|
Simulation
Systems and
Applications,
Inc. |
|
| Info Engineering | ||||
| Company Info | Press Releases | Simulation Resources | Tampa Bay Links | |
11th
NTEC/INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Eleventh
Naval Training Equipment Center/Industry Conference Proceedings
“New
Horizons for Simulation”
14-16
November 1978
TABLE OF CONTENTS
introduction to the conference
NAVAL
AVIATION INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING
ANALYSIS FROM AN OPERATOR’S POINT OF VIEW
USER
ACCEPTANCE IN AN AUTOMATED SPEECH
TECHNOLOGY BASED TRAINING SYSTEM
A PROGRAM
FOR DETERMINING FLIGHT SIMULATOR FIELD OF VIEW REQUIREMENTS
COMPUTER
IMAGE GENERATION OF CURVED OBJECTS FOR SIMULATOR DISPLAYS
The awavs
data base facility: a comprehensive preparation package
when day is
done and shadows fall, we miss the airport most of all
pilot
judgment–training and evaluation
multisensory
perception model for application to aircraft simulation
visual cue
manipulatIon in a simulated air-to-surface weapons delivery task
advanced
simulation for new aircraft
microcomputer
base for control loading
a new
approach for electronic warfare (ew) aircrew trainers
suitability-for-training
evaluation of the CH-47 flight simulator
enabling
features versus instructional features in flying training simulation
training
effectiveness evaluation–past and Present
contractor
maintenance of training devices– answer or alternative
stimulation,
not simulation–an update of in-the-fleet training
a comparison
of computer-aided training versus conventional methods
supportability
demonstration for flight simulators
a
qualitative analysis method for a motion system of combined configuration
simulator
procurement – science or serendipity?
a low-cost
simulator for air-to-ground weapons delivery training
the cfa
concept, a new approach to trainer engineering changes in the field
the role of
simulation in large-scale isd
ew training
in the flight simulator
a simulated
approach to ea-6b eLECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) aircraft training
training
effectiveness versus simulation realism
training
evaluation of the hitmore system
computrol
computer generated day/dusk/night image display
|
introduction to the conference G. V. Amico
Director of Engineering
Naval Training Equipment Center
The theme of this year’s
conference, “New Horizons for simulation,” permits us to assess the progress,
which has been made over the last decade and to forecast the advancement
which will be made within the next decade.
I would like to briefly cover both the mid- and long-range horizons
for simulation technology as it applies to training. The mid-range horizon will
be influenced by the continued advancements being made in the computer field
and will center on the development of training systems. These training systems will encompass a
wide range of instructional media, primarily computer based or controlled
systems, to support major weapon systems.
In consonance with this concept, there will be an increase in the use
of computer controlled and managed instructional systems. These systems will provide the
self-pacing, adaptive and self-evaluating features of the learning process
that are geared to the behavioral requirements of the operational
systems. Reductions in instructor
requirements will be an important feature of these systems. As the complexity of
operational equipment increases through the use of onboard computers with
their associated control and display systems, the cost of the operational
equipment necessary to support operator and team training at multiple sites
becomes prohibitive. This cost factor
alone will lead to training equipment which can be directly interfaced with
the operational system in a matter of hours.
The pierside concept for surface ships has already been proved by
programs, which have been undertaken during the last few years. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
NAVAL AVIATION INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CDR Joseph F. Funaro
Deputy for Training Systems Development
Naval Training Equipment Center
and
Dr. B.E. Mulligan
Department of Psychology
The University of Georgia
Growth in the inherent
complexity of airborne weapons systems over the last thirty-odd years has
been paralleled by the emergence of an equally complex problem–the design of
large-scale cost-effective instructional systems. Until recently, the Navy’s response to this problem has been
much the same as the other armed services and industry. The concept of systems analysis was
embraced as an operational strategy and the principles of applied psychology
and educational technology were transformed into proceduralized methodologies
for training program development. The
result was called the Systems Approach to Training (SAT). The principles underlying
SAT were sound, but the approach suffered a fundamental weakness. It lacked a management system capable of
directing multiple applications of SAT, i.e., a general control process that
would effect a uniform application of SAT across training programs developed
for different weapons systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website.
TRAINING ANALYSIS FROM AN OPERATOR’S POINT OF VIEW Larry H. Nowell
Logicon, Inc.
