 |
Simulation
Systems and
Applications,
Inc. |
| Info Engineering | ||||
| Company Info | Press Releases | Simulation Resources | Tampa Bay Links | |
3rd NTDC AND INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Proceedings of the Third Naval Training Device Center and
Industry Conference
“Innovations in Training Device Technology”
19-21 November 1968
NAVTRADEVCEN
IH-161
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
INNOVATIONS IN TRAINING DEVICE
TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE
TRAINING
DEVICES IN TODAY'S ARMY
MODERN OPTICS
AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
THE
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY TO TRAINING DEVICES
NAVAL
TRAINING DEVICE CENTER TRAINING DEVICE COMPUTER SYSTEM (TRADEC)
SMALL ARMS
TARGETS AND TARGET SCORING
THE
OCULOMETER A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
THE USE OF
THE EFFECTIVE TIME CONSTANT IN TRAINER DESIGN
A GENERAL
PURPOSE SIMULATION SYSTEM
SIMULATION
OF THE PILOT'S VISUAL WORLD
THE
MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL SEARCH
TRAINING OF
NAVY AIRCREWS FOR TEST MISSIONS IN A MULTIMISSION SIMULATOR
VISUAL
SIMULATOR SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS
APPLICATION
OF STATISTICS TO MAINTAINABILITY ENGINEERING
AUTOMATIC
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO TRAINING SYSTEMS
AND DEVICES
AUTOMATIC
TESTING THROUGH INTROSPECTION
IMPROVING
CONTRACTOR/NAVTRADEVCEN RELATIONSHIP DURING CONTRACTOR MAINTENANCE PERIOD
PERFORMANCE
FEEDBACK IN THE DESIGN OF TRAINING SYSTEMS
VERIFICATION
OF MAINTENANCE DRAWINGS BY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
THE
COMMUNICATION OF TRAINING EQUIPMENT DESIGN INFORMATION
MOTION
SIMULATION FOR FLIGHT TRAINING
IMPLEMENTATION
OF TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL REAL-TIME CONTROL OF AN R-F RADAR SIMULATION
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS (MICROELECTRONICS)
DESIGN DATA
DOCUMENTATION (ENGINEERING REPORTS)
TRAINING BY
SIMULATION–PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE
Papers
Submitted, but not Presented
SIMULATION
OF THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
PROVISIONING
AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE END ITEM
|
INNOVATIONS IN TRAINING DEVICE TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE Dr. Hanns H. Wolff Technical Director, Naval Training Device Center and
Conference General Chairman The theme of this year's
conference was influenced by two facts.
First, the replies we received on a questionnaire that was sent out to
the training device industry showed that "Innovations in
Technology" was a subject that many of you liked to see as a major part
of our conference agenda. Secondly,
we feel training device technology and training system concepts have not made
the progress that the times demand.
We still have not made a significant step towards reducing the
qualifications required for the first level of maintenance. Automatic failure indicators and
self-healing systems are almost non-existent in today's training
devices. At the same time personnel
available for maintenance both are decreasing in numbers and will be less
prepared to undertake maintenance and repair tasks requiring professional
experience. Another personnel problem
that is rapidly increasing in importance is the decreasing availability of
qualified instructors. At present,
the average student-to-instructor ratio in Navy training is considerably
lower than even in the graduate level education programs in our
colleges. Modern technology properly
utilized should enable us to increase this ratio considerably and I urge the
industry to come forward with new system concepts that free the instructor
from repetitive tasks without giving the trainee the feeling of losing the
personal contact with the instructor. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING DEVICES IN TODAY'S ARMY Colonel Robert E. Phelps, Acting Commander U.S. Army Participation Group All Army training-device
requirements must be approved by the Department of the Army before
development is undertaken. While such
requirements may originate at any level in the Army, most of them are
initiated by the Army service schools and Army Material Command Project managers. The Army Participation Group works closely
with these agencies from the outset in an effort to assure that wholly
satisfactory, cost-effective training devices are delivered to users at the
times they are required. I will discuss briefly a
few of our current training-device projects and some, which may be approved
for development in the near future.
My purpose is to give you an indication of the broad range of devices
in which the Army is interested and areas in which we believe the Army will
focus its attention in the years ahead. We are deeply involved at
present in a variety of projects to support Army aviation training. The dollars we are spending in this area
exceed by far those going into any other category. This is not difficult to understand when we consider two
facts: first, the use of
sophisticated, high-cost, operational aircraft for training purposes is an
extremely costly proposition and; second, under the present military force
structure, the Army is authorized more cockpit spaces than all of the rest of
the United States armed services combined
Our helicopter pilot training requirements are enormous now and are
likely to remain relatively high in the future, regardless of what happens
with respect to the war in Vietnam. The Synthetic flight
Training System currently is our largest developmental project. The Cheyenne combat Operations Simulator
system is another large trainer development and procurement program now under
consideration. The Relative Airflow
Indicator Device is another aviation trainer that deserves mention. Armor training, particularly tank gunnery,
is another high-cost area in which the use of training devices not only saves
money but provides increased effectiveness and flexibility. Our second highest dollar outlay at this
time is for armor trainers. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. MODERN OPTICS AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Dr. G. Rosendahl Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center In the early days of
training devices and simulator technology, optics played only a minor role or
no role at all. Edward Link's first
pilot trainer contained not more than plain eyeball optics. We must admit that there are training
devices which do not warrant a larger role of optics even today. But there are other where optics has to
provide for a very important interface between man and machine, so important
that optical devices are indispensable for achieving a training purpose. These optical devices may be complex and
sophisticated and require exceptional engineering effort. Results have been obtained
already which apply uniquely to simulation technology, such as large virtual
image displays, the utilization of the Schiempflug condition for the large
depth of field requirements of optical probes, the VAMP system, which makes
it possible to change, within certain limits, the perspective (or the
viewpoint) of a film presentation. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Eugene D. Maldonato Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center There still exists today
the problem of how to adequately predict or determine the overall image
quality of an optical system.
