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5th NTEC AND INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Proceedings of the Seventh Naval Training Equipment Center
and Industry Conference
“Training Economy Through Simulation”
19-21 November 1974
NAVTRAEQUIPCEN
IH-240
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE
INCREMENTAL
TRANSFER AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHT TRAINING SIMULATORS
THE USE OF
SIMULATION IN THE TRAINING OF NUCLEAR
POWER PLANT OPERATORS
SYMBOLIC SIMULATORS REALISM AND ECONOMY IN
SKILL TRAINING
COMPUTER
SIMULATION FOR A COMMAND AND CONTROL TRAINING SYSTEM
A GUIDE FOR
THE APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE STRUCTURE-ORIENTED CAI IN MILITARY JOBS
CORRELATED
DISPLAYS FOR TRAINING–ONE STEP CLOSER TO THE REAL WORLD
PROJECT
1183– AN EVALUATION OF DIGITAL RADAR LANDMASS SIMULATION
LASER
HELICOPTER DOOR GUNNER TRAINER
AUTOMATED
PERFORMANCE MEASURING
DIGITAL
AUDIO SIMULATION DEVELOPMENT FOR SONAR TRAINERS
SYSTEM MODEL
FOR LIFE CYCLE COSTING
VISUAL
SIMULATION AND LIFE CYCLE COSTING
RATIONALE
FOR THE AVIATION WIDE-ANGLE VISUAL SYSTEM
HELICOPTER
ROTOR SIMULATION USING THE DIRECTED VECTOR APPROACH (DVA) MATH MODEL
AIR-TO-AIR
WEAPON FIRE SIMULATION USING LASERS
OPTIMIZATION
OF TRAINING FOR MARGINAL PERSONNEL
ADAPTIVE
TRAINING–NEW DIRECTIONS
HUMAN
ENGINEERING OF INTERACTIVE CRT SYSTEMS FOR TRAINING DEVICE INSTRUCTORS
THE
POTENTIAL USE OF ENGINEERING SIMULATORS TO PROMOTE TRAINING ECONOMY
ICATION AND
NAVIGATION TRAINER–DEVICE 1D23
A
FEASIBILITY MODEL OF AN UNDERWAY REPLENISHMENT TRAINER FOR OFFICERS OF THE DECK
(OOD’s)
ADVANCES IN
EQUIPMENT SIMULATION FOR MAINTENANCE TRAINING
ADVANCES IN
OPTICAL MEMORIES FOR SENSOR SIMULATION
HOLOGRAPHIC
CARRIER LANDING SIMULATOR
ON IMPROVING
THE FLIGHT FIDELITY OF OPERATIONAL FLIGHT/WEAPONS SYSTEM TRAINERS
AN EFFECTIVE
LOW-COST VISUAL: NIGHT SCENE CGI
NUCLEAR
MERCHANT SHIP OFFICER TRAINING PROGRAMS
COMPUTER-SUPPORTED
OPERATOR TRAINING FOR SHIPS INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Papers
published, but not presented:
THE
ECONOMICS OF PORTABLE TRAINING SIMULATION SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
OF INSTRUCTION DELIVERY IN PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURE
EARS FOR
AUTOMATED INSTRUCTION SYSTEMS–WHY TRY?
ADAPTIVE
INSTRUCTIONAL MODELS FOR NAVY TRAINING
EVALUATION
OF AN AUTOMATED GCA FLIGHT TRAINING SYSTEM
E-2C AEW
CREW TRAINING USING AN OPERATIONAL TACTICS TRAINER
USE OF CATHODE-RAY
TUBES AT INSTRUCTOR STATIONS
INTERACTIVE
GRAPHIC DISPLAYS—FLEXIBLE DEVICES FOR TRAINER APPLICATION
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFERENCE Dr. Hanns H. Wolff
Technical Director, Naval Training Device
Center and Conference General Chairman
As we open our Seventh
NAVTRAEQUIPCEN/Industry Conference with the slogan “Training Economy Through
Simulation,” don’t let us forget the trueness of last year’s slogan, “Man–The
Focus of the Training System;” for a training system or program can only be
economical if it focuses on the man, if it provides the required transfer of
training. The acceptance of training
in a simulated operational environment in lieu of training with operational
equipment in the operational environment has made considerable progress
during the last year. Though the
continually rising cost of operating weapons systems and platforms and the
energy shortage contributed heavily to this change in attitude, the effort of
many of those who for a long time were already convinced of the effectiveness
and the economy of training in simulators and in a simulated operational
environment led to a large extent to last year’s progress. The high cost of training
with operational equipment is, as many of you know, not only due to the high
acquisition cost of the operational equipment and its attendant operating
costs, but, in general, even more due to the very high maintenance costs,
especially those for major military combat and surveillance platforms such as
aircraft, ships, and tanks. INCREMENTAL TRANSFER AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHT TRAINING SIMULATORS Stanley N. Roscoe
It’s only a
paper moon Hanging
over a cardboard sea, But it
wouldn’t be make believe If you’d
believe in me. Flight simulation is, by
design, just as phony as it can be.
