 |
Simulation
Systems and
Applications,
Inc. |
| Info Engineering | ||||
| Company Info | Press Releases | Simulation Resources | Tampa Bay Links | |
2nd NTDC AND INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Proceedings of the Second Naval Training Device Center and
Industry Conference
“Technology in Training”
28-30 November 1967
NAVTRADEVCEN
IH-143
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Second Naval Training Device
Center/Industry conference theme–
NAVTRADEVCEN
IH-143 U.S. army participation group present and future
U.S. Marine
Corps–Training by simulation
engineering
technology for training devices
microelectronics
for training devices
Processing
and recording of flight-test positional data
near field
techniques and application as an in situ performance monitor/training device
Training
equipment for a battlefield environment
is
standardization of computers for training simulators a myth?
the military
application of the commercial digital computer
digital
recording and analysis of simulator outputs
computer/display
interface techniques for simulators
a universal
display system for command and control
the real
world through the windscreen
optical
system limitations for visual simulation
profit
improvement through value engineering
Multimission
(fighter/attack) impact on future crew training
audio-visual
considerations in the design of training aids
learning,
retention and transfer
an
examination of part and whole approaches to training related to the design of
simulators
extending
the potential of oft’s
a study of
adaptive training using an operational flight trainer simulator (1)
training
devices for understanding the fundamentals of marine acoustics and the marine
environment
implications
of the poseidon-polaris human engineering program for training hardware
requirements
the
generalized sonar maintenance trainer
weapons
system trainer effectiveness as seen by the maintenance engineer world
the naval
training device center reviews integrated logistic support requirements
integrated
logistics support development techniques for small scale systems
modular
packaging techniques and devices
military
training vs contractor-conducted training– A challenge to industry
technical
documentation updating for a trainer undergoing change
Papers
submitted but not presented:
ACOUSTIC
DEVICE FOR SUBMARINE SIGNATURE SIMULATION
The Naval
training device center electromagnetic compatibility program
underwater
technology and hydro-optics
LASER
VISIBILITY AND OCULAR SAFETY FOR THE KOLLSMAN LASER WEAPON FIRE SIMULATOR
|
Second Naval Training Device Center/Industry conference theme–“Technology in Training” INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE Dr. Hanns H. Wolff Technical Director, Naval Training Device Center and
Conference General Chairman It is a pleasure to welcome
you to the Second Naval Training Device Center/Industry Conference. As most you know, this conference grew
from an idea for a problem-solving meeting for a specific trainer area. It was NTDC’s late Commanding Officer,
Capt. J.K. Sloatman, who supported and encouraged the idea of a conference
that would deal with NTDC’s and the Training Industry’s problems on a broad
basis. Though we received many
favorable comments last year from Industry and other Government Agency
attendees, I feel that the real proof of usefulness is in the continued
interest shown by other participating Government activities, and the Trainer
Industry. Soon after we had sent out
the invitations we were assured of the desirability for this second
conference. In fact, the response and
the requests for attendance by companies that did not participate in last
year’s conference were such that we feel we did the right thing when we
limited the attendance to two persons from each Company. Three times as many companies asked for
admission and we were forced to turn down a number of requests due to limited
space. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. U.S. army participation group present and future I would like to add my
welcome to those of Admiral Owen and Dr. Wolff, and hope that this conference
will prove helpful and fruitful to all of us. During last year’s
NTDC/Industry Conference, you were given a presentation by LTC Philip
Cunningham which presentation concerned itself generally with the
organization and mission of the U.S. Army Participation Group, and what we
were doing in the way of training-device developments at that time. Neither our organization nor mission has
substantially changed during the past year.
Consequently, rather than be repetitive, I would prefer to discuss
what’s new in Army training-device development, what some of our more
critical training problems are, and what we can see in the future for the
Army Participation Group and for Industry. We have several major
programs pertaining to the development of training devices at NTDC, for
example: 1)
The Synthetic Flight Training
System for the Army Aviation School
2)
A training device
requirement study for the Main Battle Tank-70
3)
And, third, the Moving
Target Simulator for Redeye.
Each of these programs has a
potential of many millions of dollars, provided that the development effort
is successful. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. U.S. Marine Corps–Training by simulation Gentlemen–we can no longer
afford the luxury of exclusive use of actual operational Weapons Systems and
support Systems for training. Heretofore, the feeling has
been that training to the real situation in a real environment cannot be
simulated. Recognizing the current
simulation state-of-the-art this precept is only partially true. Additionally, expenses involved in
operating modern complex tactical systems, restrictions on operating areas on
land, sea and in the air, and the extensive training required to gain crew
combat capability, collectively dictate a requirement to accomplish such
required training through some form of accurate, meaningful, simulation. The cockpit trainers and
weapon systems trainers we deal with today provide a spring-board from which
future simulators can be brought to fruition. I believe we have barely scratched the surface. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. engineering technology for training devices Today, there is an
engineering technology for training devices.
Stated another way, we can say that there is a specialized training
device technology. This condition did
not exist in the past, however. The
early days of training device development were largely based on inventive or
experimental approaches to training problems. The dedicated efforts of the pioneers of the training device
program and the successes they achieved gave the initial impetus to the
training device program, as we know it today. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. microelectronics for training devices In an article published in
the February 21, 1966 issue of Steel Magazine, B.A. Jacoby of RCA
neatly capsuled the case for integrated circuits. “In 1959, integrated circuits meant microscopic electronics–and
scientists were interested. In 1961, integrated circuits
meant more reliable electronics–and the military became excited. In 1966, a processing
technology that is predictable, reproducible, and economical has made
integrated circuits mean low-cost electronics–and an industry revolution is
in the making.” The revolution predicted by
Mr. Jacoby has indeed occurred – and on an extremely wide front. Today we find that revolution well
underway in the simulator and trainer industry. Goodyear Aerospace’s conversion to microelectronics for
training devices began around 1963 when the first RTL integrated circuits
became available. The movement
gathered momentum in 1966 when the first general-purpose integrated circuit
operational amplifier became available.
