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6th NTEC AND INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Proceedings of the Sixth Naval Training Equipment Center
and Industry Conference
“Man–The Focus of the Training System”
13-15 November 1973
NAVTRAEQUIPCEN
IH-226
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
MAN–THE FOCUS OF THE TRAINING
SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE
SYSTEMS
APPROACH TO SIMULATOR TRAINING FACT OR FANTASY..
MOTION
SIMULATION ENHANCEMENT– THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH G-SEAT SYSTEM
PROSPECTS,
PROBLEMS, AND PERFORMANCE– A CASE STUDY OF THE FIRST PILOT TRAINER USING CGI
VISUALS
A RADAR
PREDICTION CONSOLE FOR PRE-MISSION PLANNING, TRAINING AND BRIEFING
IMAGE
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN COMPUTED VISUAL SCENE SIMULATION..
AN
INTERACTIVE FACILITY FOR THE MODIFICATION AND UPDATE OF DIGITAL RADAR LANDMASS
SIMULATION DATA
A NEW
CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR NAVAL
TRAINING EQUIPMENT CENTER..
DESIGN OF
SCENARIO GENERATOR SOFTWARE FOR REAL-TIME TRAINER APPLICATIONS
ACOUSTICAL
SIMULATION OF A SUBMERGED SIGNAL SOURCE.
THE
FORMATION FLIGHT TRAINER: AN APPLICATION OF SIMULATED TECHNIQUES
A TRAINING
ANALYSIS EVALUATION OF ASW TRAINER OCEAN MATH MODELS.
TECHNICAL
PUBLICATIONS AND TRAINING AND THEIR IMPACT ON COST.
SIMULATION
OF VISUAL AND MOTION CUES IN AIR COMBAT MANEUVERING*.
A SIMPLE
SIMULATOR AND VISUAL PRESENTATION FOR STALL-SPIN TRAINING..
VARIABLES IN
TRANSFER OF TRAINING–DEVICES AND PROGRAMS.
ELECTRONIC
WARFARE/ECM SIMULATION..
VERIFICATION
OF SIMULATOR PERFORMANCE BY FREQUENCY
RESPONSE MEASUREMENT
DIGITAL
SMOOTHING TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO SIMULATOR/TRAINER INTERFACES
PRODUCTION
LEVEL CAI IN THE UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS.
NEXT MAJOR
STEP FOR CAI IN IBM’s FIELD ENGINEERING DIVISION..
A NEW APPROACH
TO THE EVALUATION OF VISUAL ATTACHMENTS TO FLIGHT SIMULATORS
RELATIVE
EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGE STORAGE MEDIA
HOLOGRAMS IN
DICHROMATED GELATIN..
EFFECTIVE
LOW-COST SIMULATION..
ADVANCES IN
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MODELING..
ADAPTIVE
TRAINING DEMONSTRATIONS–LESSONS LEARNED..
TIME AND
COST EFFECTIVE TECHNIQUES IN SUPPORTIVE COMPUTERIZED TRAINING SYSTEMS
Papers published, but not presented:
IMPROVING
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR WITH PLATO IV..
A PROCESS
FOR CHOOSING COST-EFFECTIVE MEDIA FOR PROPOSED TRAINING SYSTEMS
EXPERIMENTAL
MODEL VISUAL DISPLAY FOR SHIPHANDLING TRAINERS.
IMPACT OF
AUTOMATED TRAINING UPON INSTRUCTOR STATION DESIGN..
ORLANDO
POLICE DEPARTMENT COMPLAINT DESK PERSONNEL TRAINING SIMULATOR
TRAINING–AN
ENGINEERING PROCESS.
PREDICTION
OF TRAINING DEVICE EFFECTIVENESS FROM QUANTITATIVE TASK INDICES
SIMULATION
OF A DEEP SUBMERSIBLE.
VISUAL
TOLERANCES FOR SIMULATOR OPTICS.
FFT
APPLICATIONS TO ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION AND SONAR BEAM FORMING SIMULATION PROBLEMS
HUMAN
ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS FOR INSTRUCTOR STATIONS.
USE OF
NON-CONVENTIONAL OPTICAL MATERIALS FOR VISUAL SIMULATION..
COMPUTER
MANAGED TRAINING CONCEPT AND IMPLEMENTATION..