Reliable image evaluation methods and techniques are necessary to
eliminate subjectiveness in judging overall image quality so that it may be
stated accurately in quantitative terms.
We are concerned with a good quality optical component or system that
has been designed for image-forming purposes and therefore has been
aberration corrected over its useable field.
Several methods and criteria have been proposed; however, agreement
between optical researchers has not yet been established. This paper will describe three methods presently
used to determine the overall image quality of an optical component or system. These methods are optical resolution,
acutance, and contrast transfer function. By far the most popular
method for determining the overall image forming qualities of an optical
system or component is to measure its resolving power. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY TO TRAINING
DEVICES Alfred H. Rodemann Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center Holography has been one of
the most exciting scientific developments in recent times. During its short history it has created
more interest than almost any other scientific phenomenon, with the exception
of the Laser, which has played such a great role in the development of
holography. The list of interested
groups continues to grow and includes such fields as data storage, quality
control, and even medicine. What does holography have
to offer to training devices? It is
the only means of presenting a true three-dimensional image from a
two-dimensional medium without the use of
lenses or other optical aids.
For true visual simulation it has no equal. The three-dimensional image possesses all of the properties
attributed to actual real-world scenes or objects. Parallax, aspect, and focus are all present and practically
indistinguishable from the real world.
One can view an image which can be turned around to the other side. Objects hidden from view can be seen by
moving around just as in the real world.
The limitation of the two-dimensional visual simulation world are
overcome without discarding the two-dimensional medium. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A. H. Marshall Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center The development of the
laser has made possible a new approach to a large-screen, high-brightness,
high-resolution, real-time display for training device applications. This paper will describe efforts by the
Naval Training Device Center and others who are striving to improve methods
of display by utilizing the laser. A large screen laser
display would be useful in rapidly communicating information from a computer
to a trainee and allowing him to interact with this information. A large screen real-time laser display
would also be of value in presenting larger, faster, brighter, real-time
tactical data to a large audience at a control center in an undarkened room. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING DEVICE COMPUTER SYSTEM (TRADEC) F. R. Cooper, Computer Laboratory Naval Training Device Center The purpose of this
presentation is to apprise industry of the computational facility to be
installed at NTDC - hereafter referred to as the TRADEC system. TRADEC is the abbreviation for training
Device Computer. I will indicate the
organizational structure under which the TRADEC installation will
operate. I will review the purpose,
present status and characteristics of the installation itself. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. DIGITALLY
COMPUTED IMAGES FOR VISUAL SIMULATION Rodney S. Rougelot Manager, Visual Simulation Subsection Electronics Laboratory General Electric Company Today's highly
sophisticated simulators are restricted in their general application to
training and engineering research by shortcomings in available visual
simulation devices shortcomings related primarily to the nature of the
physical components used in the traditional approaches to visual simulation. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate
in a brief and graphic manner the demonstrated capability and future
potential of an emerging technology called computed image generation - a
technology which may provide an integrated solution to many familiar visual image
generations problems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SMALL ARMS TARGETS AND TARGET SCORING David T. Long Visual Simulation Laboratory The major emphasis in the
development of scoring systems by the military sciences is in the missile
field where air-to-air miss distance indications are required. Very little attention has been given to
the scoring of small arms projectiles.
Yet, innovations in firing range training, targets and scoring methods
for small arms have been of major concern to the Naval Training Device
Center. Much effort has been expended
in the development of more sophisticated systems. The training received by
the individual soldier is critical, and is the backbone of any military
situation. The confidence a soldier
has in himself makes a confident army; his ability to handle his weapon makes
him a fighting man. Confidence and
skill are obtained in the target training he undergoes on the firing
range. Like a craftsman who learns to
handle his tools by working with them, the trainee should not merely hold and
synthetically fire his weapon, but actually fire it on a range against a good
target. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL John Merchant Honeywell Radiation Center In the normal act of
vision, the eyeball is pointed very accurately and rapidly at the target
detail being scanned (typical accuracy 0.1 degree, typical speed 0.2
second). Target acquisition,
tracking, designation, etc., could, in many cases, be performed, therefore,
much better by eye than by hand–if a practical eye direction measuring device
were available. The eye pointing
action that would be utilized is not an "extra task" that the
operator must consciously perform but is performed naturally, in normal
vision, without any conscious effect involved. Honeywell has developed
unattached IR eye tracker (Oculometer) capable of accurately measuring eye
direction without interfering with the subject. The Oculometer can be integrated into almost any viewing
arrangement, and can, if desired, be located several feet from the subject. The Oculometer can be
applied in various surveillance, target acquisition and tracking, and other
control systems. It provides the
advantages of: 1)
Improved operator
performance (in terms of accurate high speed control) because the eye can be
used for control in place of the hands.