The revolution–at least from the viewpoint of Goodyear Aerospace–will
be apparent when we deliver to NTDC in early 1968 a trainer wherein 50
percent of the electronic “make” portion is integrated circuitry and 75
percent of the “buy” portion is integrated circuitry. Designs now in the form of laboratory
breadboards indicate that by 1970 more than 90 percent of the electronics
content of Goodyear Aerospace trainers will be integrated circuitry. The “why” of this revolution and the rapidity
of its growth lie in three words–low-cost electronics. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Processing and recording of flight-test positional data Pilot training exercises
involving actual flight-test patterns and aircraft operations are costly to
plan and perform. It is important,
therefore, that the flight data be preserved for pilot debriefing and
evaluation of the procedures and performance. Recording of position processing of the acquisition data from
Mark X SIF transponder replies is accomplished. This paper describes a system that permits replay of a
synthetic display presenting aircraft position, identity, and altitude. Plots of actual data from operational
sites are presented as an indication of the accuracy attainable. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. near field techniques and application as an in situ performance monitor/training device Conventionally, all acoustic
transducer parameters are measured in the far-field or Fraunhofer
region. This is undesirable for some
of the larger sonar systems, since very long test distances are required as
well as elaborate calibration test sites.
As a result, an extensive “down time “ of the system is necessary. The capability of measuring the parameters
of the AN/AQS-10 system, while in the Fresnel or near-field region, is
valuable since it eliminates a great many of these problems areas. This capability is made feasible through
utilization of a relatively new method of near-field transducer measurement. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Training equipment for a battlefield environment Several weeks ago at an
American Ordnance Association meeting, General Durrenberger, Commanding
General of the Army’s Weapons command, succinctly summarized the demands of
today’s combat units in the field.
Their needs are more firepower, greater mobility, and increased
protection. These broad requirements
are, of course, not new; we have heard them before, and we will continue to
hear them in the future. But when we
stop for a moment to think about the total implication–and
problems–surrounding these demands, a number of basic truths and challenges
become very obvious. Combat requirements, such as
firepower, mobility, and protection, are almost always tightly
interdependent. For example, firepower
and mobility are essential elements of protection. Or conversely, protection is a function of your ability–and
success–to shoot and scoot. However, continually trying
to satisfy demands with new tools takes us down the path of technological
change, adaptation, application, and need. And herein lies the underriding
challenge of the Government/Industry team–to be able to meet demand with
technological prowess. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Digital simulation, as used
in simulators and trainers we know today, has followed directly from the
larger analog simulators of the 1950’s.
It was first in the realm of large, complex systems such as these that
digital computers became competitive.
These large analog systems were based on the technology of the vacuum
tube, computing servomechanism and precision potentiometer. In some of the later systems, printed
circuit cards were used to simplify manufacturing and maintenance, but the
equipment remained physically large, frequently inaccurate and invariably
difficult to maintain. Power
consumption and heat generation were both very large. A simulator of this type and period is
shown in Figure 21. It has the ability
to simulate the flight of 48 airplanes under individual “pilot” control. Radar returns from these “aircraft” are
presented on four separate radar sets, and are used by air traffic
controllers to study control problems.
This system employs approximately 10,000 vacuum tubes, which although
conservatively rated, represented a difficult maintenance task. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. is standardization of computers for training simulators a
myth? The increased use of digital
computers in training devices and operational equipment since 1960 has
presented many new problems to NTDC.
A study of the application of digital computers to training devices
and of the experience with these devices in the field has revealed problems
in hardware, software and personnel that must be resolved if training devices
using digital computers are to satisfy the complex requirements imposed on
them. A discussion of some of these
problems and a recommendation for a short and long range approach to their
solution is presented in this paper. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. the military application of the commercial digital computer Low-cost, high performance,
general-purpose computers have been available to commercial users for some
time. Generally, a military user has
been excluded from the primary advantages of these computers; namely, low-cost,
flexibility, availability, full systems support and designs proven by
high-volume use. His problems and
applications vary every bit as much as the commercial user’s, but the
military user is restrained because he cannot supply a stable,
air-conditioned, vibration-free environment for the equipment. In recognition of the variety and extremes
of the military environment, specifications have been developed (MIL specs)
to ensure a guaranteed base of performance in military applications. Computers designed to provide full
compliance with these specifications are usually limited in their general
capabilities and intended for one function only. They are also limited in the quantity of units built and used,
and these limitations greatly increase their cost. This paper presents the
argument that commercial computers, without loss of their advantages,
can–through relatively minor mechanical modification–be used in operational
military applications. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. digital recording and analysis of simulator outputs Simulator computer programs
should be designed to capitalize on the latest training innovations in data
recording and analysis. Related
equipment should be configured for operational training and instructor
guidance and include four main considerations in the design of data recording
and analysis programs. 1)
The recording function
should be integrated into the on-line data collection system to preserve
program system integrity of the operational simulator programs.
2)
A data collection executive
and modular on-line recording routine can effectively use computer memory and
execution time resources.
3)
The post-run analysis
program can provide human factors engineers the media for operator analysis
without the usual delays of a data reduction facility. The actual simulator digital computer can
be programmed to give the instructor, human factors engineers, and other
pertinent personnel a set of reduced training data reports or analyses
immediately after a simulation session.
