel that our contractors have to do more homework to develop depth in training and AV background.

 

A good starting point for our discussion might be to define audio-visual training aids.  This is a term developed reasonably enough, to include audio training aids and visual training aids–it is not applied exclusively to training aids using both media.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

learning, retention and transfer

Dr. Gene S. Micheli

Head, Training Technology Department, Naval Training Device Center

 

The mission of the Training Technology Department of NTDC’s Human Factors Laboratory is to conduct in-house research in the area of applied human learning, such as the transfer of training in complex human task, the identification of new indices of human learning, and the evaluation of basic learning research findings in complex applied settings.

 

This department of the Human Factors Laboratory has two programs of research, namely:

 

1)                   Physiological factors in relation to training.

2)                   Learning, retention and transfer.

 

Today I will talk about the latter of these two programs.  I will try to give you an overview of projects from this program.  The projects I have chosen to discuss are those that I hope will most interest you and/or those on which you may be most likely to help us in solving some of our problems.

 

This program will investigate the variables of learning, retention and transfer and their interrelationships in order to determine the conditions, which lead to the best on-the-job performance.  We seek to obtain the kind of information that will be readily translated to the design and utilization of training devices.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

 

 

 

an examination of part and whole approaches to training related to the design of simulators

Dr. G.H. Foster

Apollo Support Department, General Electric Company

 

As an experimental psychologist with an educational emphasis upon learning theory, an experiential emphasis upon human factors in the electronic aerospace industry, and an intellectual interest in training per se, I have attempted to examine the area of simulator training from its periphery, and generally in terms of a psychological rather than an engineering point of view.  I have done this in an attempt to achieve some relevant insight into the total simulation training problem area, and to recognize and define any new approach or shift of emphasis that appears potentially fruitful.  Much of what I have concluded is speculative in nature.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

extending the potential of oft’s

Harold A. Voss

Naval Training Device Center

 

The operational flight trainer (OFT) has made for itself a secure place in military aviation training.  The OFT is designed to simulate the aircraft so that training in the OFT will positively transfer to the aircraft.  However, we find a wide divergence of opinion as to the extent to which the OFT simulates the aircraft.  Those who are concerned with the physical or mechanical aspects of similarity maintain that the level of simulation is extremely high.  Those who are concerned with the extent to which the OFT represents the aircraft environment hold that the level of simulation is extremely low.  In this latter regard the Air Force, some years ago, investigated for a number of aircraft accident situations the sensory cues experienced by the pilot.  When the flight simulator was examined to determine how many of these cues could be provided, it was found that very few of them were available in the simulator.

 

If we examine the uses to which the OFT is put we find that it is mainly used for procedures and instrument training.  It appears clear that the OFT does not adequately represent all of the tasks that are required in actual flight.  The question I wish to raise is how the OFT can be made more representative of the aircraft without undue increase in cost.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

 

a study of adaptive training using an operational flight trainer simulator  (1)

N.C. Ellis, A.L. Lowes, and W.G. Matheny

Life Sciences, Inc.

 

Adaptive training is essentially a technique whereby the complexity and/or the difficulty of a task to be learned is adapted to the skill level of the trainee during the progress of training.  As a training technique, it has roots.  In the self-adaptive technique which has received considerable study and development for application in the field of flight control system design.  In the psychological learning theory, which has, in the past, served as an appropriate basis for training program planning.  Conceptually, the latter of the two is perhaps the most important.  A long accepted tenet in learning theory, other things being equal, is that learning can best be accomplished when the two following criteria are met.

 

1)          The difficulty of the task being learned is varied along some continuum of simple to complex during the process of learning, and

 

2)          The variations along this continuum are made dependent upon the trainee’s progress in learning the assigned task.