The art of psychological deception is dedicated to the proposition
that all simulated effects can be made to appear equal to their real-world
counterparts; even a paper moon can become a believable background for a
simulated lunar landing.
Nevertheless, despite the evident safety and economy of simulation and
its flexibility and repeatability of experimental control, the physical representation
of complex perceptual cues is based upon a foundation of psychophysical
quicksand. In practice, the
widespread use of simulation, both in pilot training and testing and in
equipment design research, depends more upon the apparent realism of the
illusions created than upon any experimental demonstration of the equivalence
of training or the order of merit of the equipment items being compared. Nevertheless, three
converging factors place a high premium on full exploitation of synthetic
flight training: the energy crisis, which discourages the unnecessary use of
aircraft; the commitment of the Defense Department to channel all possible
aircraft procurement funds into operational equipment; and the world peace
crisis, which requires the standby ability to train many new aviators
quickly. Anyone of these factors
would be sufficient to justify acceleration of the application of TRAINING
ECONOMY THROUGH SIMULATION, the subject of this conference. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE USE OF SIMULATION IN THE TRAINING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATORS T. E. C. Hughes and J. T. O’Halloran
The Singer Company
Simulation Products Division
Training nuclear power plant
operators has always been a problem—it absorbs the time of skilled men,
requires operational equipment, and is often difficult and potentially
dangerous. Because of the major
expansion of nuclear generating capacity anticipated during the next ten
years, there will be increased requirements for competent staff. Approximately 15,500 additional nuclear
oriented plant and headquarters staff personnel will be required by utilities
in the U.S. by 1982. Of the utilities
expected to have nuclear power plants in operation by 1982, two-thirds of
these will have had no actual operating experience with nuclear power plants
(WASH-1130). Utility managers must
make certain that they receive full value for every dollar expended in
training. They have the
responsibility for the safe and efficient operation of the plant, for gaining
and maintaining public trust and confidence, and for the avoidance of costly
power interruptions. A cost effective
training system for plant personnel will ensure efficient operation and
increase return on investment. The use of simulators for
training power plant operators is becoming more widespread. Operational simulators have been used in
various industries and throughout the military for a number of years in the
training of operators of complex equipment, including both normal and
emergency operating procedures and skills.
The most widely known application of simulators has been in the
training and examination of aircraft pilots.
Simulators have also been used for training astronauts and for
training control room operators for large power plants. These cases require trained personnel
prior to the operation of actual equipment.
Once a nuclear power plant is operational there is little opportunity
for using it for training. Since
practice of all but routine procedures will adversely affect plant
reliability, plant economy, and public and personnel safety, use of the plant
for training purposes is not a cost effective or safe means of solving the
training problem. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. REALISM AND ECONOMY IN SKILL TRAINING A. Lee Sterzer Data-Design Laboratories For optimum training effectiveness and economy, symbolic simulators
should be considered as an important element in any skill-training
program. Symbolic simulators are
paper materials or multi-media programs that symbolically represent
operational hardware and its functions.
The purpose of this device is to simulate the data environment of the
operational hardware so the trainee can practice the mental aspects of
operational and maintenance tasks. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR A COMMAND AND CONTROL TRAINING SYSTEM Alan J. Pesch President, Eclectech Associates, Inc. Dr. Thomas J. Hammell Associate, Eclectech Associates, Inc. William P. Lane Acquisition Director, Naval Training Equipment
Center The Navy is currently
utilizing a greater number of tactical command and control systems comprised
largely of digital computers and digitally driven CRT displays. Examples in the area of Submarine Fire
Control Systems include MK 113 Mods 9, 10, the MK 117, and the Commanding
Officer’s Tactical Display (COTD), and the Standard Information Display
(SID). The training on these and
other similar command and control systems has developed along the somewhat
limited lines of each hardware system.