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MAN–THE FOCUS OF THE TRAINING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE Dr. Hanns H. Wolff Technical Director,
Naval Training Device Center and Conference General Chairman We at the Naval Training
Equipment Center are very grateful that the Chief of Naval Education and
Training authorized this Sixth NAVTRAEQUIPCEN/Industry Conference since it
brings the Training Equipment Industry and the Naval Training Equipment
Center together to further mutual understanding and interests. As in past conferences, our aim is to
promote the cooperation between the NAVTRAEQUIPCEN and Industry and exchange
ideas on new training simulation technology.
With the goal of further improving military training programs, we will
present to Industry the very significant changes that have occurred since our
last conference and, last but not least, we will hear Industry’s problems in
their relation to the NAVTRAEQUIPCEN. As you remember, the Naval
Training Equipment Center transferred from the Command of the chief of Naval
Material to that of the chief of Naval Training, now the chief of Naval
Education and Training, the very day our last conference started. Since then we have gone through major
reorganizations and reorientation. To
a large extent this has been due to the fact that in July 1972 the Naval
Training Support command was established and became the direct Command of the
Naval Training Equipment Center and that the Naval Training Support Command
and other of its field activities meanwhile assumed several functions that
had been previously the responsibility of the Naval Training Equipment
Center. The dust, I think, has by
now sufficiently settled and we can give you an insight into our new modus
operandi, which was naturally an impact on Industry’s interfacing with the
NAVTRAEQUIPCEN. It is therefore one
of the goals of the conference to bring Industry up to speed on the new
NAVTRAEQUIPCEN/Industry interface. Another fact we like to get
across to Industry is the steady trend to increase the NAVTRAEQUIPCEN’s
responsibilities more and more beyond the plain acquisition of training
devices. For the NAVTRAEQUIPCEN is
now involved in the whole training process, especially the optimization of
the training cost for a large sector of a career-training program using the
most advanced instructional technology. For this purpose, we have to
look at a larger training time span and develop and select that training
methodology that provides us with the trained man under optimization of
training cost and time, considering, of course, simultaneously all other
restraining parameters. Advances in training device
technology play a major role in obtaining a better trained man, and this can
be and have to be achieved even at an overall training cost reduction. Latest training device
technology in the form of adaptive systems has individualized the training
syllabus and made it possible at the same time to increase the instructor’s
effectiveness multifold. Thus, we
shortened simultaneously the training time required and achieved a more
proficient Naval officer and enlisted man. On the other hand there are
many untouched or only barely touched areas that require our attention and
effort. For example, we have to
replace more training that is presently conducted in the operational
environment with training in training devices and equipment, an effort that
is often limited by the present state-of-the art in training device
technology. Foremost among the
unresolved technological problem is the wide-angle visual environment display
problem that has so far not yet found a satisfactory economic solution. Though some progress has been made,
especially in the computer-generated image area, much more effort is required
in the wide-angle visual environment display area. For here major progress will widen the application of synthetic
training and improve the training economy significantly. What we are looking for are
wide-angle visual displays for all kinds of weather conditions, for day and
for night operation for the purposes of training takeoff and landing on
carrier and on shore facilities, for training traffic pattern and approach
flying, for formation and acrobatic flying, for weapons delivery both
air-to-ground and air-to-air; in short, for all aviation exercises that
demand the visual observation of the environment. We are, of course, aware of the fact that such a diversity of
requirements cannot be met in a single system in the near future unless a
major breakthrough in the state-of-the-art occurs. Another area of technology
that deserves an all-out effort is the software problem for our training
device computer systems. For several
years we have hoped that it would be possible to develop a special training
device computer language that would reduce the cost of programming and
reprogramming of training device computers–a language that would enable a
large group of people without extensive training to undertake programming
effectively. It seems though that the
progress in the art of computer technology is always running ahead of the
software methodology. For example,
during the last few years we have had a rapid increase in the application of
minicomputers and an increased appreciation of the values of hybrid computer
systems, both areas that still require highly skilled specialized personnel
for optimal programming. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SIMULATOR TRAINING FACT OR FANTASY Brian A. Drissell Program Development
Manager United Air Lines,
Flight Training Center Over the past few years,
there have been major advances in airplane simulator design, in fidelity
improvement, programming power, motion and visual systems, and advanced
training features. The airlines,
working closely with the FAA and the manufacturers, have been able to make
use of these improvements by training and checking more than ever in the
simulator–because it can be done effectively. There has also been a great deal of manpower and money expended
to provide modern, state-of-the-art, simulator training. Yet, all of these efforts and improvements
notwithstanding, we are still making only limited use of the training
capabilities of the simulators, and most of our simulator training is
conducted along traditional lines. This is not a condemnation
of what we are doing, because our training is good. In many respects, airline flight crew training is leading the
way in the industrial training community.
