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11th
NTEC/INDUSTRY CONFERENCE
Eleventh
Naval Training Equipment Center/Industry Conference Proceedings
“New
Horizons for Simulation”
14-16
November 1978
TABLE OF CONTENTS
introduction to the conference
NAVAL
AVIATION INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING
ANALYSIS FROM AN OPERATOR’S POINT OF VIEW
USER
ACCEPTANCE IN AN AUTOMATED SPEECH
TECHNOLOGY BASED TRAINING SYSTEM
A PROGRAM
FOR DETERMINING FLIGHT SIMULATOR FIELD OF VIEW REQUIREMENTS
COMPUTER
IMAGE GENERATION OF CURVED OBJECTS FOR SIMULATOR DISPLAYS
The awavs
data base facility: a comprehensive preparation package
when day is
done and shadows fall, we miss the airport most of all
pilot
judgment–training and evaluation
multisensory
perception model for application to aircraft simulation
visual cue
manipulatIon in a simulated air-to-surface weapons delivery task
advanced
simulation for new aircraft
microcomputer
base for control loading
a new
approach for electronic warfare (ew) aircrew trainers
suitability-for-training
evaluation of the CH-47 flight simulator
enabling
features versus instructional features in flying training simulation
training
effectiveness evaluation–past and Present
contractor
maintenance of training devices– answer or alternative
stimulation,
not simulation–an update of in-the-fleet training
a comparison
of computer-aided training versus conventional methods
supportability
demonstration for flight simulators
a
qualitative analysis method for a motion system of combined configuration
simulator
procurement – science or serendipity?
a low-cost
simulator for air-to-ground weapons delivery training
the cfa
concept, a new approach to trainer engineering changes in the field
the role of
simulation in large-scale isd
ew training
in the flight simulator
a simulated
approach to ea-6b eLECTRONIC WARFARE (EW) aircraft training
training
effectiveness versus simulation realism
training
evaluation of the hitmore system
computrol
computer generated day/dusk/night image display
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introduction to the conference G. V. Amico
Director of Engineering
Naval Training Equipment Center
The theme of this year’s
conference, “New Horizons for simulation,” permits us to assess the progress,
which has been made over the last decade and to forecast the advancement
which will be made within the next decade.
I would like to briefly cover both the mid- and long-range horizons
for simulation technology as it applies to training. The mid-range horizon will
be influenced by the continued advancements being made in the computer field
and will center on the development of training systems. These training systems will encompass a
wide range of instructional media, primarily computer based or controlled
systems, to support major weapon systems.
In consonance with this concept, there will be an increase in the use
of computer controlled and managed instructional systems. These systems will provide the
self-pacing, adaptive and self-evaluating features of the learning process
that are geared to the behavioral requirements of the operational
systems. Reductions in instructor
requirements will be an important feature of these systems. As the complexity of
operational equipment increases through the use of onboard computers with
their associated control and display systems, the cost of the operational
equipment necessary to support operator and team training at multiple sites
becomes prohibitive. This cost factor
alone will lead to training equipment which can be directly interfaced with
the operational system in a matter of hours.
The pierside concept for surface ships has already been proved by
programs, which have been undertaken during the last few years. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
NAVAL AVIATION INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CDR Joseph F. Funaro
Deputy for Training Systems Development
Naval Training Equipment Center
and
Dr. B.E. Mulligan
Department of Psychology
The University of Georgia
Growth in the inherent
complexity of airborne weapons systems over the last thirty-odd years has
been paralleled by the emergence of an equally complex problem–the design of
large-scale cost-effective instructional systems. Until recently, the Navy’s response to this problem has been
much the same as the other armed services and industry. The concept of systems analysis was
embraced as an operational strategy and the principles of applied psychology
and educational technology were transformed into proceduralized methodologies
for training program development. The
result was called the Systems Approach to Training (SAT). The principles underlying
SAT were sound, but the approach suffered a fundamental weakness. It lacked a management system capable of
directing multiple applications of SAT, i.e., a general control process that
would effect a uniform application of SAT across training programs developed
for different weapons systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website.
TRAINING ANALYSIS FROM AN OPERATOR’S POINT OF VIEW Larry H. Nowell
Logicon, Inc.