2)
Reduction of operator
loading
3)
Hands free operation
The Oculometer can also be
used in various ways to monitor human performance, without interfering with
the task being performed. For
example: 4)
Instrument panel
evaluation
5)
Pilot performance
studies
6)
Teaching and training
machines
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Dr. James J. Regan Dr. Gene S. Micheli Human Factors Laboratory Naval Training Device Center We will briefly describe
the organization of the Laboratory and say something about the kinds of
people making up its staff. Then we
will give you an overview of the technical program according to eight major
categories, with selected examples of current and future projects within
each. The projects we have chosen to
discuss are those that we hope will most interest you and/or those on which
you may be most likely to help us in solving some of our problems. There are four departments
within the Human Factors Laboratory, namely:
(1) Psychological Applications in which most of the human factors
consultation effort is centered; it maintains a regular review of Center developments
and products, insuring that they reflect modern human factors engineering and
training practices; (2) Training technology which is our research and
development activity; its mission is to conduct in-house research in the area
of applied human learning; (3) Training Effectiveness which is an
organization reflection of the increasing concern at all levels of the Navy
with formal, scientific evaluations of the training usefulness of training
devices; (4) Adaptive Training which is concerned with a number of approaches
to the improvement of training systems through making training more of an
individual experience for the trainee than has typically been the case. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE USE OF THE EFFECTIVE TIME CONSTANT IN
TRAINER DESIGN Dr. W. G. Matheny Life Sciences, Inc. Before discussing the
effective time constant of a man-machine system and what possible use it
could be in the design of trainers, I want to give you some background and
some explanation of why there should be any need for such a concept at all. The effective time
constant, as a construct, is, I believe, a start toward a model of human
control behavior from which we will be able to predict whether a given
vehicle will be difficult or easy to control and from which we can build
training devices whose training value we can reliably predict. After all, the vehicles of today are the
product of an evolutionary process during which only those were retained
which man was able to control. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A GENERAL PURPOSE SIMULATION SYSTEM Richard M. Beindorff J. F. Egler Conductron-Missouri The General Purpose
Simulation System is an International Business Machines Application Program
based upon statistical techniques, primarily queuing and probability
theory. The program is written in a
language similar to Fortran, The General Purpose Simulation System Processor. The General Purpose
Simulation System has been structured by Conductron-Missouri to provide a
means of examining the loads placed upon an instructor in any specific
training system and to make a determination of student to instructor ratios
based upon the demands placed upon the instructor by the specific training
system. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SIMULATION OF THE PILOT'S VISUAL WORLD J. G. Ohmart, H. Ozkaptan, J. W. Bergert, and B. C.
King Martin Marietta Corporation A TV system is being used
to represent the pilot's view of the outside world through a windscreen. In this case, many of the parameters of
vision cannot be met by state-of-the-art television systems. Therefore, we are attempting to determine
the specific television simulation parameters required to display target
relative to the same fidelity as actually perceived by a pilot under given
tactical conditions of air-to-surface target acquisition. Since our primary goal is to delineate an
approach to the problem, rather than to define specific TV system
requirements, we chose to use the available and representative high
resolution TV system attached to the Martin Marietta Guidance Development
Center. Later, as we understand the
role of each variable, we can then relate the data from our TV system to
other TV systems including those of the future. The stress in our tests is to determine the psychophysical
equivalence of performance rather than the role of specific electro-optical
TV parameters. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL SEARCH Dr. W. D. Shontz Principal Research Scientist Honeywell Inc. There are many reasons for
recording eye movements; hence, there are many different types of eye
movement data. In the measurement of
visual search as I will discuss it today, the data of interest are accurate
records of the sequence of eye fixation locations with respect to the
contents of the visual field. In
other words, where was an observer looking at any given point in time and
what was the order in which he fixated different locations? Recording accuracy is defined in terms of
how well eye fixation records coincide with where a subject actually fixated. There are a number of areas
where visual search data are extremely useful. For example, they can: 1)
Provide unique
information in display evaluation efforts
2)
Serve as a basis for
display design specifications
3)
Provide guidelines for
the specifications of parameters for visual world simulators.
And, of course, these data
are indispensable to the development of meaningful programs in visual search
training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING OF NAVY AIRCREWS FOR TEST
MISSIONS IN A MULTIMISSION SIMULATOR L. D. Boley The Boeing Company Aircraft today are
generally developed with a single, primary mission requirement and a
multimission capability fallout.