 

Despite an almost overwhelming desire to indicate that the adaptive training technique is a fresh approach to training problems, the authors frankly admit from the outset that the principles underlying this technique are by no means new to seasoned instructors.  In the training situation, the good instructor, as a matter of fact, applies these basic principles at least to the best of his ability.  For example, the instructor will, during the course of training, assess trainee performance at particular stages of progress to establish the trainee’s readiness to move on to a more difficult task.  Should the instructor determine that a task is too difficult for the trainee, he will “drop back” to a less difficult task and progress the trainee less rapidly.  Instructors know that properly utilizing these principles will, over the long run, produce high task proficiency at savings in effort on the part of both the instructor and the trainee.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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training devices for understanding the fundamentals of marine acoustics and the marine environment

Robert Lee Wiener

Physical Sciences Laboratory, Naval Training Device Center

 

Training devices for marine acoustics and underwater defense systems for the marine environment are not new to the Naval Training Device Center.  The Naval Training Device Center has been developing simulators for sonar, acoustical and underwater defense systems, and tape recordings of marine biological sounds since World War II.  However, a few years ago, sensing the importance of oceanography and the Navy’s increasing interest in marine engineering of the ocean depths, with such projects as SEA LAB and ASWEPS, the Center’s Physical Sciences Laboratory embarked on a program for oceanographic and hydrographic systems for training.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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implications of the poseidon-polaris human engineering program for training hardware requirements

Dr. Joseph W. Wissel

Senior Staff Engineer, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company

 

On July 20, 1960, the nuclear-powered submarine, USS George Washington (SSBN 598) fired the first POLARIS missile in the United States Navy Fleet Ballistic Missile Program.  In the years of development prior to this successful firing, and through the subsequent years of development of the POLARIS family of missiles, Human Engineering personnel have been continuously involved.  Currently, Human Engineering and Maintainability Staff personnel support the development of the POSEIDON Missile System, newest member of the Fleet Ballistic Missile family.  The primary objective of the Human Engineering and Maintainability Staff of both POSEIDON and POLARIS programs is to insure that the tactical version of these missile systems can be operated and maintained by the personnel skill levels available in the fleet.

 

In the course of making inputs to the design of missile and missile support hardware, Human Engineering specialists often influence the requirements for training and training hardware.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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the generalized sonar maintenance trainer

Dr. Morton A. Bertin and Edward L. Parker

Human Factors Research, Inc., Naval Training Device Center

 

It is my intent this afternoon to describe the results obtained during a two-year research effort sponsored by the U.S. Naval Training Device Center.  The basic purpose of the research program was to determine the feasibility and the desirability of developing a new type of training device called a Generalized Sonar Maintenance Trainer, or G.S.M.T., for use in teaching calibration, alignment, and troubleshooting skills to maintenance technicians.

 

The basic premise underlying the development of this trainer is that functional similarities ad design similarities exist among contemporary sonars which can be capitalized upon in the design of raining equipment.  These equipment similarities generate common skill and knowledge requirements.  It is possible, therefore, to design a training device which embodies all common sonar circuitry, illustrates al important equipment functions, and allows all normal maintenance techniques to be exercised.  Skills and knowledges acquired through the use of such a trainer will then transfer to any of a variety of actual sonar equipment.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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weapons system trainer effectiveness as seen by the maintenance engineer world

W.E. Shop

Naval Training Device Center

 

The Field Engineering Directorate and/or the Naval Training Device Center, has the basic responsibility of supporting U.S. Naval Training Devices throughout their life cycle.  With your indulgence, I will briefly describe the scope and magnitude of that responsibility.  Figure 145 reveals the dollar value inventory of devices under Center support cognizance.  Pertinent facts, in approximate values are:

 

1)       Devices in use during the period 1961-1967

2)       Devices in system stock during the period 1963-1967

3)       Total dollar value of inventory to be approximately $335.5 million

4)       Dollar value of devices in use–$310 million

5)       Devices in field use continually increasing

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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the naval training device center reviews integrated logistic support requirements

H. C. Okraski

Naval Training Device Center

 

Last year, at the first NTDC/Industry Conference, I defined Integrated Logistic Support and its elements as they apply to training devices.  It was pointed out that the effectiveness of a training device could be greatly increased through proper Integrated Logistic Support planning and implementation.  Our goal at the Naval Training Device Center was to develop a support document that could be applied to all procurements in varying degrees of application to provide optimum support of the training device being procured.

