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3rd NTDC AND INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Proceedings of the Third Naval Training Device Center and
Industry Conference
“Innovations in Training Device Technology”
19-21 November 1968
NAVTRADEVCEN
IH-161
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
INNOVATIONS IN TRAINING DEVICE
TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE
TRAINING
DEVICES IN TODAY'S ARMY
MODERN OPTICS
AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
THE
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY TO TRAINING DEVICES
NAVAL
TRAINING DEVICE CENTER TRAINING DEVICE COMPUTER SYSTEM (TRADEC)
SMALL ARMS
TARGETS AND TARGET SCORING
THE
OCULOMETER A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
THE USE OF
THE EFFECTIVE TIME CONSTANT IN TRAINER DESIGN
A GENERAL
PURPOSE SIMULATION SYSTEM
SIMULATION
OF THE PILOT'S VISUAL WORLD
THE
MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL SEARCH
TRAINING OF
NAVY AIRCREWS FOR TEST MISSIONS IN A MULTIMISSION SIMULATOR
VISUAL
SIMULATOR SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND ACCEPTANCE TESTS
APPLICATION
OF STATISTICS TO MAINTAINABILITY ENGINEERING
AUTOMATIC
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO TRAINING SYSTEMS
AND DEVICES
AUTOMATIC
TESTING THROUGH INTROSPECTION
IMPROVING
CONTRACTOR/NAVTRADEVCEN RELATIONSHIP DURING CONTRACTOR MAINTENANCE PERIOD
PERFORMANCE
FEEDBACK IN THE DESIGN OF TRAINING SYSTEMS
VERIFICATION
OF MAINTENANCE DRAWINGS BY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
THE
COMMUNICATION OF TRAINING EQUIPMENT DESIGN INFORMATION
MOTION
SIMULATION FOR FLIGHT TRAINING
IMPLEMENTATION
OF TECHNIQUES FOR DIGITAL REAL-TIME CONTROL OF AN R-F RADAR SIMULATION
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS (MICROELECTRONICS)
DESIGN DATA
DOCUMENTATION (ENGINEERING REPORTS)
TRAINING BY
SIMULATION–PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE
Papers
Submitted, but not Presented
SIMULATION
OF THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
PROVISIONING
AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE END ITEM
|
INNOVATIONS IN TRAINING DEVICE TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE Dr. Hanns H. Wolff Technical Director, Naval Training Device Center and
Conference General Chairman The theme of this year's
conference was influenced by two facts.
First, the replies we received on a questionnaire that was sent out to
the training device industry showed that "Innovations in
Technology" was a subject that many of you liked to see as a major part
of our conference agenda. Secondly,
we feel training device technology and training system concepts have not made
the progress that the times demand.
We still have not made a significant step towards reducing the
qualifications required for the first level of maintenance. Automatic failure indicators and
self-healing systems are almost non-existent in today's training
devices. At the same time personnel
available for maintenance both are decreasing in numbers and will be less
prepared to undertake maintenance and repair tasks requiring professional
experience. Another personnel problem
that is rapidly increasing in importance is the decreasing availability of
qualified instructors. At present,
the average student-to-instructor ratio in Navy training is considerably
lower than even in the graduate level education programs in our
colleges. Modern technology properly
utilized should enable us to increase this ratio considerably and I urge the
industry to come forward with new system concepts that free the instructor
from repetitive tasks without giving the trainee the feeling of losing the
personal contact with the instructor. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING DEVICES IN TODAY'S ARMY Colonel Robert E. Phelps, Acting Commander U.S. Army Participation Group All Army training-device
requirements must be approved by the Department of the Army before
development is undertaken. While such
requirements may originate at any level in the Army, most of them are
initiated by the Army service schools and Army Material Command Project managers. The Army Participation Group works closely
with these agencies from the outset in an effort to assure that wholly
satisfactory, cost-effective training devices are delivered to users at the
times they are required. I will discuss briefly a
few of our current training-device projects and some, which may be approved
for development in the near future.