Aircrews to man these aircraft are intensively trained in the
accomplishment of that primary mission and generally exposed to those tasks
associated with the successful completion of the secondary mission
capabilities. There are aircrews
carrying weapons into combat that they have never had an opportunity to
release in training. This condition
does not reflect on the training programs, but does indicate the forced
flexibility of some of our present-day weapon systems and the need for a true
multimission aircraft and fully trained proficient aircrews. Whether or not aircrews can
be successfully trained to combat readiness and maintain proficiency with a
reasonable number of flying hours per month appears to depend on the level of
automation and the number of crew members used. The Boeing Company recently
completed a crew utilization study under contract with the Navy. The study, Figure 107, was accomplished
under the guidance of Mr. A. Crim, Navy Program Manager, and CDR J. Bauernfeind
and Lt. J. Funaro, Navy Program Technical Monitors. The Crew Utilization
Program was conducted in two phases. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website. VISUAL SIMULATOR SPECIFICATION
REQUIREMENTS AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS M. Aronson Head, Visual Simulation Laboratory Naval Training Device Center There was a time in the
Naval Training Device Center's history when OFT's (operational flight
trainers) were accepted solely on the basis of a number of qualitative flight
tests conducted by an NATC Test Pilot and visual simulators were accepted on
the basis of a few tests based on good TV receiver testing practice. Since that time we have found out that the
OFT is not an aircraft and the visual simulator is not a home TV receiver. We now try to describe the
OFT or the visual simulator in terms which describe what the trainee will see
in the visual display and what cues he will get from the displays such as the
aircraft instruments, outside environment, etc. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. APPLICATION OF STATISTICS TO
MAINTAINABILITY ENGINEERING Lyman A. Whalen Maintenance Engineering Division Naval Training Device Center Space age engineering and
technology have resulted in the development of maintainability to a stage
where it is now considered a true engineering discipline. In the past, maintainability was defined
in qualitative terms; now it can be defined in quantitative terms. It can be predicted with reasonable
accuracy, and it can be measured and verified. For these reasons, maintainability is currently being specified
as a requirement in military development programs. Maintainability is not a
new field. For many years it has been
an element of major importance to many commercial manufacturers as a sales
appeal feature. Designers have
practiced some form of maintainability since the first product was developed
with the concept of a customer of user maintenance capability. Maintainability’s place in
material readiness of military systems is significant. It is that part of the maintenance problem
which can be designed into an equipment or system, and is therefore under the
control of the designers. A
definition of maintainability which has been adopted by the United States
Department of Defense is: “A characteristic of
design and installation which is expressed as the probability that an item
will be retained in, or restored to a specified condition within a given period
of time, when maintenance is performed in accordance with prescribed
procedures and resources.” In simpler terms, it can be
thought of as maintain-ability, or the ability to maintain. This definition appears to be
straightforward and to the point. What, then is the problem?
The problem is how to motivate designers to consider maintainability
characteristics. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website. AUTOMATIC ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND
EVALUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO TRAINING SYSTEMS AND
DEVICES Raymond C. Lowry Northrop-Nortronics 4) Why Automatic Measurement and Evaluation?
It would seem appropriate
at the very start of this discussion to ask the question: "Why are we
concerned with automatic measurement and evaluation?" The answer is not long in coming to the
surface. The rapid pace of
developments in scientific technology has resulted in some very real, and
critical, growing pains. Far from the
least of these pains is man's almost breathless effort to keep up with his
machines. The human mind, for
example, is simply incapable of comprehending the speed with which a modern
digital computer performs its computations, yet this same speed has provided
machine capabilities heretofore unknown.
Computer techniques are now employed in an almost endless variety of
applications from the control of milling machines to the baking of bread;
from the making of decisions to supplying vast amounts of information from
systems in outer space. As these capabilities
increase and their applications are expanded, their importance in our society
continues to grow. In both the
civilian and the military, we have arrived at the point where a breakdown in
some of our creations can produce havoc, and even disaster. We are faced then with the necessity of
directing substantial effort toward, first, minimizing the number of
breakdowns, and second, of returning our systems to operational status in the
shortest possible time when the inevitable breakdown does occur. With this great dependence
upon the proper functioning of machines, we are left with no alternative but
to admit to the fact that the conventional multi-meter and handbook Easter
egg hunt technique is no longer an acceptable maintenance procedure. This fact is recognized, and we are well
on our way toward providing the technician with the necessary high speed
tools of his trade. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. AUTOMATIC TESTING THROUGH INTROSPECTION H. C. Okraski Head, Maintenance Engineering Division Naval Training Device Center The message that I wish to
convey to you today is quite simple and because it is so elementary, I trust
that you do not consider it to be no message at all. It deals with the need for the automatic,
on-line testing of training devices and specifically, automatic testing
through “introspection.” It is my opinion that
training device technology is taking the maintenance community for a ride; a
high-speed ride that, if allowed to continue on its present course, will end
in training device "system ineffectiveness." Training devices have evolved from simple
analog equipment to complex digital and hybrid analog/digital systems, often
including the latest state-of-the art techniques. In the early generations of training devices, the approach to
maintenance was to train the maintenance technician in the entire system so
that he could maintain the equipment with general and standard test equipment,
utilizing recommended troubleshooting techniques. In those days, contractor conducted training courses lasted for
only a few weeks or so. Today, the
maintenance technician is expected to have a good technical background,
including digital experience. Also,
he must attend the contractor's training courses, some of which have taken up
to 28 weeks to complete. The
technician is still trained with the concept that he will be able to maintain
the equipment with the same old manual troubleshooting techniques, utilizing
general and standard test equipment. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. IMPROVING CONTRACTOR/NAVTRADEVCEN
RELATIONSHIP DURING CONTRACTOR MAINTENANCE PERIOD B. A. Netzer Head, Field Service Division Naval Training Device Center Regional Office Central NAVTRADEVCEN and the
contractor have basically different goals that should, and can, lead to a
common objective, namely a reliable effective training device that will be
utilized. The major goal of the
contractor is understandably profit.