 

If you recall, the Center’s ILS contractual requirements are included in NTDC Bulletin 40-1, entitled “Integrated Logistic Support for Training Devices.”  An interim edition of Bulletin 40-1 has been in use since June 1966 and we feel that we have had sufficient experience with this document to resale it, incorporate the necessary changes and issue the final edition.  The target date for issuance of the bulletin is January 1968.  In the course of reviewing Bulletin 40-1, we solicited commends from Industry through the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA), and the coordination with Industry has proven to be most valuable.  A joint NTDC/NSIA meeting was held at NTDC in September of this year to review and discuss comments made by Industry.  All of Industry’s comments are being considered in the final edition of 40-1.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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integrated logistics support development techniques for small scale systems

J.S. Whiteside

General Electric Company

 

The increased cost of ownership for major systems compared against the initial procurement cost brought about DOD Directive 4100.35, Development of Integrated Logistic Support for Systems and Equipment.  Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force published MICOM 750-Series, WR-30, and AFSCM 37-5 respectively.  Likewise the National Aeronautics and Space Administration published NHB 7500.1 to integrate the development of their logistics requirements.  These publications were all issued to insure that life cycle costs, as well as initial purchase costs, would be considered in evaluating procurement of a major system.  The integrated approach outlined in these documents calls for complete documentation and full use of automatic data processing, both of which greatly increase initial development costs.  These increased costs cannot always be justified for systems operating at a limited number of locations; however, the techniques called for in these DOD and NASA publications can be employed in an abbreviated manner.  The abbreviated techniques are accomplished at reduced cost without detracting from the overall quality of integrated logistic support.

 

This paper outlines the formalized technique for development of Integrated Logistics Support systems and compares it with a procedural model technique adapted to specific system requirements.  This accomplishes cost-effective establishment and management of logistics requirements, which have been successfully implemented on various NASA and Air Force Aerospace Ground Equipment programs.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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an analysis of the quantitative maintainability and supportability characteristics of a weapon system trainer

M.P. Gerrity

Naval Training Device Center

 

You may have been asking yourself, why all the emphasis lately at the Center in specifying Device Maintainability; especially Quantitative Values.  The answer, in a word, Gentlemen, is utilization.  The device that can be repaired more quickly will be utilized more, because the training organization utilizing it will have increased confidence in the device.  They will know they can successfully accomplish their training program on-time, every time, and will confidently regard the device as a vital part of that training program.  Additionally, the device, which requires a shorter Preventive Maintenance Program to keep it operational, will be utilized more, simply by being “available” for training more hours.

 

But, again, Why Quantitative Values?  It is true that Qualitative features can be designed into trainers to improve their maintainability, such as modular construction, roll-out shelves, fasteners with quick-disconnect features, ad infinitum.  However, this tells us nothing, other than the fact that we have facilitated the maintenance man’s tasks.  But how much–and how effectively–we don’t know, and you don’t know!  Then how can we find out?  By putting in the qualitative design features and putting numbers on them.  Next, test to see if the estimated values are valid.  When they are good, excellent!  We can reuse these features again with confidence.  When they are bad, they we will definitely know they are bad, and we know where to improve on our efforts in the future.  In essence, we have put a handle on how and where to progressively improve the device in a manner which can show us, with each successive step, where to next direct our efforts, to achieve the greatest advancement, toward our goal of greater utilization.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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configuration control

E. C. Luthy

General Electric Company

 

The decade of the 60’s may be known in the future as the decade when the management leaders of Industry and Government turned their attention to the management of documentation and the means whereby this documentation is controlled.  A specific area of documentation, that of engineering data, has been further highlighted under the requirements of Configuration Management which NASA and DOD have imposed on most of their contracts.  This management of engineering documentation has been generally called Configuration Control.

 

In January 1961, General Curtis LeMav of the United States Air Force directed that a survey of Industry and Air Force be made to highlight the contractor/USAF problems that were contributing to increasing high cost of new weapon systems.  As a result of this survey, AFSCP 375-2 was released in June 1963, outlining in summary form the findings of this survey.  A few of the problems identified pertaining to configuration control are:

 

1)          Engineering decisions mad unilaterally by design groups without considering effect on other functions.

2)          The inability to determine the exact hardware configuration at the time of shipment.

3)          The inability to determine changes incorporated at field sites.

4)          Manuals not updated.

5)          Spares not updated.

6)          Difficulty in isolating design deficiencies because of partially incorporated or out-of-phase incorporation of changes.