The ability to quickly reduce data gives all key personnel a unique
selection of data reduction programs necessary to evaluate the simulation run
just completed. Human factors
engineers can enter their judgments in selecting the data reduction programs
best suited to the situation.
4)
The dynamic program
selection of post-run analysis programs directly after a simulation run gives
meaningful results immediately. In
contrast, normal data processing procedures process all the data from daily
simulation sessions in a batch process manner, usually generating a large
amount of paper. Using this daily
procedure a more substantial problem results when the instructor wishes to
find a specific situation for man/machine evaluation.
Two systems–Federal Aviation
Agency Computer Driven Simulation Environment (CDSE) and the TACFIRE Training
Support System (TSS)–will emphasize data recording and data evaluation. The first system has been implemented and
actual results will be given. The
second system is designed and design considerations will be discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. computer/display interface techniques for simulators During the past few years
the digital computer has replaced the analog computer in most simulator
systems even though input and output requirements are mostly analog functions. Thus the analog-to-digital (A/D) and the
digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion requirements represent a major simulator
subsystem. For example, the Nuclear
Power Plant simulator that is now being developed for training plant
operators presents computer/instrumentation interface requirements that are
typical to a wide range of operator training simulators. In this system, over 300 meters and
recorders are driven from digital computer output signals. The computer addresses each meter channel
sequentially every second. A meter
channel consists of an address decoder, a digital storage of the analog
amplitude for each cycle, a digital-to-analog amplitude conversion and the
amplifier that provides the meter drive signal. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. The amount of information
that can be used effectively by an operator is a key parameter in the design
of any display system. Present
display consoles attempt to increase the amount of information content by
using coded shapes and symbols; by intensification or by flashing of important
items; and by controlling the display format in such a way as to enhance the
recognition of significant data.
However, color, which is one of the most effective methods of coding
information, has not been widely used in display consoles because of the lack
of a suitable device. The conventional color
television tube employs an internal shadow mask, which severely limits
resolution. While there have been
some attempts to use this type of tube for information display, it has been
necessary to work with much larger symbols than would normally be desired,
and registration (convergence) of colors is not sufficiently precise to
permit accurate mixing data in different colors. Figure 64 shows the effect of the shadow mask structure in
limiting the size of symbols that can be displayed. In this illustration, the symbols have been scaled to 1/4 inch
height, and it may be seen that even at this large size the quality leaves a
great deal to be desired. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a universal display system for command and control The very hearing of the
adjective “universal” in connection with a display system is enough to
antagonize many of us who have struggled to bend the laws of physics to
satisfy the difficult demands of a user-display interface. More than one company has advertised a
“universal console” which failed to adequately meet display requirements for
any system other than the one for which it was specifically designed. It seems impossible to design a system or
console which will universal. Yet, the
pressure from the Government is increasing to standardize on a cost-effective
display system which would be commonly and interchangeably used for command
and control by all the services. The
purpose of this paper is to describe a universally applicable technology
which satisfies desires of the Government while retaining the ability to
custom-tailor systems by connecting together various combinations of display
system universal modules. This paper reports on advanced display techniques
by which the Philco-Ford Corporation has been pioneering a new generation of
real-time displays designed not only to overcome the deficiencies of
preceding display techniques, but to set the highest standards of display
quality and cost-effectiveness. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. the real world through the windscreen The need for realistic
visual simulation, particularly for the critical maneuvers of aircraft
takeoff and landing, has long been established. This need has been increased enormously by the new airline
requirements to operate under Category II and, in the future, possibly
Category III conditions. It is
difficult and dangerous to train for these conditions in the actual airplane,
and the problem is compounded by the fact that a training mission in the
aircraft must wait CAT II weather conditions to occur. Also, the dollar risk to the airlines for
training in the airplane has been increased by the new generation of jet
transports and the SST. The simulation industry has
been struggling with the visual problem for many years, while other facets of
the ground-based simulator perform with incredible fidelity because of the
introduction of the large-scale digital computer. The net result is that fidelity of simulation of the sensory
cues substantially lags behind that of instrument-flight simulation. Following is a description
of the various approaches that have been taken to solve this problem, details
of the limitations in each approach, and a discussion of the tradeoffs that
are available to particular simulation problems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Simulator and trainer
suppliers must execute programs to acquire technical capabilities in advance
of anticipated training equipment requirements. A typical example of such a program is one implemented by
Goodyear Aerospace Corporation for the area of visual simulation. Although the need for effective visual
simulation has been apparent since the initial utilization of present-day
flight trainers, it was not until the early 1960’s that related component
hardware development gave promise of approaching performance levels adequate
for the task. At that time Goodyear
Aerospace launched a coordinated program of dual participation by the Company
and the government. The
Company-sponsored work primarily was research and development tasks in the
areas of optical probes, lightweight optical elements, and reference-data
techniques. The government-sponsored
work (Navy, Air Force, and NASA) was primarily in research and development
for image generation and display. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Although cockpit simulators
have been developed to the point where aircraft dynamics and response to both
external and pilot inputs are reproduced in a most realistic fashion, the
same cannot be said of the corresponding visual displays currently
available. Generally speaking,
“aircraft visual flight simulators” of several years ago were used for pilot
training in tasks of a particular nature.