Contrary to the belief of some contractors, government does not
consider "profit" a bad word.
In fact, it is a worthy goal.
The primary mission and function or "goal" of NAVTRADEVCEN
is to fulfill a training requirement of "our customer," the user
command. A good "end
product" can lead to more sales, hence, hopefully higher profits for
industry, and understandably leads to fulfillment of NAVTRADEVCEN's primary
mission and function. An “end product” is no
longer defined as equipment that meets engineering specifications at
delivery. A good “end product” now is
defined as equipment capable of performing its function with reasonable
reliability and maintenance effort throughout “equipment life.” This concept is quite apparent in the
specifications now set for in the Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) Bulletin
40-1A used in most major procurements today.
This awareness of some degree of contractor responsibility for device
operation throughout “equipment life” is a factor in the importance of the “Contractor
or Interim Support Period” and hence the NAVTRADEVCEN/Contractor relationship
between the Contractor Technical Representative (CTR) and the NAVRADEVCEN
Field Engineering Representative (FER). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF
CONTRACTOR-CONDUCTED TRAINING WITHIN THE ILS (INTEGRATED LOGISTIC SUPPORT) CONCEPT Lysle R. MacKeraghan Educational Specialist Land/Sea Trainers Application Division Naval Training Device Center This paper describes the
Naval Training Device Center's program for the administration of
contractor-conducted maintenance and operator training during the conceptual,
contract definition and acquisition phases of a training device procurement
program. This paper is based on
NAVTRADEVCEN Bulletin 40-1A of July 1968, "Integrated Logistic Support
of Training Devices," which defines the Center's objectives and
requirements for contractor-conducted training within the integrated logistic
support concept. The ILS maintenance
engineering analyses records (MEAR’s), and in particular, the Personnel
Planning Summary, Exhibit VI MEAR of Bulletin 40-1A are emphasized in this
paper. The goal of the Personnel
Planning Summary analysis is early definition of training device support
personnel requirements and the development of required contractor-conducted
maintenance and operator training courses to meet those requirements. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK IN THE DESIGN OF
TRAINING SYSTEMS Dr. Lorenz P. Schrenk Honeywell Inc., Systems and Research Center Dr. T. Harrison Gray Honeywell Inc., Marine Systems Center In considering performance
feedback in the design of training devices, it may be helpful to define the
word “training.” Essentially it is
the modification of human behavior, in terms of increased proficiency in
accomplishing a given task. If
motivation is not considered, we might state that more simply as
“learning.” This observation services
to introduce the basic theme of this paper, namely, that better training
systems can be achieved by the systematic incorporation of the principles of
learning in their design. Of these
principles, one of the most important deals with performance feedback to the
trainee or what is often termed “knowledge of results.” Considered here is
performance feedback, which may be applied to training in general and has
special relevance to computer-based training devices. Specifically, we will discuss the
incorporation of provisions for automatic collection, analysis, and
presentation of trainee performance data.
(Present trainers often do have some such provisions, but a more
extensive use of feedback is desirable.) Performance feedback can be
defined as any information that indicates to a trainee the relationship
between his actual performance and a desired level of performance. Note that to provide this feedback there
must be provision to measure performance, the desired level of performance
must be specified and there must be some means for presenting to the trainee
a comparison between the two. There
is also a less obvious but very real need to control or manage the timing and
manner in which the performance feedback is given. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. VERIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE DRAWINGS BY
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES M. P. Gerrity Maintenance Engineering Division Naval Training Device Center We seem to have a mutual
problem, Gentlemen, which I wish to bring to your attention today. What is this problem? It is the technical accuracy of
engineering Drawings and, in particular, Category H Maintenance
Drawings. In some recent checks by
NAVTRADEVCEN, it turned out that their accuracy is not what the Government
expected it to be. In one case, 25%
of the drawings were wrong. Why?
Well, the immediate answer is that the contractors did a poor job on their
drawings. But what's the real reason
behind that obviously shallow explanation.
Why did they do a poor job?
After much thought, the fundamental cause of the whole problem appears
to rest with the Government. First,
our specification covering engineering drawings, MIL-D-1000, is
inadequate. MIL-D-1000, paragraph
4.6, reads as follows: “4.6 Proving drawings
against the hardware. Where hardware
has been developed or produced by the contractor, drawings shall be “proved”
against the corresponding hardware.”