It is difficult to single
out a group of people and say that their job performance affects the combat
readiness of the fleet without mentioning the Operations Specialists in
Combat Information Center (CIC). The
operators collect, translate, display, evaluate, disseminate data and make
recommendations in relation to Anti-air Warfare Surface Warfare, Subsurface
Warfare, Electronic Warfare, gunfire support, ship maneuvers, data-link
operations and communications. I am
not trying to say that they alone do all of these tasks, but it is normally
their input that affects the total outcome.
The Tactical Action Office (TAO) cannot do their job unless targets
are detected and displayed. Surface
and Subsurface Warfare would wind up in knuckles (disturbance in the water
caused by ships making tight turns that can be mistaken for submarines)
without maneuvering boards and NC-2 plotters. The Air Intercept Controllers (AIC) and Antisubmarine Air
Controllers (ASAC) are the data and voice links to all aircraft. Many Officers of the Deck (OODS) have been
saved from a near miss or going aground by alert operators in CIC.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. USER ACCEPTANCE IN AN AUTOMATED SPEECH TECHNOLOGY BASED TRAINING
SYSTEM Mary Hicklin and Gail Slemon
Logicon, Incorporated
Computers are no longer deaf
and dumb! The automated speech
technologies (AST) have made it possible for computers to converse with their
users. Now computers can actually
understand the spoken word and can speak as easily as they can print. In theory, simulation of the verbal
behavior of persons in the environment is now possible. In practice, the current state of the art
imposes some rather severe limitations on such simulations. This paper describes some practical
problems encountered in the development of a speech technology based training
system for use in an environment where user acceptance is of paramount
importance. The design solutions to
these problems suggest that the state of the art has advanced to the point
where speech technologies can be integrated successfully into today’s
operational simulators, albeit with care in demanding environments. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A PROGRAM FOR DETERMINING FLIGHT SIMULATOR FIELD OF VIEW REQUIREMENTS Major R. Yeend, USMC
Project Pilot
and
D. Carico
Project Engineer, Rotary Wing Aircraft
Test Directorate
Naval Air Test Center
This paper discusses a test
approach for determining the optimum field of view of a flight simulator
visual system as a function of aircraft mission. The program is intended to provide the information needed to
decide which portions of the aircraft’s total field of view should be
simulated and which can be disregarded.
The approach consists of three phrases–drawing board evaluation,
aircraft ground testing, and flight-testing. The procedure is described using CH-46 helicopter as an
illustrative example but it is applicable directly to any aircraft, fixed or
rotary wing. Pilot qualitative ratings
are obtained for each simulated visual configuration during specified flight
maneuvers. Results from the CH-46
program indicated that a pilot/copilot oriented visual system limited the
training potential for both crewmembers.
The optimum configuration for the CH-46E operational flight trainer
was a pilot oriented visual system.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
COMPUTER IMAGE GENERATION OF CURVED OBJECTS FOR SIMULATOR
DISPLAYS Dr. Geoffrey Y. Gardner, Research
Scientist
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
Vehicle simulators have
become a standard tool in training aircraft pilots and other vehicle
operators because use of the actual vehicle can be prohibitively expensive
and dangerous. In addition, training
scenarios that might be undesirable to represent in reality can be simulated
in a controlled environment. Thus,
with simulators, pilots can train for air-to-air combat or missile evasion
and can practice repeated “landings” on an aircraft carrier in heavy
seas. In this way, astronauts were
able to become proficient at landing on the moon long before the lunar lander
had reached the launch pad. Among the most important
training cues in the vehicle simulator is the visual display. Traditionally, simulation of motion has
been provided by large model board systems viewed through television. As the trainer pilot controls his vehicle
motion in “simulation space,” a TV camera ranges over the scene on the model
board and transmits a view corresponding to his simulated perspective. In general, however, the model board technique
has been found to be too limiting. To
cover the large ground areas needed for high-speed aircraft simulation, a
model board of unwieldy size would be required. A change of scene requires an entirely new model board, and
board construction and alteration are very expensive. There are also optical problems such as
depth of focus. Finally, certain
physical scenarios are awkward or impossible with model boards. Low-level helicopter flight among trees,
actual touchdown and motion under objects are examples. Bombing missions, missile firing, and
refueling are others. The basis of
all these problems lies in the physical nature of the model board scene. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website.
a comprehensive
preparation package James Kotas, Ground Systems Department
General Electric Company
and
John L. Booker
Naval Training Equipment Center
A complete data base
creation facility has been developed by General Electric for the Aviation
Wide-Angle Visual System (AWAVS) computer image generator (CIG) at the Naval
Training Equipment Center in Orlando.