They were limited to particular or part tasks primarily because they
were not capable of accurately reproducing all aircraft response to pilot
initiated stimuli nor were they capable of introducing all the visual cues
which a pilot requires to initiate the proper stimuli. It was recognized, therefore, that the
“transfer’ value from simulator to real flight was low. However, the value of such simulators was
rationalized by terming these devices part task trainers. It is now felt that the lack of fidelity
in both the display and image generation of these so-called part task
trainers did not fulfill even the part task functions that they were capable
of. In other words, we have come to
the realization that the absence of visual cues for a complete simulator did
not necessarily equip that simulator for a lesser task. This is true because many psychomotor
responses are dependent, in an unknown manner, on human evaluation of many
simultaneous cues, not all of which (nor the relative importance of which)
are known. Therefore, instead of
rationalizing a simulator to a lesser task, it appears that we should devote
ourselves to the achievement of an external world display as realistic as it
is possible to generate with current methods. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. optical system limitations for visual simulation A wide variety of optical
systems have been designed to perform various training functions. The types of systems involved would
include items such as large screen displays, wide-angle lenses, variable
focal length lenses, virtual image systems, anamorphic systems, and TV
projection systems. The purpose of
this paper is to review briefly the problems encountered in optical systems
when they are used to present visual displays for training. In particular, the emphasis will be placed
on “real world” simulation rather than data or chart displays. Some of the “real world”
visual simulators, which are being or have been developed, are visual flight
trainers, ship docking trainers, infantry weapons trainers, and periscope
trainers. The ultimate goals for
these “real world” simulators are that they be completely unprogrammed and
that they have very high fidelity; however, since these goals are not
generally attained, a discussion of the limitations encountered is
appropriate. In order to facilitate
discussion of visual trainer limitations, we can divide the design function
into three parts; geometrical and physical optics, design, environmental
effects design, and human factors design.
The design parameters in each of these areas have been studied
extensively but considerable work remains in order to understand the
interaction of these areas and their effect on successful training. Each of the areas will be discussed
separately below and then a discussion of interactions will be attempted. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. profit improvement through value engineering Until about four years ago,
when value engineering became a subject for contract negotiation, the
difference between the general category of cost reduction and value
engineering was considered academic at best.
The fact that VE probed areas requiring Customer approval was thought
“interesting” but as far as its profit impact, it was considered to be
intuitively related to the cost reductions achieved. However, product costs were being reduced
and the implied (if not measurable) impact on profit was enough to satisfy
industrial requirements and justify the continuance of value engineering as
an organized discipline. Because of the somewhat
unique aspect of value engineering, that of questioning the intended function
of an item or system with respect to its cost, interest on the part of the
Department of Defense started to grow.
As Government began to probe this activity, Industry answered with a
multitude of “before and after” examples, demonstrating how end-product costs
can be reduced through the use of value engineering. The DOD soon realized that changes were
being requested by Contractors which, when approved, measurable reduced the
contractor’s cost to perform their contracts. The method most successfully employed to gain approval for
value engineering proposals was referred to as “no-cost ECPs” (engineering
change proposals), whereby a contractor would request permission to modify an
item under contract and indicate that the change would not increase the cost
of the contract. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Multimission (fighter/attack) impact on future crew training Today’s aircraft weapon
systems are primarily designed with a strong single-mission capability
supplemented by limited multimission capability. It appears desirable, from a cost/effective viewpoint, to
develop a full multimission aircraft weapon system. Studies are being performed to determine requirements for such
a system concept, its cost, and technical feasibility. In support of these studies,
Boeing, under Navy contract, is performing research concerned with training,
cockpit, and avionics aspects of single and two-place multimission
fighter/attack aircraft weapon systems.
The crew utilization program is being conducted in two phases, Figure
96. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. audio-visual considerations in the design of training aids The program agenda indicates
that some 30 minutes have been allotted to me for a discussion of audio-visual
considerations in the design of training aids. Twenty-one minutes will be
devoted to the presentation of a sound slide program developed by the
Center’s Audio-Visual Communications Division. The presentation points out an area of Navy interest for
suppliers who have an A-V design capability. That leaves about nine
minutes. If I can persuade you, in
that time, that more than nine minutes are required to examine A-V
considerations in the design of training aids, yes, even more than a half
hour. Actually, I could easily
talk a couple of hours on the subject. What, then, is the objective
of this brief discussion? Primarily,
it is addressed to the Center’s many new suppliers in the A-V field. Our experience has been that their design
efforts have not satisfied the Navy’s needs.
Our specifications cannot be precise in the areas where contractor
creativeness and ingenuity are being sought.
We feel that our contractors have to do more homework to develop depth
in training and AV background. A good starting point for
our discussion might be to define audio-visual training aids. This is a term developed reasonably
enough, to include audio training aids and visual training aids–it is not
applied exclusively to training aids using both media. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. learning, retention and transfer The mission of the Training
Technology Department of NTDC’s Human Factors Laboratory is to conduct
in-house research in the area of applied human learning, such as the transfer
of training in complex human task, the identification of new indices of human
learning, and the evaluation of basic learning research findings in complex
applied settings. This department of the Human
Factors Laboratory has two programs of research, namely: 1)
Physiological factors
in relation to training.
2)
Learning, retention
and transfer.