Now here’s the rub! “Use of
the drawings in producing, inspecting, and testing satisfactory hardware
shall be considered as satisfactory evidence that this requirement is met.” This says, in effect,
Gentlemen, that if the hardware passes performance tests, the technical
information on all drawings is considered acceptable. This is poor logic and the weak link in
the chain! All engineering drawings
are not totally used to get the final hardware out the door. As an example, if a printed circuit card
is manufactured, passes quality control tests, and doesn’t fail until after
acceptance, who has verified the schematic diagram for that assemble against
the finalized hardware? No one! Additionally, and more realistically,
during assembly, systems test, and final checkout, frequent revisions are
made to complex electronic equipments to achieve acceptable performance
characteristics. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE COMMUNICATION OF TRAINING EQUIPMENT DESIGN INFORMATION R. Schuerch and W.W. Suiters Westinghouse Electric Corporation Aerospace Division At Westinghouse during a
recent concept study, a new technique was developed to assure that training
and teaching requirements would make the necessary impact on training device
design development. It worked so well
for us, that we present it to you for your consideration. It is especially appropriate since an
article in the August 1968 issue of Electro-Technology addressed itself to a
similar subject indicating that there exists a problem of some significance
which was aptly described, in the editor's encapsulation of the article, as
follows, "Despite the evidence that human engineering can prevents
system failure, equipment designers continue to reject the remedies offered
by human-factors specialists. The
specialists share the blame–often the engineer can’t read the
prescription.” In that article,
entitled “Human Factors:
Engineeringing’s Blind Spot,” the authors, David Meister and D. J. Sullivan,
point out that the human engineer has a problem in that he must be an
after-the-fact critic or a Monday morning quarterback. He cannot specify in advance but rather
must wait until the designer creates something before he can evaluate it from
a human factors point of view. When
this evaluation indicates a design change is desirable, the designer erects a
wall of resentment from behind which he protects his device from the human
engineer. The result, of course, is
that too often human factors considerations do not have adequate impact on
design. The article also points out
the human factors specialist” . . .could make a more meaningful contribution
to design if the communications problem were resolved.” This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. CDR. L. T. Hughes, USN Director, Procurement Services Office Naval Training Device Center In keeping with the theme
of this Third Annual NTDC/Industry Conference–"Innovations in Training
Device Technology"–the speakers this morning will discuss some of the
contracting innovations in procurement management that are being applied to training
device acquisitions. I will briefly–very
briefly–discuss “procurement perspective” with perspective being defined as
the “capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance.” Although there have been
many innovations in procurement management during the past few years, -- in
fact, there are those who will contend that it has been a revolutionary
rather than an evolutionary process -- the purpose of these procurement
innovations or techniques is to assist in the achievement of basic objectives
that are unchanged. These objectives
being the acquisition of a quality product delivered on time, at the lowest
over-all cost. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Pinkney P. McGathy, Head Air Warfare (Naval) Undersea Warfare and Engineering
Services Contract Department Procurement Services Office, Naval Training Device
Center Recognizing that Two-Step
Advertising is not new, there are those that would have you believe that this
type of procuring for the Government is no longer used and that it is too
complicated and burdensome to be used effectively. It is the purpose of this presentation to discuss how Two-Step
Advertising was initiated; it's use, and that it can be utilized successfully
in Government Contracting. We are all aware of the
fact that Formal Advertising is the general rule of procuring, and when there
are procurements that do not meet the criteria of formal Advertising that
negotiation may be utilized. A
combination of formal Advertising and negotiation results in Two Step Formal
Advertising. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Stanley M. Sjosten Assistant to the Director, Contract Services Melpar, Inc. Like many other of the
multitude of concepts, policies, regulatory principles, and guideline
principles that have been promulgated by the Department of Defense in its
Armed Services Procurement Regulations, the concept of two-step formal
advertising originated as the result of a recommendation made by a
Congressional Subcommittee in the course of an investigative study. As indicated by Mr.
McGathy, the two-step procurement concept was originally suggested by the
Subcommittee for special Investigations of the House Armed Services
Committee. It was documented in a 15
June 1957 Report of that Subcommittee.
It was initially incorporated into the Air Force Procurement Instructions
in 1957, and three years later, on 22 July 1960, was picked up in Revision No.
1 to the 1960 Edition of the Armed Services Procurement Regulation. It has since undergone several ASPR
revisions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. James E. Whitaker Air Warfare (Land Support) and Research Contract
Department Procurement Services Office, Naval Training Device
Center Multi-Year Procurement is
simply a method for fulfilling the Government's multi-year needs for supplies
at the best obtainable price.
Contractors entering into an MY contract enjoy the advantage of
assured production continuity which enhances opportunities for work force
stabilization and generally improved operational efficiency, with consequent
reduction of costs. The Government,
in turn, expects to realize savings since repetitive costs that are usually
experienced under the one-year method of contracting are eliminated under the
multi-year method. From its title, one might
think that MYP is another expression of a multi-year contract. If this were the case the procedures would
be greatly simplified. The fact is,
MYP is a method that may or may not result in a MY contract. Considering that conditions warrant the
use of this method, an MY contract will be awarded if the MY buy is more
favorable to the government from an overall cost point of view; however, if
after applying the MYP procedure it should develop that a single-year contract
is more favorable from an overall cost point of view, then a single year
contract will be awarded. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. R. L. Lowry Marketing Manager, Avionics Goodyear Aerospace Corporation Multi-Year Procurement is a
method for competitive contracting which has been used by the Government on
an increasing scale for the past five years.
From a rather humble position, it has grown in flexibility and
sophistication to the point where it is utilized for procurements far more
complex than those contemplated at time of introduction and, for that matter,
is applied on a far broader scale than provided for in the Armed Forces
Procurement Regulations guidelines.