7)          High rate of system design incompatibilities between components of a system.

8)          Excessive inventory or lack of spare parts due to inadequate re-identification or part numbering system.

 

These particular problems all relate to control of changes and the ability to provide real-time equipment identification visibility to the various dependent users of engineering design data.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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modular packaging techniques and devices

M. J. Berberian

Sylvania Electronic Systems-East

 

I.                  DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT GENERAL PURPOSE LOGIC CIRCUIT PACKAGE (SYL/PAC)

 

Logic Package

Design Objective

 

A general purpose logic-package family was desired having the following three characteristics:

 

1)          The interconnections on the package should be unaffected by system logic changes; i.e., all logic changes should be accommodated in the back wiring.

2)          The line of logical building blocks should have applications in a wide variety of digital equipments and contain a wide variety of digital circuits.

3)          An economical production package design should enhance the design and construction of prototype systems.

 

In short, a design was desired which would be flexible, economical, and equally appropriate to a single development system or to a large production run.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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military training vs contractor-conducted training–

A challenge to industry

C.J. Papetti

Naval Training Device Center

 

It has been suggested that a change be made to the title of this presentation.  The phrase, “A Challenge to Industry,” should be changed to “A Challenge to Industry and Government.”  The reason will be obvious as we proceed.

 

The Government would like you to see the technical training picture as they see it.  They see it in one way–and you see it another.  No attempt will be made to fix blame.  Rather, we will try to share the burden and hopefully visualize training more from the same viewpoint than is now true.  We believe the success of equipment operation, maintenance and utilization in the field is directly related to the success of the training program.  To give you our position, and to allow you to see training as we see it, let’s take an imaginary trip:

 

Imagine your self sitting in on a class in theory or practical work at the Navel air technical Training Center, Jacksonville or me4mphis, or in any army school at Fort Monmouth or fort Knox.  The instructor you observe has been through a very formal Navy or Army Instructor training School; the curriculum for the course he is now teaching has been written and rewirtten, tried and tested; the lesson guides or plans being used have been written and rewritten; the instructor has rehearsed the lesson thoroughly and may have taught this same lesson 50 or 75 times or more, and has it down to perfection; his exams have been tried, evaluated, validated, rewritten and generally perfected; the handout materials, information sheets, charts, transparencies, movies, etc, are cued in at the exact moment.  At some schools (for example, Fort Monmouth) many classrooms are equipped with closed circuit TV, and the instructor schedules selected lessons, using “canned” presentations on specific areas.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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technical documentation updating for a trainer undergoing change

R. Newmark

California Ordnance Center, Honeywell, Inc.

 

Not too many years ago trainers were relatively simple devices requiring minimal documentation support such as a maintenance manual and a few simple schematics.  Today, however, trainers have become highly sophisticated systems and subsystems supported by an impressive array of technical documents such as multi-volume maintenance handbooks, design and programming reports, wire and cable lists, provisioning documentation, engineering drawings plus schematic, logic, and block diagrams.  As technological advances and improvements are made in Naval weapons and weapon systems, the trainers that simulate the operation and tactical use of these weapons must also be changed.  Such changes become necessary not only to in-service trainers, but to trainers undergoing development.  When we consider that a trainer under development may require hundreds or perhaps thousands of changes, we can begin to appreciate the enormity of the task of keeping all associated technical documents up-to-date.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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truth in negotiations

H. F. Hesse

Deputy Director, Procurement Services Office, Naval Training Device Center

 

On September 10, 1962, the 87th Congress enacted Public Law 87-653, which provided, in part, that a prime contractor or any subcontractor shall be required to submit cost or pricing under the circumstances listed below, and shall be required to certify that, to the best of his knowledge and belief, the cost or pricing data submitted was accurate, complete and current.

 

1)       Prior to the award of any negotiated prime contract where the price is expected to exceed $100,000;

 

2)       Prior to the pricing of any contract change or modification for which the price adjustment is expected to exceed $100,000, or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency;

 

3)       Prior to the award of a subcontract at any tier, where the prime contractor and each higher tier subcontractor have been required to furnish such a certificate, if the price of such subcontract is expected to exceed $100,000; or

 

4)       Prior to the pricing of a contract change or modification to a subcontract covered by (3) above, for which the price adjustment is expected to exceed $100,000, or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency.