Today I will talk about the
latter of these two programs. I will
try to give you an overview of projects from this program. The projects I have chosen to discuss are
those that I hope will most interest you and/or those on which you may be
most likely to help us in solving some of our problems. This program will
investigate the variables of learning, retention and transfer and their
interrelationships in order to determine the conditions, which lead to the
best on-the-job performance. We seek
to obtain the kind of information that will be readily translated to the
design and utilization of training devices. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. an examination of part and whole approaches to training related to the design of simulators As an experimental
psychologist with an educational emphasis upon learning theory, an
experiential emphasis upon human factors in the electronic aerospace industry,
and an intellectual interest in training per se, I have attempted to examine
the area of simulator training from its periphery, and generally in terms of
a psychological rather than an engineering point of view. I have done this in an attempt to achieve
some relevant insight into the total simulation training problem area, and to
recognize and define any new approach or shift of emphasis that appears
potentially fruitful. Much of what I
have concluded is speculative in nature. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. extending the potential of oft’s The operational flight
trainer (OFT) has made for itself a secure place in military aviation
training. The OFT is designed to
simulate the aircraft so that training in the OFT will positively transfer to
the aircraft. However, we find a wide
divergence of opinion as to the extent to which the OFT simulates the
aircraft. Those who are concerned
with the physical or mechanical aspects of similarity maintain that the level
of simulation is extremely high.
Those who are concerned with the extent to which the OFT represents
the aircraft environment hold that the level of simulation is extremely
low. In this latter regard the Air
Force, some years ago, investigated for a number of aircraft accident
situations the sensory cues experienced by the pilot. When the flight simulator was examined to
determine how many of these cues could be provided, it was found that very
few of them were available in the simulator. If we examine the uses to
which the OFT is put we find that it is mainly used for procedures and instrument
training. It appears clear that the
OFT does not adequately represent all of the tasks that are required in
actual flight. The question I wish to
raise is how the OFT can be made more representative of the aircraft without
undue increase in cost. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a study of adaptive training using an operational flight trainer simulator (1) Adaptive training is
essentially a technique whereby the complexity and/or the difficulty of a
task to be learned is adapted to the skill level of the trainee during the
progress of training. As a training
technique, it has roots. In the
self-adaptive technique which has received considerable study and development
for application in the field of flight control system design. In the psychological learning theory,
which has, in the past, served as an appropriate basis for training program
planning. Conceptually, the latter of
the two is perhaps the most important.
A long accepted tenet in learning theory, other things being equal, is
that learning can best be accomplished when the two following criteria are
met. 1)
The difficulty of the
task being learned is varied along some continuum of simple to complex during
the process of learning, and 2)
The variations along
this continuum are made dependent upon the trainee’s progress in learning the
assigned task. Despite an almost
overwhelming desire to indicate that the adaptive training technique is a
fresh approach to training problems, the authors frankly admit from the outset
that the principles underlying this technique are by no means new to seasoned
instructors. In the training
situation, the good instructor, as a matter of fact, applies these basic
principles at least to the best of his ability. For example, the instructor will, during the course of
training, assess trainee performance at particular stages of progress to
establish the trainee’s readiness to move on to a more difficult task. Should the instructor determine that a
task is too difficult for the trainee, he will “drop back” to a less
difficult task and progress the trainee less rapidly. Instructors know that properly utilizing
these principles will, over the long run, produce high task proficiency at
savings in effort on the part of both the instructor and the trainee. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. training devices for understanding the fundamentals of marine acoustics and the marine environment Training devices for marine
acoustics and underwater defense systems for the marine environment are not
new to the Naval Training Device Center.
The Naval Training Device Center has been developing simulators for
sonar, acoustical and underwater defense systems, and tape recordings of
marine biological sounds since World War II.
However, a few years ago, sensing the importance of oceanography and
the Navy’s increasing interest in marine engineering of the ocean depths,
with such projects as SEA LAB and ASWEPS, the Center’s Physical Sciences
Laboratory embarked on a program for oceanographic and hydrographic systems
for training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. implications of the poseidon-polaris human engineering program for training hardware requirements On July 20, 1960, the
nuclear-powered submarine, USS George Washington (SSBN 598) fired the first
POLARIS missile in the United States Navy Fleet Ballistic Missile
Program. In the years of development
prior to this successful firing, and through the subsequent years of
development of the POLARIS family of missiles, Human Engineering personnel
have been continuously involved.
Currently, Human Engineering and Maintainability Staff personnel
support the development of the POSEIDON Missile System, newest member of the
Fleet Ballistic Missile family. The
primary objective of the Human Engineering and Maintainability Staff of both
POSEIDON and POLARIS programs is to insure that the tactical version of these
missile systems can be operated and maintained by the personnel skill levels
available in the fleet. In the course of making
inputs to the design of missile and missile support hardware, Human
Engineering specialists often influence the requirements for training and
training hardware. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. the generalized sonar maintenance trainer It is my intent this
afternoon to describe the results obtained during a two-year research effort
sponsored by the U.S. Naval Training Device Center. The basic purpose of the research program was to determine the
feasibility and the desirability of developing a new type of training device
called a Generalized Sonar Maintenance Trainer, or G.S.M.T., for use in
teaching calibration, alignment, and troubleshooting skills to maintenance
technicians. The basic premise underlying
the development of this trainer is that functional similarities ad design
similarities exist among contemporary sonars which can be capitalized upon in
the design of raining equipment. These
equipment similarities generate common skill and knowledge requirements. It is possible, therefore, to design a
training device which embodies all common sonar circuitry, illustrates al
important equipment functions, and allows all normal maintenance techniques
to be exercised. Skills and
knowledges acquired through the use of such a trainer will then transfer to
any of a variety of actual sonar equipment. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. weapons system trainer effectiveness as seen by the maintenance engineer world The Field Engineering
Directorate and/or the Naval Training Device Center, has the basic
responsibility of supporting U.S. Naval Training Devices throughout their
life cycle. With your indulgence, I
will briefly describe the scope and magnitude of that responsibility. Figure 145 reveals the dollar value
inventory of devices under Center support cognizance. Pertinent facts, in approximate values
are: 1) Devices in use during the period 1961-1967 2) Devices in system stock during the period 1963-1967 3) Total dollar value of inventory to be approximately
$335.5 million 4) Dollar value of devices in use–$310 million 5) Devices in field use continually increasing This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. the naval training device center reviews integrated logistic support requirements Last year, at the first
NTDC/Industry Conference, I defined Integrated Logistic Support and its
elements as they apply to training devices.