It is difficult to single
out a group of people and say that their job performance affects the combat
readiness of the fleet without mentioning the Operations Specialists in
Combat Information Center (CIC). The
operators collect, translate, display, evaluate, disseminate data and make
recommendations in relation to Anti-air Warfare Surface Warfare, Subsurface
Warfare, Electronic Warfare, gunfire support, ship maneuvers, data-link
operations and communications. I am
not trying to say that they alone do all of these tasks, but it is normally
their input that affects the total outcome.
The Tactical Action Office (TAO) cannot do their job unless targets
are detected and displayed. Surface
and Subsurface Warfare would wind up in knuckles (disturbance in the water
caused by ships making tight turns that can be mistaken for submarines)
without maneuvering boards and NC-2 plotters. The Air Intercept Controllers (AIC) and Antisubmarine Air
Controllers (ASAC) are the data and voice links to all aircraft. Many Officers of the Deck (OODS) have been
saved from a near miss or going aground by alert operators in CIC.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. USER ACCEPTANCE IN AN AUTOMATED SPEECH TECHNOLOGY BASED TRAINING
SYSTEM Mary Hicklin and Gail Slemon
Logicon, Incorporated
Computers are no longer deaf
and dumb! The automated speech
technologies (AST) have made it possible for computers to converse with their
users. Now computers can actually
understand the spoken word and can speak as easily as they can print. In theory, simulation of the verbal
behavior of persons in the environment is now possible. In practice, the current state of the art
imposes some rather severe limitations on such simulations. This paper describes some practical
problems encountered in the development of a speech technology based training
system for use in an environment where user acceptance is of paramount
importance. The design solutions to
these problems suggest that the state of the art has advanced to the point
where speech technologies can be integrated successfully into today’s
operational simulators, albeit with care in demanding environments. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A PROGRAM FOR DETERMINING FLIGHT SIMULATOR FIELD OF VIEW REQUIREMENTS Major R. Yeend, USMC
Project Pilot
and
D. Carico
Project Engineer, Rotary Wing Aircraft
Test Directorate
Naval Air Test Center
This paper discusses a test
approach for determining the optimum field of view of a flight simulator
visual system as a function of aircraft mission. The program is intended to provide the information needed to
decide which portions of the aircraft’s total field of view should be
simulated and which can be disregarded.
The approach consists of three phrases–drawing board evaluation,
aircraft ground testing, and flight-testing. The procedure is described using CH-46 helicopter as an
illustrative example but it is applicable directly to any aircraft, fixed or
rotary wing. Pilot qualitative ratings
are obtained for each simulated visual configuration during specified flight
maneuvers. Results from the CH-46
program indicated that a pilot/copilot oriented visual system limited the
training potential for both crewmembers.
The optimum configuration for the CH-46E operational flight trainer
was a pilot oriented visual system.
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
COMPUTER IMAGE GENERATION OF CURVED OBJECTS FOR SIMULATOR
DISPLAYS Dr. Geoffrey Y. Gardner, Research
Scientist
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
Vehicle simulators have
become a standard tool in training aircraft pilots and other vehicle
operators because use of the actual vehicle can be prohibitively expensive
and dangerous. In addition, training
scenarios that might be undesirable to represent in reality can be simulated
in a controlled environment. Thus,
with simulators, pilots can train for air-to-air combat or missile evasion
and can practice repeated “landings” on an aircraft carrier in heavy
seas. In this way, astronauts were
able to become proficient at landing on the moon long before the lunar lander
had reached the launch pad. Among the most important
training cues in the vehicle simulator is the visual display. Traditionally, simulation of motion has
been provided by large model board systems viewed through television. As the trainer pilot controls his vehicle
motion in “simulation space,” a TV camera ranges over the scene on the model
board and transmits a view corresponding to his simulated perspective. In general, however, the model board technique
has been found to be too limiting. To
cover the large ground areas needed for high-speed aircraft simulation, a
model board of unwieldy size would be required. A change of scene requires an entirely new model board, and
board construction and alteration are very expensive. There are also optical problems such as
depth of focus. Finally, certain
physical scenarios are awkward or impossible with model boards. Low-level helicopter flight among trees,
actual touchdown and motion under objects are examples. Bombing missions, missile firing, and
refueling are others. The basis of
all these problems lies in the physical nature of the model board scene. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website.
a comprehensive
preparation package James Kotas, Ground Systems Department
General Electric Company
and
John L. Booker
Naval Training Equipment Center
A complete data base
creation facility has been developed by General Electric for the Aviation
Wide-Angle Visual System (AWAVS) computer image generator (CIG) at the Naval
Training Equipment Center in Orlando.