My purpose is to give you an indication of the broad range of devices
in which the Army is interested and areas in which we believe the Army will
focus its attention in the years ahead. We are deeply involved at
present in a variety of projects to support Army aviation training. The dollars we are spending in this area
exceed by far those going into any other category. This is not difficult to understand when we consider two
facts: first, the use of
sophisticated, high-cost, operational aircraft for training purposes is an
extremely costly proposition and; second, under the present military force
structure, the Army is authorized more cockpit spaces than all of the rest of
the United States armed services combined
Our helicopter pilot training requirements are enormous now and are
likely to remain relatively high in the future, regardless of what happens
with respect to the war in Vietnam. The Synthetic flight
Training System currently is our largest developmental project. The Cheyenne combat Operations Simulator
system is another large trainer development and procurement program now under
consideration. The Relative Airflow
Indicator Device is another aviation trainer that deserves mention. Armor training, particularly tank gunnery,
is another high-cost area in which the use of training devices not only saves
money but provides increased effectiveness and flexibility. Our second highest dollar outlay at this
time is for armor trainers. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. MODERN OPTICS AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Dr. G. Rosendahl Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center In the early days of
training devices and simulator technology, optics played only a minor role or
no role at all. Edward Link's first
pilot trainer contained not more than plain eyeball optics. We must admit that there are training
devices which do not warrant a larger role of optics even today. But there are other where optics has to
provide for a very important interface between man and machine, so important
that optical devices are indispensable for achieving a training purpose. These optical devices may be complex and
sophisticated and require exceptional engineering effort. Results have been obtained
already which apply uniquely to simulation technology, such as large virtual
image displays, the utilization of the Schiempflug condition for the large
depth of field requirements of optical probes, the VAMP system, which makes
it possible to change, within certain limits, the perspective (or the
viewpoint) of a film presentation. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Eugene D. Maldonato Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center There still exists today
the problem of how to adequately predict or determine the overall image
quality of an optical system.
Reliable image evaluation methods and techniques are necessary to
eliminate subjectiveness in judging overall image quality so that it may be
stated accurately in quantitative terms.
We are concerned with a good quality optical component or system that
has been designed for image-forming purposes and therefore has been
aberration corrected over its useable field.
Several methods and criteria have been proposed; however, agreement
between optical researchers has not yet been established. This paper will describe three methods presently
used to determine the overall image quality of an optical component or system. These methods are optical resolution,
acutance, and contrast transfer function. By far the most popular
method for determining the overall image forming qualities of an optical
system or component is to measure its resolving power. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY TO TRAINING
DEVICES Alfred H. Rodemann Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center Holography has been one of
the most exciting scientific developments in recent times. During its short history it has created
more interest than almost any other scientific phenomenon, with the exception
of the Laser, which has played such a great role in the development of
holography. The list of interested
groups continues to grow and includes such fields as data storage, quality
control, and even medicine. What does holography have
to offer to training devices? It is
the only means of presenting a true three-dimensional image from a
two-dimensional medium without the use of
lenses or other optical aids.
For true visual simulation it has no equal. The three-dimensional image possesses all of the properties
attributed to actual real-world scenes or objects. Parallax, aspect, and focus are all present and practically
indistinguishable from the real world.
One can view an image which can be turned around to the other side. Objects hidden from view can be seen by
moving around just as in the real world.
The limitation of the two-dimensional visual simulation world are
overcome without discarding the two-dimensional medium. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A. H. Marshall Physical Sciences Laboratory Naval Training Device Center The development of the
laser has made possible a new approach to a large-screen, high-brightness,
high-resolution, real-time display for training device applications. This paper will describe efforts by the
Naval Training Device Center and others who are striving to improve methods
of display by utilizing the laser. A large screen laser
display would be useful in rapidly communicating information from a computer
to a trainee and allowing him to interact with this information. A large screen real-time laser display
would also be of value in presenting larger, faster, brighter, real-time
tactical data to a large audience at a control center in an undarkened room. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING DEVICE COMPUTER SYSTEM (TRADEC) F. R. Cooper, Computer Laboratory Naval Training Device Center The purpose of this
presentation is to apprise industry of the computational facility to be
installed at NTDC - hereafter referred to as the TRADEC system. TRADEC is the abbreviation for training
Device Computer. I will indicate the
organizational structure under which the TRADEC installation will
operate. I will review the purpose,
present status and characteristics of the installation itself. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. DIGITALLY
COMPUTED IMAGES FOR VISUAL SIMULATION Rodney S. Rougelot Manager, Visual Simulation Subsection Electronics Laboratory General Electric Company Today's highly
sophisticated simulators are restricted in their general application to
training and engineering research by shortcomings in available visual
simulation devices shortcomings related primarily to the nature of the
physical components used in the traditional approaches to visual simulation. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate
in a brief and graphic manner the demonstrated capability and future
potential of an emerging technology called computed image generation - a
technology which may provide an integrated solution to many familiar visual image
generations problems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SMALL ARMS TARGETS AND TARGET SCORING David T. Long Visual Simulation Laboratory The major emphasis in the
development of scoring systems by the military sciences is in the missile
field where air-to-air miss distance indications are required. Very little attention has been given to
the scoring of small arms projectiles.