 

Any prime contract or change or modification thereto under which such certificate is required shall contain a provision that the price to the Government, including profit or fee, shall be adjusted to exclude any significant sums by which it may be determined by the head of the agency that such price was increased because the contractor or any subcontractor required to furnish such a certificate, furnished cost or pricing data which, as of a date agreed upon between the parties (which data shall be as close to the date of agreement on the negotiated price as is practicable), was inaccurate, incomplete or concurrent.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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the negotiation process

S.M. Seeds

Contract Counsel, Marine Systems Center, Honeywell, Inc.

 

I would like to introduce this topic, “The Negotiation Process,” by presenting an analogy.  Let’s borrow the rope, or in nautical terms, a line, from the Navy emblem.  As a rope is made up of many fibers spun into which are woven into the end product, so does the process leading to a negotiation contain many intertwined parts.  We have (1) the synopsis, (2) the RFQ, (3) the Specification, the contractors’ design concept, (4) the technical proposal, (5) cost proposal, (6) DCAA’s and DCASR’s evaluation and comments, (7) the pre-negotiation clearance, (8) its endorsement and approval, just to mention a few.

 

Likewise, the performance of the contract after award is composed of many vital intertwined strands: (1) the design, (2) the hardware, (3) handbooks, (4) drawings, (5) reports, (6) billings, and (7) payments, are just a few.

 

Now, how do we bring these two sections together?  We tie a knot, which is the negotiation process and agreement on an award.

 

This truly is an amazing phenomenon.  Perhaps hundreds of people have been involved from both government and Industry in the development of the procurement prior to award, as there are hundreds of strands in the rope.  After award, hundreds and maybe thousands of people will be involved, again representing both parties to the agreement.  Yet the knot will be tied, the agreement reached by negotiation between just a few individuals; maybe as few as four–generally not more than a dozen.  Truly on their shoulders falls an important responsibility and a challenge.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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weighted guidelines

Robert A. Gallagher

Manager, Administration and Planning, Link Group, General Precision Systems, Inc.

 

It is certainly a privilege to be able to participate with you in the Second Annual Industry Conference at the Naval Training Device Center.  The opportunity to exchange views outside of the confines of the day-to-day business environment is extremely important to a better understanding of the technical and contractual problems facing both the Government and Industry today.  NTDC is to be congratulated for establishing a forum where this is possible.  It is a pleasure to be a part of this exchange of information.

 

My subject today is Weighted Guidelines.  As most of you know, this is a technique to be used by Government contract negotiators to determine a realistic negotiated profit objective on defense contracts.  The Armed Services Procurement Regulation which established this technique breaks down many of the elements which should go into the establishment of profit and assigns varying weights to them with specific guidelines on the application of the assigned weights–thus the name–Weighted Guidelines.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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Papers submitted but not presented:

 

 

ACOUSTIC DEVICE FOR SUBMARINE SIGNATURE SIMULATION

David J. Erickson

Electro-Acoustic Systems Laboratory, Hazeltine Corporation

 

A small, light-weight, low frequency transducer is described in this paper.  This transducer would be utilized as the acoustic source mechanism for a mobile underwater target simulator or decoy.  The purpose of the decoy is to simulate the acoustic signature of a submarine for use in sonar operator training/sonar system check out, or as an underwater decoy.

 

Due to the size constraint imposed by standard torpedo bodies, which would be used as a transport for the decoy, a serious acoustic loading condition is created.  This condition results from the relation between the permissible size of the radiating face and the wavelength of sound in water at the lowest frequencies necessary for adequate simulation.  In general, such frequency bands extend below 100 Hz and the wavelengths of these frequencies are much larger than the size of the conforming transducer radiating face.  The resulting acoustic load is characterized by a resistive component, which is small when compared to the reactive component.  Due to the low absolute value of radiation resistance a relatively large displacement capability is required.  Therefore, a large force generating capability is required in order to overcome the mass reactive portion of the acoustic load.  This would disqualify conventionally designed body force transducers for use in the lowest frequency ranges encountered.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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The Naval training device center

electromagnetic compatibility program

R. N. Hokkanen

Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineer, Naval Training Device Center