But it should be apparent to everyone involved that we have an
important area of training and checking that deserves attention. There are many areas of potential
improvement, and they should be explored.
However, if the status quo is maintained, then we may at least be able
to save considerable money in simulator acquisition by not buying those
features and systems that are seldom used. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. MOTION SIMULATION ENHANCEMENT– THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH G-SEAT SYSTEM Gerald J. Kron Simulation Products
Division, The Singer Company The methods by which man
learns have long been the subject of research; the interim findings,
observations, and theories have often been the subject of much controversy
and argument. Fundamental agreement
exists, however, that man must have contact with his environment; he must be
aware of the stimuli about him and he must interpret them and act upon their
informational content. An important
portion of learning and training research, then, is directed at obtaining and
understanding of how man relates to, and with, his environment. Man’s sensory systems are
the interface between him and his environment; through these systems travel
the raw information used in learning and in the maintenance of task
proficiency. Considerable effort has
been expended on assembling a knowledge of the operation of the various
sensory systems, with various degrees of success, depending upon which
sensory system is under consideration.
The knowledge derived from the visual sense, for instance, appears to
be more precise, more formalized, and less subject to question than that
derived from the vestibular sense and, to a greater degree, the body
awareness sense. Simulation, a
technique employed for training, depends heavily on the role sensory systems
play in the learning process. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. PROSPECTS, PROBLEMS, AND PERFORMANCE– A CASE STUDY OF THE FIRST PILOT TRAINER USING CGI VISUALS Captain Francis E.
O’Connor, USN Commander, Training
Air Wing TWO, Naval Air Station, Kingsville, Texas and Dr. B. J. Shinn Manager of Advanced
Technologies Engineering General Electric
Company and Dr. W. Marvin Bunker Consulting Engineer
in the Advanced Technologies Engineering Laboratory General Electric
Company The Device 2F90 was procured
by the Navy in 1969 as an Operational Flight Trainer for use in conjunction
with the TA4J aircraft. The typical
Operational Flight Trainer at that time was designed to provide complete
systems simulation in an instrument flight environment. Thus, the device found application as an
instrument trainer and as an emergency procedures trainer. In actual practice, syllabus application
was predominantly in the instrument training area (90 percent). In late 1971 in response to
increasing pressure to achieve some “payoff” in the use of simulators by
achieving some reduction in syllabus flight hours, a series of evaluations,
in the instrument training portions of the chief of Naval Air training
Advanced Jet Syllabus was undertaken.
In very general terms, these evaluations confirmed the efficacy of the
2F90 as an instrument trainer and projected incremental reductions in student
flight time through use of simulation.
To date student flight time in the instrument syllabus has been
reduced from 44 hours to 22.5 hours with consequent substantial savings in
the aircraft operating costs associated with the training of student naval
aviators. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A RADAR PREDICTION CONSOLE FOR PRE-MISSION PLANNING, TRAINING AND BRIEFING Robert A. Heartz Project Engineer of
the IR&D Digital Radar Display Simulation
Development Programs at Apollo and Ground
Systems General Electric
Company The objective of a Radar
Image Prediction System is to provide a pilot or navigator with a predicted
image of his enroute and target area radar display so that he can become
familiar with significant terrain and cultural features as depicted by his
sensor system, plan his course, and practice various approaches for achieving
his mission. The requirements of a
Radar Image Prediction System are: 1) Develop a near-real-time realistic display
simulation from a database that defines terrain and cultural features. 2) Provide a capability for quickly correlating the
computed, or simulated, image with graphic (chart or photographic) data of
the same area. 3) Provide an on-line capability to update or modify
the computed image based on graphic source information. 4) Provide an interactive display capability, so that
the operator can immediately view changes in the database. The Radar Image Prediction
System that meets the above requirements is illustrated in the block diagram
of figure 1(a). The digital database
defines terrain elevation and cultural features by lines that are
reflectivity boundaries and elevation features (ridge and valley lines) and
by target points. The image processor
reads the digital database and converts the elevation and reflectivity data
to a real-time radar image that is displayed on a PPI. The Interactive Data Base Generator
provides the capability to correlate the computed image and to modify the
data base. A sketch of the basic
laboratory Radar Prediction system is shown in figure 1(b). A 16k core memory that stores the database
and the high-speed image processor that generates the radar PPI display are
mounted in one six-foot equipment rack.