This facility provides both on- and off-line capabilities to attack
all facets of the data base development problem. While an off-line data base preparation device alone will
improve the initial ability to digitize and create visual data bases, the
task is incomplete and provision must be made for rapid on-line viewing and
alteration of a new data base to achieve successful environments in a
reasonable length of time. An
off-line facility without on-line support tools is like designing an aircraft
without a wind tunnel. Results are
known only when it is flown, and any modifications must be done statically
(off-line). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
when day is done and shadows fall, we miss the airport most of all Dr. Stanley N. Roscoe
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Both the effectiveness of
pilot training and the safety of flight can be influenced by the distribution
of texture in the visual scene, the distance to which the eyes accommodate,
and the associated shifts in the apparent size and distance of objects in
central and peripheral vision.
Results to date indicate that these factors are involved in various
misjudgments and illusions experienced by pilots: 1)
When searching for
other airborne traffic or targets, 2)
When making approaches
to airports over water at night, 3)
When breaking out of
low clouds on a final approach to a landing by reference to head-up or
head-down displays; and 4)
When practicing
simulated approaches and landings or air-to-surface weapon deliveries by
reference to synthetically generated visual systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
pilot judgment–training and evaluation Dr. Richard S. Jensen
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
JUDGMENT is perhaps the key
to longevity in naval aviation.
Judgment is obviously critical in the in-flight regime where multiple
decisions must be made in a timely, correct, and often irreversible fashion. Just as important, and perhaps too often
overlooked, is the importance of good judgment on the ground. Knowing when not to fly, planning
flights carefully, and realizing personal limitations are examples of good
judgment displayed on the ground (Dunn, 1977). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. multisensory perception model for application to aircraft simulation Joshua Borah
G & W Applied Science Laboratories
Dr. Laurence R. Young
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Renwick E. Curry
NASA Ames Research Center
William B. Albery
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory
Whether in an aircraft or
flight simulator, pilots use information from a variety of sensory mechanisms
to determine their estimate of orientation and motion. An understanding of this process and a
quantitative model are essential for the development of effective simulator
motion cueing devices. A multisensory
model for dynamic spatial orientation is being developed for this purposed
and will be used by the Air Force as a database for development of current
and future force simulation devices.
The model is a potential tool for objectively gauging the relative
fidelity of different simulation strategies and the relative importance of
different cueing devices under various conditions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. visual cue manipulatIon in a simulated air-to-surface weapons delivery task Dr. Ronald G. Hughes, Major Jay Paulsen,
Jr., Rebecca Brooks, and 2LT William Jones
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory,
Flying Training Division
Williams Air Force Base
Experienced pilots with no
prior air-to-surface training practiced a 30 degree dive bombing task in the
T-37 cockpit of the Advanced Simulator for Pilot Training (ASPT) located at
the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Flying Training Division, Williams
AFB, Arizona. Use of a bomb impact
predictor cue by one group of subjects produced no better performance than
that of a second group, which practiced without the cue. Abrupt removal of the cue, which during
training was not made contingent upon performance, produced a significant
disruption of performance on the bombing task, both in terms of accuracy and
in terms of variability of performance.
Best performance was obtained by a third group for which the gunsight
itself was initially withheld in training.
The results are discussed in terms of the need in future systems for
more active control over the stimuli controlling flying performance as well
as the need for research into strategies for making changes in the pilots
environment contingent upon performance. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. advanced simulation for new aircraft Michael L. Cyrus and Dr. Laurence Fogarty
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory
Williams Air Force Base
The traditional procurement
process for new military aircraft simulators results in a long, costly, and
dangerous delay in availability of training equipment, after introduction of
the aircraft. The Advanced Simulator
for Pilot Training (ASPT) of the Human Resources Laboratory, Flying Training
Division has been modified to provide early simulation of the A-10 and F-16
aircraft. The resulting advanced in
A-10 program development has been dramatic.
Although not yet fully operational, the ASPT F-10 simulation will
provide at least comparable benefits for F-16 training program
development. The ASPT modification
program demonstrates a reasonable method of greatly improving availability
and effectiveness of simulator training programs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. microcomputer base for control loading Dr. F. Gerry Albers
School of Engineering
University of Dayton
Simulator designers have
been faced with two familiar problems throughout the digital age of
simulation; namely, framing time crunch and discrete system anomalies
associated with models of analog systems.