It was pointed out that the effectiveness of a training device could
be greatly increased through proper Integrated Logistic Support planning and
implementation. Our goal at the Naval
Training Device Center was to develop a support document that could be
applied to all procurements in varying degrees of application to provide
optimum support of the training device being procured. If you recall, the Center’s
ILS contractual requirements are included in NTDC Bulletin 40-1, entitled
“Integrated Logistic Support for Training Devices.” An interim edition of Bulletin 40-1 has been in use since June
1966 and we feel that we have had sufficient experience with this document to
resale it, incorporate the necessary changes and issue the final
edition. The target date for issuance
of the bulletin is January 1968. In
the course of reviewing Bulletin 40-1, we solicited commends from Industry
through the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA), and the
coordination with Industry has proven to be most valuable. A joint NTDC/NSIA meeting was held at NTDC
in September of this year to review and discuss comments made by
Industry. All of Industry’s comments
are being considered in the final edition of 40-1. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website. integrated logistics support development techniques for small scale systems The increased cost of
ownership for major systems compared against the initial procurement cost
brought about DOD Directive 4100.35, Development of Integrated Logistic
Support for Systems and Equipment.
Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force published MICOM
750-Series, WR-30, and AFSCM 37-5 respectively. Likewise the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
published NHB 7500.1 to integrate the development of their logistics
requirements. These publications were
all issued to insure that life cycle costs, as well as initial purchase
costs, would be considered in evaluating procurement of a major system. The integrated approach outlined in these
documents calls for complete documentation and full use of automatic data
processing, both of which greatly increase initial development costs. These increased costs cannot always be
justified for systems operating at a limited number of locations; however,
the techniques called for in these DOD and NASA publications can be employed
in an abbreviated manner. The
abbreviated techniques are accomplished at reduced cost without detracting
from the overall quality of integrated logistic support. This paper outlines the
formalized technique for development of Integrated Logistics Support systems
and compares it with a procedural model technique adapted to specific system
requirements. This accomplishes
cost-effective establishment and management of logistics requirements, which
have been successfully implemented on various NASA and Air Force Aerospace
Ground Equipment programs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. an analysis of the quantitative maintainability and supportability characteristics of a weapon system trainer You may have been asking
yourself, why all the emphasis lately at the Center in specifying Device
Maintainability; especially Quantitative Values. The answer, in a word, Gentlemen, is utilization. The device that can be repaired more
quickly will be utilized more, because the training organization utilizing it
will have increased confidence in the device. They will know they can successfully accomplish their training
program on-time, every time, and will confidently regard the device as a
vital part of that training program.
Additionally, the device, which requires a shorter Preventive Maintenance
Program to keep it operational, will be utilized more, simply by being
“available” for training more hours. But, again, Why Quantitative
Values? It is true that Qualitative
features can be designed into trainers to improve their maintainability, such
as modular construction, roll-out shelves, fasteners with quick-disconnect
features, ad infinitum. However, this
tells us nothing, other than the fact that we have facilitated the
maintenance man’s tasks. But how
much–and how effectively–we don’t know, and you don’t know! Then how can we find out? By putting in the qualitative design
features and putting numbers on them.
Next, test to see if the estimated values are valid. When they are good, excellent! We can reuse these features again with confidence. When they are bad, they we will definitely
know they are bad, and we know where to improve on our efforts in the
future. In essence, we have put a
handle on how and where to progressively improve the device in a manner which
can show us, with each successive step, where to next direct our efforts, to
achieve the greatest advancement, toward our goal of greater utilization. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. The decade of the 60’s may
be known in the future as the decade when the management leaders of Industry
and Government turned their attention to the management of documentation and
the means whereby this documentation is controlled. A specific area of documentation, that of engineering data, has
been further highlighted under the requirements of Configuration Management
which NASA and DOD have imposed on most of their contracts. This management of engineering
documentation has been generally called Configuration Control. In January 1961, General
Curtis LeMav of the United States Air Force directed that a survey of
Industry and Air Force be made to highlight the contractor/USAF problems that
were contributing to increasing high cost of new weapon systems. As a result of this survey, AFSCP 375-2
was released in June 1963, outlining in summary form the findings of this
survey. A few of the problems
identified pertaining to configuration control are: 1)
Engineering decisions
mad unilaterally by design groups without considering effect on other
functions. 2)
The inability to
determine the exact hardware configuration at the time of shipment. 3)
The inability to
determine changes incorporated at field sites. 4)
Manuals not updated. 5)
Spares not updated. 6)
Difficulty in
isolating design deficiencies because of partially incorporated or
out-of-phase incorporation of changes. 7)
High rate of system
design incompatibilities between components of a system. 8)
Excessive inventory or
lack of spare parts due to inadequate re-identification or part numbering
system. These particular problems
all relate to control of changes and the ability to provide real-time equipment
identification visibility to the various dependent users of engineering
design data. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. modular packaging techniques and devices I.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT GENERAL PURPOSE LOGIC CIRCUIT PACKAGE (SYL/PAC) Logic Package Design Objective A general purpose
logic-package family was desired having the following three characteristics: 1)
The interconnections
on the package should be unaffected by system logic changes; i.e., all logic
changes should be accommodated in the back wiring. 2)
The line of logical
building blocks should have applications in a wide variety of digital
equipments and contain a wide variety of digital circuits. 3)
An economical
production package design should enhance the design and construction of
prototype systems. In short, a design was
desired which would be flexible, economical, and equally appropriate to a
single development system or to a large production run. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. military training vs contractor-conducted training– A challenge to industry It has been suggested that a
change be made to the title of this presentation. The phrase, “A Challenge to Industry,” should be changed to “A
Challenge to Industry and Government.”