 

Department of Defense emphasis in obtaining electromagnetically compatible systems and controlling **emissions from equipments processing classified data has resulted in the Naval Training Device Center instituting an Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Program.  This program is interlinked with the following standards:

 

MIL-STD-461–Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics Requirements for Equipment***

 

MIL-STD-462–Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics Measurement of FED-STD-222

 

The description that follows is the general program as it relates to NAVTRADEVCEN contractors.  Figure 238 indicates the highlights of the Center’s EMC program for a major contract and each is discussed briefly below:

 

The EMC technical package is made up of Specification inputs and Technical Proposal Requirements.  The EMC Specification Inputs are determined by the Center’s EMC group based on trainer complexity, number being procured, expected locations of installations and the security requirements of data being processed.  Documentation requirements spelled out by the form DD 1423 will consist of Control Plan, Test Plan and Test Report.  The EMC technical proposal requirements (TPR) states the problems to be solved and indicate specific items, as a minimum, for the bidders to discuss.  A sample list of such discussion items in included in Appendix A for contractors wishing to do pre-proposal “homework.”

 

** Emissions – electromagnetic energy propagated from a source by radiation or conduction.

 

*** Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) – any undesirable emission.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

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underwater technology and hydro-optics

Anthony Immarco, Elliot Kahn, and Paul G. Schoening

Kollsman Instrument Corporation

 

Since 1929, Kollsman Instrument Corporation has been developing a reservoir of technical skills in Systems Management, Instrumentation, and Electro-Optical Devices.  These skills are to be found in the 1000 research scientists and engineers, project engineers, designers, technicians and technical specialists actively pursuing programs involving an expertise in mechanics, electro-mechanical engineering, electronics (both digital and analog), optics, engineering-physics, navigation, operational and systems analyses, and mathematical analyses.

 

This was prepared to present information on Kollsman’s capabilities specifically related to the Ocean Environment.  Although the focus of Kollsman activities has been in the area of “hydro-optics,” a substantial broadening of this base, through programs having applications in navigation, display and (naval) tactical operations, have been underway for some time.

 

The specific programs reported herein have been organized under Hydro-Optics, Navigation and Display, and Naval Tactical Operations.

 

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LASER VISIBILITY AND OCULAR SAFETY FOR THE KOLLSMAN LASER WEAPON FIRE SIMULATOR

Paul G. Schoening

Kollsman Instrument Corporation

 

In 1962, Kollsman invented (U.S. Patent Number 3243896) the Laser Weapon fire Simulator.  The purpose of the device is to provide improved gunnery training by providing more realistic and effective simulation.  There are many applications of the device; however, for reference purposes, a specific application will be reviewed here that is used by the Army in anti-tank gunnery training.  The laser is boresighted to the main weapon.  When the fire button is pressed, the laser is discharged (rather than the weapon).  The targets are cardboard-like targets set up 200 feet from the weapon.  (Normally a 30 caliber gun would be fired for training purposes; however, the bullet hole in the cardboard target served as a visual cue to remind the gunner of the extent of his miss, if he missed the bulls-eye).  When the laser is fired, the characteristic flash of the laser appears on the target board.  If the gunner missed the bulls-eye, he would have to remember the extent of his miss and correct appropriately.  The gunnery instructor stationed alongside the trainee is able to monitor the training.  The basic parameters of the device here being reviewed are as follows:

 

1)          The laser is a pulsed ruby device (not Q-switched) whose beam energy should be as low as possible, for safety reasons.

 

2)          The spot of light on the target should be sufficiently bright to be seen in broad daylight (a requirement that the spot have a contrast three times the background of the target when the target is illuminated with 7000 lumens/sq. ft. exists).

 

3)          The nominal laser spot size on the target is 1/2 inch.

 

4)          The gunner uses any one of several “scopes” for “laying” his weapon on the target.

 

5)          The gunnery instructor may use any one of several auxiliary “scopes” binoculars or his naked eye to view the results of the firing exercise.

 

6)          No attempt is here made to retain the gunnery score and there is no requirement to burn a hole in the target, expose film, or in any way indicate the hit or miss except by the gunner and instructor observing the laser flash.

 

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