This project has been oriented to impact both of these problem areas
as well as to produce a piece of gear suitable for general simulator
usage. The primary rationale for
conducting this research has been to distribute the intelligence of the
simulator to points where it is needed and thus relegate the host computer to
the role of a system manager. The
control loading task was selected because of its suitability for distributed
processing and because of its need for frame rates higher than the nominal 15
to 30 frames-per-second simulator rate.
The U.S. Air Force specified that the results of this effort must
contain data from which it can write specifications and select future
simulator configurations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a new approach for electronic warfare (ew) aircrew trainers Burton W. Graves and Daniel J. Marchegiani
Applied Technology, a Division of Itek
Corporation
This paper discusses the
ever-increasing role of EW training as an outgrowth of the expanding emphasis
on EW in our national defense program.
It discusses the basic requirements of EW aircrew trainers and the
solutions available. One solution is
the hardware stimulation approach, employing racks of pulse and scan
generators to provide RF or video inputs into operational EW equipment. The other solution is the software
simulation approach, modeling the emitter environment and EW equipment in a
general-purpose computer and providing outputs to drive the EW equipment
displays and control panels. The
software approach has significant advantages in hardware cost and complexity,
instructor/operator interface, reliability, maintainability, and ease of
update and modification. However,
fears of modeling the highly sophisticated EW equipment and environments have
kept this approach from being used.
This paper demonstrates that the software approach can be successfully
employed. A discussion of an RWR
training device recently developed by ATI and using the software approach is
contained in this paper. Finally, a discussion
is presented on the application of the software approach to new and future EW
systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. suitability-for-training evaluation of the CH-47 flight
simulator Dr. Garvin L. Holman
United States Army Research Institute
Field Unit
Although many improvements
have been made in the conduct of United States Army helicopters flight
training; the most important part of the student’s instruction is still
performed in an aircraft under the direct supervision of an instructor
pilot. This method is extremely
costly in terms of time required on the flight line by both student and
instructor and in terms of flying hour costs in today’s sophisticated
aircraft. These costs became more
apparent during the late 1960’s when the Army experienced a rapid expansion
of its aviation capability. The huge
increase in the cost of aviation training which accompanied this period of
expansion clearly indicated the need for economical synthetic flight training
systems which could reduce the requirement for use of operational
helicopters. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. enabling features versus instructional features in flying training simulation Dr. Ronald G. Hughes
United States Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory
Flying Training Division, Williams air
force Base
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. training effectiveness evaluation–past and Present Drs. James McGuinness and Jack I. Laveson
Person-System Integration, Limited
Training effectiveness
should be the driving force behind the procurement and use of training
systems. However, there are major
difficulties to overcome in the evaluation of aircraft training systems
effectiveness. The main difficulty
stems from the complexity of the issue, which results in a lack of clear
operational definitions. The Naval
Training Equipment Center has initiated a research program in Training
Effectiveness Evaluation (TEE), an initial part of which is to develop a
model of the TEE process. The main
objective of the initial phase of the program is to define the elements
needed in TEE and to specify the interrelationships among critical
elements. Another objective is to
foster better communications within the training and operational
community. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. contractor maintenance of training devices– answer or alternative Maurice P. Ranc, Jr.