This facility provides both on- and off-line capabilities to attack
all facets of the data base development problem. While an off-line data base preparation device alone will
improve the initial ability to digitize and create visual data bases, the
task is incomplete and provision must be made for rapid on-line viewing and
alteration of a new data base to achieve successful environments in a
reasonable length of time. An
off-line facility without on-line support tools is like designing an aircraft
without a wind tunnel. Results are
known only when it is flown, and any modifications must be done statically
(off-line). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
when day is done and shadows fall, we miss the airport most of all Dr. Stanley N. Roscoe
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Both the effectiveness of
pilot training and the safety of flight can be influenced by the distribution
of texture in the visual scene, the distance to which the eyes accommodate,
and the associated shifts in the apparent size and distance of objects in
central and peripheral vision.
Results to date indicate that these factors are involved in various
misjudgments and illusions experienced by pilots: 1)
When searching for
other airborne traffic or targets, 2)
When making approaches
to airports over water at night, 3)
When breaking out of
low clouds on a final approach to a landing by reference to head-up or
head-down displays; and 4)
When practicing
simulated approaches and landings or air-to-surface weapon deliveries by
reference to synthetically generated visual systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website.
pilot judgment–training and evaluation Dr. Richard S. Jensen
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
JUDGMENT is perhaps the key
to longevity in naval aviation.
Judgment is obviously critical in the in-flight regime where multiple
decisions must be made in a timely, correct, and often irreversible fashion. Just as important, and perhaps too often
overlooked, is the importance of good judgment on the ground. Knowing when not to fly, planning
flights carefully, and realizing personal limitations are examples of good
judgment displayed on the ground (Dunn, 1977). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. multisensory perception model for application to aircraft simulation Joshua Borah
G & W Applied Science Laboratories
Dr. Laurence R. Young
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Dr. Renwick E. Curry
NASA Ames Research Center
William B. Albery
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory
Whether in an aircraft or
flight simulator, pilots use information from a variety of sensory mechanisms
to determine their estimate of orientation and motion. An understanding of this process and a
quantitative model are essential for the development of effective simulator
motion cueing devices. A multisensory
model for dynamic spatial orientation is being developed for this purposed
and will be used by the Air Force as a database for development of current
and future force simulation devices.
The model is a potential tool for objectively gauging the relative
fidelity of different simulation strategies and the relative importance of
different cueing devices under various conditions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. visual cue manipulatIon in a simulated air-to-surface weapons delivery task Dr. Ronald G. Hughes, Major Jay Paulsen,
Jr., Rebecca Brooks, and 2LT William Jones
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory,
Flying Training Division
Williams Air Force Base
Experienced pilots with no
prior air-to-surface training practiced a 30 degree dive bombing task in the
T-37 cockpit of the Advanced Simulator for Pilot Training (ASPT) located at
the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Flying Training Division, Williams
AFB, Arizona. Use of a bomb impact
predictor cue by one group of subjects produced no better performance than
that of a second group, which practiced without the cue. Abrupt removal of the cue, which during
training was not made contingent upon performance, produced a significant
disruption of performance on the bombing task, both in terms of accuracy and
in terms of variability of performance.
Best performance was obtained by a third group for which the gunsight
itself was initially withheld in training.
The results are discussed in terms of the need in future systems for
more active control over the stimuli controlling flying performance as well
as the need for research into strategies for making changes in the pilots
environment contingent upon performance. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. advanced simulation for new aircraft Michael L. Cyrus and Dr. Laurence Fogarty
Air Force Human Resources Laboratory
Williams Air Force Base
The traditional procurement
process for new military aircraft simulators results in a long, costly, and
dangerous delay in availability of training equipment, after introduction of
the aircraft. The Advanced Simulator
for Pilot Training (ASPT) of the Human Resources Laboratory, Flying Training
Division has been modified to provide early simulation of the A-10 and F-16
aircraft. The resulting advanced in
A-10 program development has been dramatic.