It would seem, from past experience with Government procedures or
approval cycles, that the transition from original intent to present practice
would have been difficult and time consuming. However, such was not the case. All that was required was a pragmatic approach in the form of a
few simple instructions to procurement personnel. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Russell L. Johnson, Head Land and Surface Warfare Modification and
Maintenance Engineering Department Procurement Services Office, Naval Training Device
Center The subject, Contract
Performance, if discussed in the broadset terms could not be covered in the
brief time I have to talk with you this morning. After many hours of search and consultation with industry
representatives and government officials, I have selected the delivery
schedule for supplies and services and more particularly “Communication” as
it pertains to reporting the progress of the contract. I will touch lightly on the mission of
NTDC, point out some problems in communicating information as it affects
contract delivery, highlight the four “musts” for submitting data and the
results that can be expected once the information has been properly
communicated. For the most part, the
complexity of our mission at NTDC has been and will be well documented in the
three days of this conference. From
the papers presented, I think you can readily visualize the problems
associated with the administration of such complex programs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Robert F. Carleton Assistant to the President Reflectone, Inc. Reflectone certainlyu
considers it a privilege to participate in this third annual Naval Training
Device Center Industry conference.
This meeting is a splendid environment for reviewing the
administrative and technical areas of today’s procurements of increasingly
complex equipment. The USNTDC
personnel are to be congratulated for assuming their responsibilities to the
maximum level by conducting this valuable forum. Contractor performance is
my topic today, and I am certain this subject is close to the hearts of everyone
in this room. There are few factors
more gratifying to each of us than the accomplishment of top-notch
performance on a contract. When one reflects on the
element of contractor performance-contractor performance in its fullest total
meaning -- they will readily conclude that it is certainly a profound
topic. All the people associated with
a contract represent many vastly different types of professions. Quite understandably, each of these
professional groups has their own set of values and measures, their own set
of priority sequences and final objectives, and hence ambitions, to attain
these goals. Which is as it should
be, for pride is essential to superior work, essential to superior contract
performance. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. LIFE CYCLE COSTING George G. Bradley Sylvania Electronic Systems Life Cycle Costing is a
large and complex subject. So, today
we can only touch on some of its high spots.
First, we will examine the Life Cycle Cost concept. What is Life Cycle Costing? Then, we'll
describe what the government is doing to implement it and what the National
Security Industrial Association is doing to help the government. Next, the
benefits of Life Cycle Costing to both government and contractor will be
explored and the drawbacks and problems associated with it will also be
touched on. We'll close with some ideas on how the Life Cycle Cost concept
relates specifically to Training and Simulation Equipment. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. George A. Henderson Systems Effectiveness Division Naval Training Device Center Just last week I was asked
if Systems effectiveness was a definable thing, or was it a conglomeration of
separate disciplines. The fact
is–Systems Effectiveness is a relatively new title given to a group of
related disciplines, all of which affect in varying degrees, the availability
of a system to function as intended. Considering Systems
Effectiveness is like considering an automobile. One can describe an automobile as a vehicle designed to
transport people, but when we get right down to it, we find ourselves
describing the engine, transmission, suspension, brakes, etc. There is no avoiding it. And so, we can define Systems Effectiveness,
but we must talk in terms of its components. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. MOTION SIMULATION FOR FLIGHT TRAINING T. R. Bristow Conductron-Missouri Discussions concerning
motion simulation in operational flight trainers generally attempt to
evaluate the value of motion simulation in terms of training transfer and the
amount of flight time required to bring groups trained without motion to the
same performance level as those trained with motion. This paper is part of a study done to
develop criteria for developing the range of motion required and the washout
rules for braking the motion once it was initiated. This portion was a literature search concerning comparative
studies of simulations with and without motion where the goals were not
training but were usually oriented to some other goal. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL
REAL-TIME CONTROL OF AN R-F RADAR SIMULATION Donald V. Gnau, Francis G. Martin, Buckley C.
Pierstorff, and George E. Richmond Computer Research Department, Cornell Aeronautical
Laboratory, Inc. This paper describes a
radar simulator that was conceived and developed at the Cornell Aeronautical
Laboratory. The simulator provides,
in real time, realistic radar problems including electronic counter measures
effects as well as the normal radar echoes to radar operators. The simulator was designed to meet a
requirement to simulate multiple penetrating aircraft using multiple
penetration aids against multiple threat radars. That design goal was obtained.
Even more satisfying is the great flexibility and realism
achieved. These features can be credited
mainly to the general-purpose computer and its programs, which control and
react dynamically with the remainder of the simulator. The simulator described
herein was designed to test penetration techniques rather than to train
people. Because of this difference in
usage there are no doubt some areas where the simulator is either or under
designed as a training device.