Manager, Product Support, AAI Corporation
and
Edwin P. Kusner
Manager, Mather Operations, AAI
Corporation
Training Devices, in one
form or another, have been with us ever since man first discovered that by
conveying his experienced skills to those who were inexperienced, he could
more readily house, feed, and defend himself. The requirement to maintain training devices has also always
been with us. Training devices took a
giant step forward with Ed Link’s invention of the famous Link Trainer. Since that time, each step in the
development of training devices has been tied to growth during periods of war
or peacetime crises. With each step,
however, the problems associated with training devices became more severe. The cost of software has more than
doubled; the cost of hardware has grown greatly; and personnel related costs
have steadily risen, from 46% of the Defense Budget in 1968 to 61% in
1976. Dramatic increases in the cost
of training, logistic support, retirement benefits, and administration of the
military and Civil Service work force have plagued the Department of Defense. Contract maintenance has
been viewed by many as the logical answer to the dilemma of doing more with
fewer dollars. This paper will
discuss many of the pros and cons of contract maintenance to support the
contention that although it might not be THE ANSWER in each situation,
contract maintenance is indeed a viable alternative that should be carefully
considered when weighing all maintenance factors. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Melvin Paiken
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
Thunderstorm presence is
required to fully complement a weather environment simulation. An in-flight aircraft will be subjected to
forces in part created by moving air in this environment which can be
described by clear air turbulence characteristics. When the aircraft enters a
thunderstorm area, the forces acting on the aircraft due to moving air can
undergo a large change. There are other phenomena
related to thunderstorms that also have to be considered: 1)
Lightning 2)
Thunder 3)
Icing 4)
Radio Noise 5)
Intensity Level
Reflectivity This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. stimulation, not simulation–an update of in-the-fleet training J. Whitney and T. Athnos
General Physics Corporation
Training in the art of
Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) in the U.S. Navy has not been totally
neglected. Yet, neither has it been
conducted with sufficient frequency to produce highly skilled ASW attack
teams able to cope with today’s major threat: the Soviet submarine
force. ASW is mainly a time-consuming
matter of attrition, in which numbers count more as friendly losses mount. Some authorities conclude that the United States,
at most, might sink 10 percent of all Soviet submarines before they took a
serious toll among merchantmen. The United States Navy’s
active submarine force, as recently as February 1977, was out-numbered by the
Soviet active submarine force 322 to 114.
This quantitative shortage could prove crucial in a showdown with the
Soviet Union, since “many-on-one” seems to be Moscow’s rule. Although ASW missions are shared between
surface, subsurface, and air platforms, and the United States holds qualitative
superiority, United States attack submarines face distinct disadvantages
trying to check three times their number. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a new approach from improving tactical action/reaction training and tactical procedures development using the action speed tactical trainer in the german navy CDR. Jurgen Prochnow and LCDR. Bernd
Lehmann
Naval Tactical Training Group
Wilhelmshaven Ebkeriege, Germany In the late sixties the
development of technology for naval warfare came into a dynamic phase by new
innovations in the area of electronic warfare as well as by the introduction
of surface-to-surface missiles and the resulting need to provide defensive
measures against them. The well-known
interdependence of technology and tactics required the adaptation of naval
warfare to these new technical aspects.
The sinking of the Israeli destroyer “Eilath” indicated this very
clearly. The influence on tactics,
provoked by progress in technology of sensors and effectors, forced
consideration of improved tactical training for officers. Up to that time trainers operating via an
electro-mechanical system, had been considered to be sufficient for this
purpose. But it became evident, that
the training devices in their operating concept had to allow for this
interdependence. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Donald K. Swanson
Defense Electronics Supply Center
Parts control is a term used
for several years in the military departments to describe an effort to
control the use of non-standard parts in newly designed equipment and weapon
systems. Today it is much more than
this. It is a concentrated effort by
the military equipment and systems acquisition offices, utilizing Military
Parts Control Advisory Groups (MPCAGs) to not only maximize the quantity of
standard parts used in all new design, but also to minimize the variety of
part types used. The benefits from
this effort are: 1) Increased reliability and maintainability of
equipment and systems. 2) Reduced costs to the government and the taxpayer of
part documentation and qualification testing. 3) Less new part types entering the DOD logistic
inventories; therefore, reduced costs of maintaining those inventories. This paper will attempt to
discuss: 1) How the parts control program evolved through the
use of MPCAGs.
2) The application of the program to the simulators
developed by Naval Training Equipment Center (NTEC).
3) Recent changes in the DOD Parts Control System.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a comparison of computer-aided training versus conventional
methods Dr. Ronald E. Offenstein, G. Donald Lodin,
and Dr. Glenn D. Buell
Autonetics Marine Systems Division
Electronic Systems Group
The capability of the
digital computer has been examined by training equipment designers for
several years with the hope of improving the speed and/or quality of
instruction. The general term,
computer-aided instruction (CAI), has emerged to describe the use of a
computer to prompt, provide feedback, adjust task difficulty, or enable
flexible sequencing for learners and/or training facilities. The use of a computer in these roles is
generally assumed to improve instruction, and possibly reduce recurring costs
by lowering instructional personnel requirements. However, research comparing traditional instruction with CAI is
somewhat limited in terms of generalization making verification of this
assumption for a particular training situation difficult. The study reported here is intended to
extend understanding of the use of CAI to the depth control task of a
remotely controlled submersible vehicle (RCSV). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. supportability demonstration for flight simulators Captain Lee D. Puckett
Acquisition Logistics Operations
Division/Simulator Program Office
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Supportability covers many
areas in the flight simulator world, from reliability, availability,
maintainability, to training, provisioning, logistics support, or technical
data. Many of these areas are
directly testable; many other areas can only be evaluated by indirect
observation. Much effort has been
expended in devising new methods of ascertaining needs of the
Government. A major challenge in
simulator acquisition today is specifying, designing, and enforcing support
characteristics as design parameters.