Yet, innovations in firing range training, targets and scoring methods
for small arms have been of major concern to the Naval Training Device
Center. Much effort has been expended
in the development of more sophisticated systems. The training received by
the individual soldier is critical, and is the backbone of any military
situation. The confidence a soldier
has in himself makes a confident army; his ability to handle his weapon makes
him a fighting man. Confidence and
skill are obtained in the target training he undergoes on the firing
range. Like a craftsman who learns to
handle his tools by working with them, the trainee should not merely hold and
synthetically fire his weapon, but actually fire it on a range against a good
target. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL John Merchant Honeywell Radiation Center In the normal act of
vision, the eyeball is pointed very accurately and rapidly at the target
detail being scanned (typical accuracy 0.1 degree, typical speed 0.2
second). Target acquisition,
tracking, designation, etc., could, in many cases, be performed, therefore,
much better by eye than by hand–if a practical eye direction measuring device
were available. The eye pointing
action that would be utilized is not an "extra task" that the
operator must consciously perform but is performed naturally, in normal
vision, without any conscious effect involved. Honeywell has developed
unattached IR eye tracker (Oculometer) capable of accurately measuring eye
direction without interfering with the subject. The Oculometer can be integrated into almost any viewing
arrangement, and can, if desired, be located several feet from the subject. The Oculometer can be
applied in various surveillance, target acquisition and tracking, and other
control systems. It provides the
advantages of: 1)
Improved operator
performance (in terms of accurate high speed control) because the eye can be
used for control in place of the hands.
2)
Reduction of operator
loading
3)
Hands free operation
The Oculometer can also be
used in various ways to monitor human performance, without interfering with
the task being performed. For
example: 4)
Instrument panel
evaluation
5)
Pilot performance
studies
6)
Teaching and training
machines
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Dr. James J. Regan Dr. Gene S. Micheli Human Factors Laboratory Naval Training Device Center We will briefly describe
the organization of the Laboratory and say something about the kinds of
people making up its staff. Then we
will give you an overview of the technical program according to eight major
categories, with selected examples of current and future projects within
each. The projects we have chosen to
discuss are those that we hope will most interest you and/or those on which
you may be most likely to help us in solving some of our problems. There are four departments
within the Human Factors Laboratory, namely:
(1) Psychological Applications in which most of the human factors
consultation effort is centered; it maintains a regular review of Center developments
and products, insuring that they reflect modern human factors engineering and
training practices; (2) Training technology which is our research and
development activity; its mission is to conduct in-house research in the area
of applied human learning; (3) Training Effectiveness which is an
organization reflection of the increasing concern at all levels of the Navy
with formal, scientific evaluations of the training usefulness of training
devices; (4) Adaptive Training which is concerned with a number of approaches
to the improvement of training systems through making training more of an
individual experience for the trainee than has typically been the case. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE USE OF THE EFFECTIVE TIME CONSTANT IN
TRAINER DESIGN Dr. W. G. Matheny Life Sciences, Inc. Before discussing the
effective time constant of a man-machine system and what possible use it
could be in the design of trainers, I want to give you some background and
some explanation of why there should be any need for such a concept at all. The effective time
constant, as a construct, is, I believe, a start toward a model of human
control behavior from which we will be able to predict whether a given
vehicle will be difficult or easy to control and from which we can build
training devices whose training value we can reliably predict. After all, the vehicles of today are the
product of an evolutionary process during which only those were retained
which man was able to control. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A GENERAL PURPOSE SIMULATION SYSTEM Richard M. Beindorff J. F. Egler Conductron-Missouri The General Purpose
Simulation System is an International Business Machines Application Program
based upon statistical techniques, primarily queuing and probability
theory. The program is written in a
language similar to Fortran, The General Purpose Simulation System Processor. The General Purpose
Simulation System has been structured by Conductron-Missouri to provide a
means of examining the loads placed upon an instructor in any specific
training system and to make a determination of student to instructor ratios
based upon the demands placed upon the instructor by the specific training
system. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SIMULATION OF THE PILOT'S VISUAL WORLD J. G. Ohmart, H. Ozkaptan, J. W. Bergert, and B. C.
King Martin Marietta Corporation A TV system is being used to represent the pilot's view of the outside world through a windscreen. In this case, many of the parameters of vision cannot be met by state-of-the-art television systems. Therefore, we are attempting to determine the specific television simulation parameters required to display target relative to the same fidelity as actually perceived by a pilot under given tactical conditions of air-to-surface target acquisition. Since our primary goal is to delineate an approach to the problem, rather than to define specific TV system requirements, we chose to use the available and representative high resolution TV system attached to the Martin Marietta Guidance Development Center. Later, as we understand the role of each variable, we can then relate the data from our TV system to other TV systems including those of the future. The stress in our tests is to determine the psychop |