However, these differences are believed to be minor; indeed the
simulator is used as a trainer in that radar operators must be brought to a
high level of skill before they may be used in penetration tests. The simulator consists of
four major elements. First, a
computer controls and interacts with the simulator. Next, interface equipment couples the computer with simulator
hardware. An r-f signal generating
system provides the received echoes and ECM signals. Finally, there are the radar receivers and
consoles. Before considering these
elements in detail, let us discuss some of the general features of the
system. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (MICROELECTRONICS) John W. Feist Value Engineering Branch Systems Effectiveness Division Naval Training Device Center On 14 April 1967, the
office of the Secretary of Defense issued a memorandum setting forth the
policies for the use of Microelectronics in military services and
equipment. The department of the Navy
issued implementing instructions in the form of SECNAV Instruction 10550.4
dated 1 November 1967. The Navy
Instruction disseminates and supplements the OSD Memo of 4 April 1967. As a matter of information, I will be
quoting liberally from the OSD statement. An ultimate objective of
military electronics is to provide equipment which satisfactorily fulfills
the military need with a high probability of no failure for the entire
lifetime of the system or equipment. The higher the equipment
reliability, the higher becomes this probability and the simpler becomes the
logistic support problem. The
considerable improvement in reliability offered by microelectronics, the
savings in space and weight and potential cost reduction, make it most desirable
to promote the widest possible appropriate use of microelectronics in
mi8litary systems. Further, the
reliability of microelectronic circuits is sufficiently higher to warrant
packaging of several or many such circuits into modules for which repair is
neither practical nor effective. Such
design modules would be discarded upon failure and would reduce logistic
support cost. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. (ENGINEERING REPORTS) C. R. Ford ASW Tactics Trainers Division and S. Koteen Visual, Space, and Aviation Trainers Division Naval Training Device Center Engineering and logistic
support data for any given trainer development program may require a minimum
of formal documentation or may represent a significant amount of
paperwork. The criteria that
establish the quantity of design data documentation that must be furnished to
produce successfully an acceptable trainer varies, of course, with the
complexity of the trainer. For a most
complex trainer, documentation in the form of reports, lists and drawings
would be necessary to satisfy both engineering and logistic support
requirements. Each of these data
items is intended to serve a specific purpose. For our discussion today, we will only concern ourselves with the
area of engineering reports. The primary mission of the
Naval Training Device Center is to contribute to the Navy’s operational
readiness by developing training devices for training agencies and other
fleet activities. The fidelity of the
simulation of a training device is ultimately appraised by the user
activity. For training devices which
simulate actual operational equipment, the appraisal consists of an
assessment of the degree of learning that has been imparted to the trainees
through utilization of the training device as compared with the operational
equipment. This assessment
effectively evaluates the degree of success by both the contractor and the
Naval Training device Center in meeting the stated needs of the user
activity. The Naval Training Device
Center engineering project team has the responsibility for transforming the
Fleet requirements into the quantitative technical language that forms the
basis for mutual understanding between the contractor and the Government for
the development of a training device.
As so often is the case, the development of a training device
parallels the development of the operational hardware. In such cases it is not possible to
convert Fleet requirements into the necessary total quantitative requirements
for a contractor to construct the training device. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING BY
SIMULATION–PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE Lt. Col. K. A. Smith, USMC Lt. Col. R. R. Sheahan, USMC Headquarters, United States Marine Corps In this age of complex
weaponry, ever-increasing sophistication of aviation training devices and
engineering feats never before dreamed of, we tend to maximize the degree of
engineering technology without appropriate consideration for either the human
element or the cost involved. In many
cases, the ends have tended to justify the means. Today's discussion will give an introspect of what the
1970-1980 time period holds for the Aviation Training Device Field concerning
Marine Corps needs. To do this, we
have decided to build our "field of the future" from both the
historic past and the dynamic present. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Papers Submitted, but not Presented SIMULATION OF THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT J. J. Tuttell (Deceased) Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center This paper is a preliminary manuscript prepared by Mr. John Joseph Tuttell for presentation at the 1968 Naval Training Device Center Industry conference. Mr. Tuttell passed away in October, 1968. Because we feel the message he wished to deliver has merit and is of interest to industry, it is here presented. When attempting to simulate
the ocean environment, we are in effect trying to duplicate a dynamic medium
with a range of variables as follows: 1)
Surface temperatures
ranging from 80 degrees F in the Gulf Stream to the mid twenties in the
arctic while bottom temperatures are in the mid-thirties throughout.
2)
Depths varying from
zero to over 5,000 fathoms in a rather random fashion so that the deepest
depths do not occur as would be expected in the middle of the oceans.
3)
Salinities range from
low values of three parts per thousand in inland and arctic waters to more
common twenty-six parts per thousand in coastal areas and maximum value about
thirty-seven parts per thousand in the open oceans.
4)
Temperature changes
with depth can range from an increase of up to five degrees F for each ten
feet, to decreases of 20 degrees F in ten feet with the added complication
that gradient values may change in quantity, and sign with each ten foot
increment. Thus a vertical profile of
temperature can be very complicated especially in the shallow depths at which
no temperature variability is confined.
A complete change in gradient arrangement may sometimes be found only
ten miles apart in the open and as close as one mile apart in selected areas,
such as along the mouth wall of a strong thermal current, namely the
interface surface between cold and warm water near the origin of the Gulf
Stream. There is also an always
present complicated micro-thermal structure to be considered.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. PROVISIONING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE
END ITEM Mrs. Frances S. Smith Inventory Control and Support Department Naval Training Device Center Within the NMC (Naval
Material Command) establishment, the "Provisioning Process" can be
considered as a cycle which starts when the need for the equipment is
generated and it is closed when the new equipment reaches the field with its
supporting repair parts and support equipment (tools and test equipment). Provisioning is one of the
most unique of all logistic support areas because its elements cross many
functional and organizational lines of both the contractor and Government
activities. Of the many support
elements, repair parts and support equipment are among the most
significant. Provisioning serves one
major purpose–providing adequate initial material support for the end item. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. |