This paper explores a contractual method of obtaining a reliable and
easily maintainable flight simulator for the life cycle of the device. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a qualitative analysis method for a motion system of combined
configuration David Yih
Naval Training Equipment Center
Currently, the analysis
method of a motion system is dependent upon the pilots’ subjective
evaluation. This paper describes a
method using the data recorded by an instrumented dummy to qualitatively
analyze a combined method system. The
function of the dummy is to record the time histories of linear (force) and
angular (moment) accelerations imposed on the pilot’s station during flight
maneuvers. The dummy is a recording
device instrumented with three linear accelerometers, three gyros, a
seven-tape cassette recorder and two Polaroid instant movie cameras. The pilot’s voice evaluation will use one
of the tapes. The functions of the
two cameras are to monitor and correlate the flight events. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. simulator procurement – science or serendipity? David C. Muth and John C. Finley
Engineering Management Operations
Professional Services Division
Control Data Corporation
Science–Knowledge,
often as opposed to intuition or belief.
Systematized knowledge derived from observation,
study and experimentation. Serendipity–An
apparent aptitude for making fortunate discoveries accidentally. Science or Serendipity? Versions of this question are too often asked of
the simulator procurement process, especially following the unveiling of a
multimillion dollar trainer which incorporates new and wondrous design
features but fails to fulfill the end user training requirements. Following a brief look at some of the
items, which contribute, to this criticism.
We will discuss a comprehensive approach to instructional system
management with emphasis on simulator procurement. Several real world factors
may contribute to any mismatch of simulator capabilities with training
requirements: 1)
To ensure early
availability, simulator design is often frozen while tactical equipment
design and operating procedures are still evolving. 2)
Insufficient assets
are devoted to front-end analysis during the conceptual stages of
instructional program definition. 3)
Training requirements
are inadequately defined or are not reflected in equipment specifications. 4)
Fleet and school
inputs are requested or received too late to be incorporated into the
simulator design.
5)
The simulator is
developed as a stand-alone entity rather than as a component of an integrated
instructional system. 6)
Compromises are
dictated by budgetary or political constraints. 7)
Alternative approaches
to fulfilling training requirements are not identified or investigated. Minimization
of these factors and their effects is essential to the timely delivery of a
simulator which fulfills the maximum percentage of valid training
requirements within budgetary constraints. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a low-cost simulator for air-to-ground weapons delivery training Moses Aronson
Naval Training Equipment Center
A feasibility model of a
low-cost air-to-ground weapons delivery trainer using an area of interest
presentation was assembled and tested at the Naval Training Equipment
Center. The primary factor evaluated
was the pilot acceptability of the visual cue presentation while performing
the final phase of the ground attack mission. The preliminary pilot evaluation showed feasibility of the area
of interest concept for providing visual cues during the final phase of the
attack using rockets. Other attack
modes should also be feasible. Compared
to other approaches developed, the system cost of the NAVTRAEQUIPCEN system
is less, and the risk is less to provide a deliverable trainer to the
fleet. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. the cfa concept, a new approach to trainer engineering changes in the field Moses Aronson
Naval Training Equipment Center
The practice of modification
engineering or engineering change support as performed at NAVTRAQUIPCEN is
based on the premise that trainer service life extension and/or its
conversion to a later configuration is an economical and feasible means of
avoiding procuring additional trainers and having to pay the full production
costs. This concept is similar to
that used by NAVAIRSYSCOM in the conversion of aircraft. Actually, the NAVTRAEQUIPCEN trainer
conversion concept is not new. One of
the earliest conversions I recall was that of the Device 2F16 F9F-5 OFT to
the Device 2F46 F-1E (FJ-4) OFT in the late 1950s. Some of the facets of
modification/modernization/conversion that will be covered in this paper are: 1)
What are these
changes? 2)
What is the magnitude
of the program? 3)
How is it being done? 4)
Where is it going? Let us look at the kinds of
changes, which need to be engineered. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. the role of simulation in large-scale isd Dr. G. P. Kearsley and Dr. A. F. O’Neal
Courseware Incorporated
The scope and complexity of
major Instructional Systems Development (ISD) programs and the sophisticated
and detailed definition of the particular ISD models being utilized in the
military have greatly increased in the last few years. The advanced planning and day to day
management required for such programs has become commensurately more
difficult and complex. The
interactions among the many resources, personnel, and scheduling requirements
involved increases the difficulty of identifying specific sources of problems
and responding to them without causing other problems elsewhere. In response to this management challenge,
interest is greatly increasing in comprehensive, real-time integrated
information management systems for ISD which incorporate a variety of flexible
management projection and simulation capabilities. It is becoming essential to give managers the tools to test the
impact of their decisions before they commit themselves to courses of action
whose consequences are not completely understood. This paper discusses the nature and implications of such
simulation capabilities in ISD program management with particular reference
to two projects recently completed under contract to Defense Advance Research
Projects Agency (DARPA) and the Naval Training Equipment Center
(NAVTRAEQUIPCEN). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. myoelectric feedback control of acceleration induced visual scene dimming in aircraft training simulators Dana B. Rogers and David Quam
University of Dayton
This study is being conducted under
contract with the
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory.