The reason will be obvious as we proceed. The Government would like
you to see the technical training picture as they see it. They see it in one way–and you see it
another. No attempt will be made to
fix blame. Rather, we will try to
share the burden and hopefully visualize training more from the same
viewpoint than is now true. We
believe the success of equipment operation, maintenance and utilization in
the field is directly related to the success of the training program. To give you our position, and to allow you
to see training as we see it, let’s take an imaginary trip: Imagine your self sitting in
on a class in theory or practical work at the Navel air technical Training
Center, Jacksonville or me4mphis, or in any army school at Fort Monmouth or
fort Knox. The instructor you observe
has been through a very formal Navy or Army Instructor training School; the
curriculum for the course he is now teaching has been written and rewirtten,
tried and tested; the lesson guides or plans being used have been written and
rewritten; the instructor has rehearsed the lesson thoroughly and may have
taught this same lesson 50 or 75 times or more, and has it down to
perfection; his exams have been tried, evaluated, validated, rewritten and
generally perfected; the handout materials, information sheets, charts,
transparencies, movies, etc, are cued in at the exact moment. At some schools (for example, Fort
Monmouth) many classrooms are equipped with closed circuit TV, and the
instructor schedules selected lessons, using “canned” presentations on specific
areas. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. technical documentation updating for a trainer undergoing change Not too many years ago
trainers were relatively simple devices requiring minimal documentation
support such as a maintenance manual and a few simple schematics. Today, however, trainers have become
highly sophisticated systems and subsystems supported by an impressive array
of technical documents such as multi-volume maintenance handbooks, design and
programming reports, wire and cable lists, provisioning documentation,
engineering drawings plus schematic, logic, and block diagrams. As technological advances and improvements
are made in Naval weapons and weapon systems, the trainers that simulate the
operation and tactical use of these weapons must also be changed. Such changes become necessary not only to
in-service trainers, but to trainers undergoing development. When we consider that a trainer under
development may require hundreds or perhaps thousands of changes, we can
begin to appreciate the enormity of the task of keeping all associated
technical documents up-to-date. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. On September 10, 1962, the
87th Congress enacted Public Law 87-653, which provided, in part,
that a prime contractor or any subcontractor shall be required to submit cost
or pricing under the circumstances listed below, and shall be required to
certify that, to the best of his knowledge and belief, the cost or pricing
data submitted was accurate, complete and current. 1)
Prior to the award of
any negotiated prime contract where the price is expected to exceed $100,000;
2)
Prior to the pricing
of any contract change or modification for which the price adjustment is
expected to exceed $100,000, or such lesser amount as may be prescribed by
the head of the agency;
3)
Prior to the award of
a subcontract at any tier, where the prime contractor and each higher tier
subcontractor have been required to furnish such a certificate, if the price
of such subcontract is expected to exceed $100,000; or
4)
Prior to the pricing
of a contract change or modification to a subcontract covered by (3) above,
for which the price adjustment is expected to exceed $100,000, or such lesser
amount as may be prescribed by the head of the agency.
Any prime contract or change
or modification thereto under which such certificate is required shall
contain a provision that the price to the Government, including profit or
fee, shall be adjusted to exclude any significant sums by which it may be
determined by the head of the agency that such price was increased because
the contractor or any subcontractor required to furnish such a certificate,
furnished cost or pricing data which, as of a date agreed upon between the
parties (which data shall be as close to the date of agreement on the
negotiated price as is practicable), was inaccurate, incomplete or
concurrent. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. I would like to introduce
this topic, “The Negotiation Process,” by presenting an analogy. Let’s borrow the rope, or in nautical
terms, a line, from the Navy emblem.
As a rope is made up of many fibers spun into which are woven into the
end product, so does the process leading to a negotiation contain many
intertwined parts. We have (1) the
synopsis, (2) the RFQ, (3) the Specification, the contractors’ design
concept, (4) the technical proposal, (5) cost proposal, (6) DCAA’s and
DCASR’s evaluation and comments, (7) the pre-negotiation clearance, (8) its
endorsement and approval, just to mention a few. Likewise, the performance of
the contract after award is composed of many vital intertwined strands: (1)
the design, (2) the hardware, (3) handbooks, (4) drawings, (5) reports, (6)
billings, and (7) payments, are just a few. Now, how do we bring these
two sections together? We tie a knot,
which is the negotiation process and agreement on an award. This truly is an amazing
phenomenon. Perhaps hundreds of
people have been involved from both government and Industry in the
development of the procurement prior to award, as there are hundreds of
strands in the rope. After award,
hundreds and maybe thousands of people will be involved, again representing
both parties to the agreement. Yet
the knot will be tied, the agreement reached by negotiation between just a
few individuals; maybe as few as four–generally not more than a dozen. Truly on their shoulders falls an
important responsibility and a challenge. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. It is certainly a privilege
to be able to participate with you in the Second Annual Industry Conference
at the Naval Training Device Center.