Thus, a need for optimizing the employment of these systems exists. The most frequent
assumption with regard to training equipment has been to suggest duplicating
the original MIL Spec hardware. A
number of reasons offered in support of this approach are included below. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A GUIDE FOR THE APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE STRUCTURE-ORIENTED CAI IN MILITARY JOBS Dr. Joseph W. Rigney Behavioral Technology Laboratories University of Southern California at Los Angeles and Dr. Arthur S. Blaiwes Research Psychologist, Human Factors Laboratory,
Naval Training Equipment Center The University of Southern
California and the Naval Training Equipment Center, under ARPA funding, are
cooperating in an effort to develop a system which will serve to facilitate
the production of appropriate Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) for the
Navy. This system, basically taking
the form of a model or theory of CAI, is in part derived from and evaluated
by empirical studies as described in other Naval Training Equipment Center
technical reports by the present authors (Rigney, et al., 1973; Rigney, et.
al., in preparation). Because this
empirical aspect of the research exhausts major portions of the resources
available for the project, explication of the system contained herein is in
its earliest stages. It is published
here mainly for heuristic reasons and is not intended to be used as a refined
set of guidelines for developing CAI materials. Even in this initial form, however,
the system can suggest to course authors various components of CAI and gross
steps associated with the development of these components that need to be
considered in the process of course construction. Further development of the system will consist of endeavors to
expand upon current capabilities by offering: (a) specific instructional approaches for the components
forming the structure of CAI; (b) computer programs, capable of implementing
the suggested instructional approaches, which are general enough to apply in
a range of subject matter areas, and (c) computer capabilities for generating
some portions of the CAI specifications for a given application. Thus, CAI program developers will be able
to use the system as an aid to deciding upon instructional approaches
appropriate for their particular teaching objectives. Further, they even will be able to obtain
computer programs, which essentially are ready for application I their
training program. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. CORRELATED DISPLAYS FOR TRAINING–ONE STEP CLOSER TO THE REAL WORLD Dr. W. Marvin Bunker Consulting Engineer, Advanced Technologies
Engineering General Electric Company Techniques for generation
of images and displays by digital computation have advanced at a rapid pace
over the past several years. Systems
are currently in use in which visual scene simulation with computer generated
images (CGI) is applied to pilot training and in which digital radar landmass
simulation (DRLMS) is applied to navigator training. Developments in both these areas have been
reported in previous years at the NTEC and INDUSTRY Conference. Effort is currently under
way to apply similar technology to the simulation of displays from
forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor systems and from low light level
television (LLLTV) systems. The human information
processing in operational situations may be described as follows. The observer obtains information from
available displays, viewing of the scene, and any applicable instruments. By a mental correlation process using
these inputs and a priori knowledge of his location and the world, he forms
an image of the actual environment represented by these inputs. He then takes action based on this image. Existing systems provide to
the trainee only a portion of the inputs available to him on an actual mission
and, to this extent, fail to provide a realistic training situation. Requirements for correlated simulation of
displays from various sources must be determined and met. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN EVALUATION OF DIGITAL RADAR LANDMASS SIMULATION Part I–THE REQUIREMENT
Thomas W. Hoog, Program Engineer
USAF Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC)
Part II–THE DRLMS
Roger C. Dahlberg, Systems Engineer
Singer Simulation Products Division
Part III–THE DATA BASE
Rogers R. Robinson, Physical Scientist
Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center
(DMAAC)
Part I–The Requirement: In order to provide a capability to satisfy the
problems of existing light optical and new Digital Radar Landmass Simulator
Systems, USAF Project 1183 was initiated.
The purpose of Project 1183 is to evaluate the improved training
effectiveness which is possible using a truly high-resolution digital radar
landmass simulation system.
Concurrently, the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) is developing a new
digital database to be used by the simulator. The Project 1183 data base will cover a limited area, 57,000
square nautical miles, with features encoded at various levels of resolution
depending on their relative importance.
The data base is structured so that it is capable of supporting all
future radar landmass simulations.
Features (individual buildings, groups of buildings, etc. in place of
general city outlines) included in the DMA database are described by their
materials type, percent roof cover, percent foliage, height, location,
orientation, size, etc. At the conclusion
of Project 1183 the fidelity of simulation required to train radar operators
will be known as well as the cost to produce the simulation. Similarly, the cost and resources
required to produce a database at specified resolutions will be known. This data will be used in responding to
future needs of Using Commands. Part II–The DRLMS: With the evaluation phase being a central focus of Project 1183, the
hardware/software system must fulfill project goals by providing a flexible
means of synthesizing very high-resolution real-time radar imagery. To achieve this, the DRLMS system is
designed around characteristics of the AN/APQ-113 and AN/APQ-110 radar sets,
in addition to requirements which extend the capability to experimental
purposes. Part III–The Data Base: As a result of the specific USAF requirement
statement and the availability of resources, one of two procedures can be
followed to produce a DDB (see Figure 6).