Visual dimming experienced
during aircraft maneuvering accelerations is an important information source
for the simulator pilot. A method for
integration of the man with the simulator is demonstrated using computer-based
physiologic models and readily measured electromyographic signals arising
from the straining maneuver. This
technique forces active participation and energy expenditure by the simulator
pilot similar to the requirements of the aircraft pilot undergoing
accelerations. Simulation models are
developed which relate the effects of the G-suit, straining techniques and
the cardiovascular response system to a single protection variable (PV). The PV signal drives a predictive visual
field model derived from analysis of the retinal circulation in the eye. Allowances are made for subject variation
and cockpit seating accelerations. The model produces accurate
predictions of short-term Gz tolerance in its present form and with slight
modifications can be adapted to include energetic costs for long-term
accelerations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. modification of defense mapping agency aerospace center (DMAAC) digital radar Landmass simulator (drlms)
data base Fortunata V. Altmayer
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
General Electric provides a
planner approximation for data compression of DRLMS database. The data considered were the terrain
elevation slope between adjacent points within a 1 degree X 1 degree
rectangle. Because of the
heterogeneity such a large area, smaller areas 1/1600 of the 1 degree X 1
degree rectangle were considered and the planner approximation applied to
each of the smaller rectangles. To
substantiate the need for a reduction of the 1 degree X 1 degree area, a
roughness index for each of the 1600 blocks in the area in question was
calculated. The Grumman modification of
the General Electric “Trig” (Triangle Generation) algorithm which implements
this planar approximation reduces computational time and enhances the
fidelity of the simulated video signal. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ew training in the flight simulator David L. Adamy
Antekna, Incorporated
The development of
sophisticated, radar controlled antiaircraft weapons and the development of
warning and countermeasure devices to allow aircraft to flight and survive
against those weapons have changed the whole nature of air warfare. Now, warning and countermeasure devices
are considered an integral part of the aircraft’s armament, and training in
the proper use of these devices is in turn an integral part of aircrew
training. With the reduced
availability of fuel, and the resulting drive to move more and more aircrew
training into simulators, there has been increased interest in the addition
of realistic Electronic Warfare (EW) environments in new and existing flight
simulators. It is the purpose of this
paper to discuss the ways in which EW capability is and can be applied to
these flight simulators and the way it interfaces with the other simulator
subsystems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ea-6b eLECTRONIC WARFARE
(EW) aircraft training Robert G. Watkins, Jr.
Manager, Naval Systems Marketing
Sperry SECOR, Sperry Division of Sperry
Rand Corporation
The EA-6B Prowler is the
United States Navy’s most sophisticated electronic warfare aircraft. Designed to employ high-power jammers and
other electronic countermeasures to disrupt enemy radar and communications
and thus screen strike force aircraft from surface-to-air missiles, the EA-6B
also is used to protect surface ships from radar detection by enemy aircraft
and from cruise missiles. Operation of the complex,
advanced electronics gear on the EA-6B demands a high degree of crew training
and readiness. In response to this
requirement, Sperry SECOR of This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. training effectiveness versus simulation realism Dr. W. Marvin Bunker
General Electric Company
Simulation is of continually
increasing importance in training.
Cost, energy, and safety are among the driving factors. The goal of simulator development is to
provide increased training effectiveness.