The opportunity to exchange views outside of the confines of the
day-to-day business environment is extremely important to a better
understanding of the technical and contractual problems facing both the
Government and Industry today. NTDC
is to be congratulated for establishing a forum where this is possible. It is a pleasure to be a part of this
exchange of information. My subject today is Weighted
Guidelines. As most of you know, this
is a technique to be used by Government contract negotiators to determine a
realistic negotiated profit objective on defense contracts. The Armed Services Procurement Regulation
which established this technique breaks down many of the elements which should
go into the establishment of profit and assigns varying weights to them with
specific guidelines on the application of the assigned weights–thus the
name–Weighted Guidelines. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Papers submitted but not presented: ACOUSTIC DEVICE FOR SUBMARINE SIGNATURE
SIMULATION A small, light-weight, low
frequency transducer is described in this paper. This transducer would be utilized as the acoustic source
mechanism for a mobile underwater target simulator or decoy. The purpose of the decoy is to simulate
the acoustic signature of a submarine for use in sonar operator
training/sonar system check out, or as an underwater decoy. Due to the size constraint
imposed by standard torpedo bodies, which would be used as a transport for
the decoy, a serious acoustic loading condition is created. This condition results from the relation
between the permissible size of the radiating face and the wavelength of
sound in water at the lowest frequencies necessary for adequate simulation. In general, such frequency bands extend
below 100 Hz and the wavelengths of these frequencies are much larger than
the size of the conforming transducer radiating face. The resulting acoustic load is
characterized by a resistive component, which is small when compared to the
reactive component. Due to the low
absolute value of radiation resistance a relatively large displacement
capability is required. Therefore, a
large force generating capability is required in order to overcome the mass reactive
portion of the acoustic load. This
would disqualify conventionally designed body force transducers for use in
the lowest frequency ranges encountered. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. The Naval training device center electromagnetic
compatibility program Department of Defense
emphasis in obtaining electromagnetically compatible systems and controlling
**emissions from equipments processing classified data has resulted in the
Naval Training Device Center instituting an Electromagnetic Compatibility
(EMC) Program. This program is
interlinked with the following standards: MIL-STD-461–Electromagnetic Interference
Characteristics Requirements for Equipment*** MIL-STD-462–Electromagnetic
Interference Characteristics Measurement of FED-STD-222 The description that follows
is the general program as it relates to NAVTRADEVCEN contractors. Figure 238 indicates the highlights of the
Center’s EMC program for a major contract and each is discussed briefly below: The EMC technical package is
made up of Specification inputs and Technical Proposal Requirements. The EMC Specification Inputs are
determined by the Center’s EMC group based on trainer complexity, number
being procured, expected locations of installations and the security
requirements of data being processed.
Documentation requirements spelled out by the form DD 1423 will
consist of Control Plan, Test Plan and Test Report. The EMC technical proposal requirements (TPR) states the
problems to be solved and indicate specific items, as a minimum, for the
bidders to discuss. A sample list of
such discussion items in included in Appendix A for contractors wishing to do
pre-proposal “homework.” ** Emissions –
electromagnetic energy propagated from a source by radiation or conduction. *** Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI) – any undesirable emission. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. underwater technology and hydro-optics Since 1929, Kollsman
Instrument Corporation has been developing a reservoir of technical skills in
Systems Management, Instrumentation, and Electro-Optical Devices. These skills are to be found in the 1000
research scientists and engineers, project engineers, designers, technicians
and technical specialists actively pursuing programs involving an expertise
in mechanics, electro-mechanical engineering, electronics (both digital and
analog), optics, engineering-physics, navigation, operational and systems
analyses, and mathematical analyses. This was prepared to present
information on Kollsman’s capabilities specifically related to the Ocean
Environment. Although the focus of
Kollsman activities has been in the area of “hydro-optics,” a substantial
broadening of this base, through programs having applications in navigation,
display and (naval) tactical operations, have been underway for some time. The specific programs
reported herein have been organized under Hydro-Optics, Navigation and
Display, and Naval Tactical Operations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. LASER VISIBILITY AND OCULAR SAFETY FOR THE KOLLSMAN LASER WEAPON FIRE SIMULATOR In 1962, Kollsman invented
(U.S. Patent Number 3243896) the Laser Weapon fire Simulator. The purpose of the device is to provide
improved gunnery training by providing more realistic and effective
simulation. There are many
applications of the device; however, for reference purposes, a specific
application will be reviewed here that is used by the Army in anti-tank
gunnery training. The laser is
boresighted to the main weapon. When
the fire button is pressed, the laser is discharged (rather than the
weapon). The targets are
cardboard-like targets set up 200 feet from the weapon. (Normally a 30 caliber gun would be fired
for training purposes; however, the bullet hole in the cardboard target
served as a visual cue to remind the gunner of the extent of his miss, if he
missed the bulls-eye). When the laser
is fired, the characteristic flash of the laser appears on the target board. If the gunner missed the bulls-eye, he
would have to remember the extent of his miss and correct appropriately. The gunnery instructor stationed alongside
the trainee is able to monitor the training.
The basic parameters of the device here being reviewed are as follows: 1)
The laser is a pulsed
ruby device (not Q-switched) whose beam energy should be as low as possible,
for safety reasons.
2)
The spot of light on
the target should be sufficiently bright to be seen in broad daylight (a
requirement that the spot have a contrast three times the background of the
target when the target is illuminated with 7000 lumens/sq. ft. exists).
3)
The nominal laser spot
size on the target is 1/2 inch.
4)
The gunner uses any
one of several “scopes” for “laying” his weapon on the target.
5)
The gunnery instructor
may use any one of several auxiliary “scopes” binoculars or his naked eye to
view the results of the firing exercise.
6)
No attempt is here
made to retain the gunnery score and there is no requirement to burn a hole
in the target, expose film, or in any way indicate the hit or miss except by
the gunner and instructor observing the laser flash.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. |