If photographic imagery is used as the basic source material, terrain
(elevation) information is collected by an analytical stereoplotter, i.e.,
the AS-11 (see lower insert of Figure 6). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. LASER HELICOPTER DOOR GUNNER TRAINER Denis R. Breglia, Research Physicist
and
Alfred H. Rodemann, Research Physicist
Physical Sciences Laboratory, Naval
Training Equipment Center
A Marine Corps Helicopter is
on a medical evacuation mission in hostile territory. The door gunner continually scans the
passing terrain. He watches roads,
buildings, tree lines, streambeds and ridges. His job is purely defensive.
He is watching for enemy fire and alert to take action. Suddenly, he sees muzzle
flashes from a riverbank. He
immediately tells the pilot and starts to fire. He drops a red smoke grenade to indicate he is being fired
upon. He watches his tracers and
ground effect and steers his fire into the target. He must continually correct his fire as the pilot takes evasive
action. These are the duties of the
door gunner. He must observe,
acquire targets, lay down suppressive fire and correct his fire. These are the skills that
must be taught to the door gunner.
These are the objectives of the Laser Helicopter Door Gunner Trainer. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AUTOMATED PERFORMANCE MEASURING Joseph L. Dickman
Manager, Training and Support
Simulation Engineering Corporation
A number of years ago the
concept of multiple cockpits serviced by a single computer, now a common
practice in simulator installations, was a radical innovation; a similarly
radical idea–multiple cockpits monitored by a single instructor, or no
instructor at all–may be equally commonplace in the future. What will make this possible is Automated
Performance Measuring–the use of the computer to evaluate a student’s
performance and provide a printout to report on his proficiency, or lack of
it. In flight training, students
are motivated to solo as soon as possible so they can fly without their
instructor, who can then devote his time to other students. In the simulator, however, there is no
such objective. Solo training in
simulators is rare, and the reason undoubtedly lies in the lack of automated
monitoring and evaluation of what the student is doing. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. DIGITAL AUDIO SIMULATION DEVELOPMENT FOR SONAR TRAINERS G. A. Mann
Principal Development Engineer
Marine Systems Division California Center
of Honeywell, Inc.
The application of digital
simulation techniques for audio simulation in sonar training devices has
overcome many limitations of analog simulation. It has succeeded in providing higher fidelity, better
recognition of sounds, greater reliability, and smaller size and, in many
cases, lower costs. The use of a general-purpose
digital computer with a digital audio simulator in training systems is an
example of the application of advancing technology producing superior
performance with a reduction in complexity and cost. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. SYSTEM MODEL FOR LIFE CYCLE COSTING G. Vincent Amico and James Isham Naval Training Equipment Center The policy on Life Cycle
Costing within the Navy is set forth in SECNAVINST 4000.31 of 7 December 1970
(1). This policy requires that the
techniques discussed in DOD Guide on Life Cycle Costing Procurements (2) be
applied to as much procurement as feasible.
This policy is further implemented by NAVMAT Note 4000 of 10 March
1971 (3), which applies the technique to less than complete weapon system
acquisition. In paragraph 2 of this
Note it is stated, “Life Cycle Costing is a technique of minimizing life
cycle costs by considering the cost of as many logistics elements as possible
during the acquisition process.” The
policy addressed by these instructions primarily deals with the trade-off
that can be made to minimize the cost of a system to the Navy during the
acquisition process. The policy,
because of the recognized difficulty in its implementation, is limited to
less than complete systems. The acquisition process
for weapon systems and related or supporting systems is complex and
lengthy. It would be desirable to
include consideration for the total cost of ownership as a decision factor in
the concept formulation phase of system development. In order to do this it is essential that
the effect of various decisions be understood when Life Cycle Costing
influencing factors, such as reliability, maintainability, parts support,
test equipment, documentation, and other related factors, are being
established. This paper sets forth a
systems approach to the development of a Cost of Ownership Model (COM) that
would provide the quantitative basis for the trade-off decisions that must be
made early in the development process. This
paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. VISUAL SIMULATION AND LIFE CYCLE COSTING David A. Shumway Simulators and Human Factors Division Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base |