This is frequently considered to be almost synonymous with increased
simulation realism. Actually, the
relationship between simulation realism and training effectiveness is far
from simple. Realism itself is not a
simple scalar – there are types of realism, and functions of realism must be
considered in multi-dimension space.
This applies to cost as well as to training effectiveness. Questions in this area may not be
difficult to answer, once they are asked.
There is a continual danger that important decisions will be made, and
made incorrectly, due to failure to ask the pertinent questions. This paper considers results from
simulation experiments and training activities over the years. In particular, surprising and
non-intuitive results are examined.
The major goal is to illuminate in some cases tentative answers are
presented. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. training evaluation of the hitmore system Edward Ayral and Major J. Chandler
Imaging Systems Division, Government
Systems
Fairchild Camera and Instrument
Corporation
Recent advances in the
state-of-the-art in video cameras employing all solid-state charge coupled
device (CCD) technology have prompted a re-evaluation of current training
techniques and devices. This paper
discusses the evaluation of this new technology in a training environment. The Fairchild TOW
Helicopter Installed Television Monitor & Recorder (HITMORE) was
developed to provide a capability for real-time monitoring and assessment of
gunner performance and immediate post-mission playback and analysis of
gunner-aim point during live or simulated firings of the TOW Weapon System. In this helicopter
application, the gunner, located in the front seat of the AN-IS TOW COBRA,
utilizes a stabilized Telescopic Sight Unit (TSU) with which he can detect
and accurately track a target. As an
aid to gunner training, and for effectiveness evaluation, provisions for a
16mm film gun camera form a part of the TSU.
Training benefits of this film record are minimal because of the
several day delays between exposure and screening of the film due to film
processing requirements.
Additionally, light level variations limit the usefulness of film
cameras. Another training aid, the
Gunner Accuracy control Panel (GACP) displays azimuth and elevation gunner
errors to the instructor-pilot (IP) in the second seat of the helicopter, but
this system is usable only with specially conditioned targets. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Dr. J. Olin Campbell and Dr. John Hughes
Courseware, Inc.
This paper presents a
procedure for optimizing the selection of study session and device session
media up to but not including life cycle costing. The procedure is presented as a detailed sketch, rather than
complete guide to the process, since the process must be adjusted to fit
individual situations. Media selection involves
three components: (a) determination of media requirements for each objective,
(b) analysis of the requirements for individual objectives into optimized
mixes of training media, and (c) selection of a final mix based upon cost and
availability. This paper presents a
number of steps to accomplish the first two components. The steps are flowcharted in Figure 1. Objectives follow different
paths after they are sorted into study session and device session (hands-on)
types. Study session objectives are
evaluated for special requirements like audio or motion portrayal, and all
media who satisfy those requirements are listed. A set of alternate study session media plans is then prepared,
with each plan giving priority to some media over others. For each plan, in turn, the highest
priority medium, which satisfies the special requirements for each objective,
is selected. The number of objectives
for each medium is then totaled for each plan, and any adjustments caused by
over emphasizing one medium are made. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. computrol computer generated day/dusk/night image display Dr. Ron Swallow
Human Resources Research Organization
and
Roscoe Goodwin and Rudolph Draudin
Advanced Technology Systems
Advanced Technology Systems
(ATS), welcomes this opportunity to describe our advanced computer generated,
full-color, day/dusk/night Simulator Visual System that we call
COMPUTROL™. We believe that the
system represents a genuine breakthrough in the state of the art, in that the
level of picture detail far exceeds that of currently available systems. Among the noteworthy
features of the ATS system are: 1)
Its ability to produce
a full-color, day/dusk/night picture including blue lights. A minimum of 10,000 colored point light
sources can be displayed. 2)
Its ease of generating
a new picture. A new airport can be
programmed in one working day. 3)
Its ability to display
30,000 edges. Expansion to 100K edges
possible. 4)
Its ability to drive
additional independently controlled displays. 5)
Realistic special
effects such as horizon glow, variable cloud cover, variable visibility,
correct sun angle, moving traffic and lights whose intensity varies in slant
range. 6)
No blooming of lights
at the end of the runaway. As will be discussed later,
the technology to produced a high-definition picture with full-color,
smoothly rounded curves and infinite shading has been developed with
illustrative photographs to prove the point.
Color shading has also been developed for transition of one color to
another without abrupt or noticeable effects. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. |
© 1999, 2000, 2001 Simulation Systems and Applications, Inc. All Rights
Reserved.