The Interactive Data Base Generator includes the displays, the
operator controls, and the logic required for generating or changing the
database. The computer image is
displayed on the vertical CRT. The
image of the map or photograph is displayed on the horizontal light
table. A 45-degree beam splitter combines
the two images. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. IMAGE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN COMPUTED VISUAL SCENE SIMULATION Dr. W. Marvin Bunker Consulting Engineer
in the Advanced Technologies Engineering Laboratory General Electric
Company When a simulation or
training application requires simulation of visual scenes, a number of
techniques can be used. Wide use has
been made of pictures–both still and movies–and of models, with optics alone
and with servoed television cameras for display on raster-scan devices. During the past decade Computer Generated
Images (CGI) have seen increasing application to this requirement. With CGI the scene exists as
stored numbers in the system memory.
If standard TV rates are used, the computer generates 30 new scenes
per second, based on the simulated relationship between the environment and
the observer for each scene. It
immediately follows from this basic concept that the operator or trainee has
no constraints on his path or rates of motion or acceleration. Multiple moving models in the scene can be
accommodated. Special effects, such
as blinking or directional lights, limited visibility simulation, explosion
and disappearance of a target, etc., can be included. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. DESCRIPTION AND INITIAL EVALUATION OF A COMPUTER-BASED INDIVIDUAL TRAINER FOR THE RADAR INTERCEPT OBSERVER Joseph W. Rigney,
Director Douglas M. Towne,
Assistant Director D. Kirk Morrison,
Research Associate Louis A. Williams,
Psychological Research Associate Behavior Technology
Laboratories, University of Southern California The Radar Intercept Officer
(RIO) is a critical element in a complex man-machine relationship which
emerges ultimately as a weapons system.
The complexity of the basic delivery device, the aircraft, and the
high speeds at which it usually operates create operational situations that
tax the maximum performance capabilities of a single individual or
pilot. Extended range weapons, such
as missiles, and high aircraft speeds render visual methods of target
acquisition virtually useless, and have led to the development of sophisticated
electronic devices for this purpose. The pilot is the first
element in this weapons control system, maintaining the precise operation of
the aircraft. The RIO is the second
integral element of control, analyzing data concerning target activity, and
transmitting to the pilot action control commands based on these data. The RIO is engaged in
multiple tasks during an air intercept.
He must: 1)
manipulate the electronic
equipment in a manner that maximizes its capabilities as an information
source; 2)
gather and integrate
electronic data with previously learned data and procedures; 3)
decide upon actions that may
be performed within the operational limits of the aircraft to meet weapons
launch criteria 4)
produce accurate verbal
commands that constitute adequate control functions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN INTERACTIVE FACILITY FOR THE MODIFICATION AND UPDATE OF DIGITAL RADAR LANDMASS SIMULATION DATA Roger Dahlberg Digital Systems
Engineer Singer Simulation
Products Division Radar landmass simulation
for training until very recently was implemented using data stored on a film
plate and transmissively read by a CRT/photomultiplier arrangement. These systems, typified by the
AN/APQ-T10/T11 trainer built for the USAF, have the basic limitation that the
data is not easily modified or updated.
The generation of a new film plate can take six months. With the advent of new
digital memory technology it has become practical to store radar landmass
data digitally and produce video by means of special digital processing. One of the most significant
advantages to an all-digital system is the fact that the radar landmass data
can be changed. Update from new
cartographic information to incorporate the latest and most accurate
radar-significant information and to correct previous errors is easily
accomplished in an all-digital system, and presents the most compelling
reason for having such a system. A
second reason is the ability to selectively delete or modify targets and
navigation checkpoints, either in a real tactical situation or as a training
exercise. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A NEW CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR NAVAL TRAINING EQUIPMENT CENTER CDR. Troy E. Todd,
United States Navy Director, Plans and
Programs Department Naval Training
Equipment Center It is often observed that
the only constant thing in life is change.
In keeping with this truism, during the past year the Center has
undergone a management overhaul.
Emerging from this process is a new concept of operation, which places
the Director of Plans and Programs firmly in control of the management of the
Center’s Technical Program. For many years the Center
has recognized the various disciplines required producing a successful
simulator or product. Accordingly,
each project was assigned to a team composed of a Training specialist,
engineer, Human Factors Specialist, Integrated Logistic support specialist
and a Contract Specialist. The
combined contributions of these teams along with their counterparts in
industry have produced a long list of successful simulators and have contributed
greatly to the readiness of the fleet. Each of these specialists
represented a segment of line management.
There was no one truly at the helm.
As the project progressed from phase to phase one specialist or another
became the dominant figure within the team.
The team concept still plays a vital role in the new concept but the
facilitating type of decision-making common to line organization management
has given way to a matrix-type organization. |