Although not yet fully operational, the ASPT F-10 simulation will
provide at least comparable benefits for F-16 training program
development. The ASPT modification
program demonstrates a reasonable method of greatly improving availability
and effectiveness of simulator training programs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. microcomputer base for control loading Dr. F. Gerry Albers
School of Engineering
University of Dayton
Simulator designers have
been faced with two familiar problems throughout the digital age of
simulation; namely, framing time crunch and discrete system anomalies
associated with models of analog systems.
This project has been oriented to impact both of these problem areas
as well as to produce a piece of gear suitable for general simulator
usage. The primary rationale for
conducting this research has been to distribute the intelligence of the
simulator to points where it is needed and thus relegate the host computer to
the role of a system manager. The
control loading task was selected because of its suitability for distributed
processing and because of its need for frame rates higher than the nominal 15
to 30 frames-per-second simulator rate.
The U.S. Air Force specified that the results of this effort must
contain data from which it can write specifications and select future
simulator configurations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. a new approach for electronic warfare (ew) aircrew trainers Burton W. Graves and Daniel J. Marchegiani
Applied Technology, a Division of Itek
Corporation
This paper discusses the
ever-increasing role of EW training as an outgrowth of the expanding emphasis
on EW in our national defense program.
It discusses the basic requirements of EW aircrew trainers and the
solutions available. One solution is
the hardware stimulation approach, employing racks of pulse and scan
generators to provide RF or video inputs into operational EW equipment. The other solution is the software
simulation approach, modeling the emitter environment and EW equipment in a
general-purpose computer and providing outputs to drive the EW equipment
displays and control panels. The
software approach has significant advantages in hardware cost and complexity,
instructor/operator interface, reliability, maintainability, and ease of
update and modification. However,
fears of modeling the highly sophisticated EW equipment and environments have
kept this approach from being used.
This paper demonstrates that the software approach can be successfully
employed. A discussion of an RWR
training device recently developed by ATI and using the software approach is
contained in this paper. Finally, a discussion
is presented on the application of the software approach to new and future EW
systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. suitability-for-training evaluation of the CH-47 flight
simulator Dr. Garvin L. Holman
United States Army Research Institute
Field Unit
Although many improvements
have been made in the conduct of United States Army helicopters flight
training; the most important part of the student’s instruction is still
performed in an aircraft under the direct supervision of an instructor
pilot. This method is extremely
costly in terms of time required on the flight line by both student and
instructor and in terms of flying hour costs in today’s sophisticated
aircraft. These costs became more
apparent during the late 1960’s when the Army experienced a rapid expansion
of its aviation capability. The huge
increase in the cost of aviation training which accompanied this period of
expansion clearly indicated the need for economical synthetic flight training
systems which could reduce the requirement for use of operational
helicopters. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. enabling features versus instructional features in flying training simulation Dr. Ronald G. Hughes
United States Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory
Flying Training Division, Williams air
force Base
This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. training effectiveness evaluation–past and Present Drs. James McGuinness and Jack I. Laveson
Person-System Integration, Limited
Training effectiveness
should be the driving force behind the procurement and use of training
systems. However, there are major
difficulties to overcome in the evaluation of aircraft training systems
effectiveness. The main difficulty
stems from the complexity of the issue, which results in a lack of clear
operational definitions. The Naval
Training Equipment Center has initiated a research program in Training
Effectiveness Evaluation (TEE), an initial part of which is to develop a
model of the TEE process. The main
objective of the initial phase of the program is to define the elements
needed in TEE and to specify the interrelationships among critical
elements. Another objective is to
foster better communications within the training and operational
community. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. contractor maintenance of training devices– answer or alternative Maurice P. Ranc, Jr.
Manager, Product Support, AAI Corporation
and
Edwin P. Kusner
Manager, Mather Operations, AAI
Corporation
Training Devices, in one
form or another, have been with us ever since man first discovered that by
conveying his experienced skills to those who were inexperienced, he could
more readily house, feed, and defend himself. The requirement to maintain training devices has also always
been with us. Training devices took a giant step forward with Ed Link’s |