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COST EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHT
SIMULATORS FOR MILITARY TRAINING
SOFTWARE
MANAGEMENT OF A COMPLEX WEAPON SYSTEM SIMULATOR
KEEPING DOWN
THE COST OF TRAINING–A CHALLENGE TO THE USER
ADVANCED
INSTRUCTIONAL CONCEPTS IN FLYING TRAINING SIMULATION
THE
INFLUENCE OF FULL-MISSION SIMULATION ON VISUAL SYSTEM CAPABILITY
APPLICATION
OF THE CILOP PRINCIPLE TO SIMULATORS
RADAR
WARNING TRAINING DEVICES
A NEW
CONCEPT FOR APPLICATION OF MICROCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO REAL-TIME TRAINERS
DEVELOPMENT
OF A LANDING SIGNAL OFFICER TRAINER
AIRCRAFT
SIMULATORS–RECENT IMPROVEMENTS AND AREAS OF RESEARCH
IMMEDIATE
LEARNER ACHIEVEMENT AS AN EFFECT OF AESTHETIC EMBELISHMENT IN EDUCATIONAL ART
TRAINEE
MONITORING, PERFORMANCE MEASURING, BRIEFING,
AND DEBRIEFING
INTEGRATION
OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE SIMULATION INTO THE F-16 WEAPONS SYSTEM TRAINER
A MECHANISM
FOR COMMUNICATING SIMULATOR
INSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE REQUIREMENTS
THE GOOD
STICK INDEX A PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT FOR AIR COMBAT TRAINING
SPACE
SHUTTLE SINGLE SYSTEM TRAINER
TRIDENT
COMMAND CONTROL SYSTEM ONBOARD TRAINING: SIMULATE OR STIMULATE
A DYNAMIC
SIMULATOR FOR TRAINING WITH
MAN-PORTABLE AIR DEFENCE WEAPONS
RELIABILITY
ENHANCEMENT OF SIMULATORS THROUGH PARTS
CONTROL
SOME CRUCIAL
PROBLEMS IN TRAINING TANK GUNNERY SKILLS
A SIMULATION
MODEL FOR BATTALION COMMAND TRAINING
AIR-GROUND
ENGAGEMENT SIMULATION (AGES): REALISTIC AND EFFECTIVE TRAINING FOR AIR DEFENSE
PERSONNEL
NEW
DEVELOPMENTS IN NAVY FIRE FIGHTER TRAINERS
CIG
TRANSLUCENT FACE SIMULATION PROVIDES MULTIPLE BENEFITS
COMPUTER
-GENERATED TEXTURING TO MODEL REAL-WORLD FEATURES
REAL-TIME
GENERATION AND SMOOTH SHADING OF QUADRIC SURFACES
EVALUATION
OF FIREARM SIMULATION SYSTEMS FOR TACTICAL TRAINING OF POLICE
A
MICROCOMPUTER IMPLEMENTATION OF A SIMPLE VISUAL DISPLAY SYSTEM
INSTRUMENTATION
SUPPORT FOR EVALUATING MILITARY EXERCISES
INDIRECT
FIRE SIMULATION USING REMOTELY PILOTED HELICOPTER
A VERSATILE
WEAPON ENGAGEMENT SCORING SYSTEM (LWESS)
MARKSMANSHIP
AND GUNNERY LASER DEVICE (MAGLAD)
A
COST-EFFECTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR AIRCREW TRAINING DEVICES
PILOT
PERFORMANCE IN THE VISUAL CARRIER LANDING TASK–SIMULATOR VS. FLIGHT
USING THE
MICROPROCESSOR TO TAILOR COMPUTER SYSTEMS TO TRAINING SIMULATOR REQUIREMENTS
VISUAL
INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM
COMPUTER
GENERATION OF FULL COLORED TEXTURED TERRAIN IMAGES
ADVANCED
FEATURES IN CONTROL LOADING AND MOTION SYSTEMS FOR SIMULATORS
EMULATION AS
A SONAR TRAINER MODEL VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION TOOL
RECENT
ADVANCES IN OCEAN MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR SONAR TRAINERS–FBM SOT
ALGORITHMIC
PRESCRIPTIONS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
APPLICATION
OF SOFTWARE DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR SMALL MAINTENANCE TRAINERS
TRAINING
REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION DURING EARLY PHASES OF WEAPON SYSTEM ACQUISITION
IMPLEMENTING
AIRCREW JUDEMENT TRAINING
COST EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIGHT SIMULATORS FOR MILITARY TRAININGDr. Jesse Orlansky Mr. Joseph String Institute for Defense Analyses The Purpose of this Paper
is to evaluate research and development on the cost and effectiveness of
flight simulators used for training. The use of flight simulators for
purposes other than training is not considered. This study was performed for the Deputy Director of Defense Research
and Engineering (Research and Advanced Technology). The advantages of flight
simulators for training purposes are well known. They permit close
observations of pilot performance and immediate feedback which improves
learning; they permit training pilots in many types of malfunctions not often
encountered in flight, they are safe and permit training independent of
weather, air traffic and the availability of aircraft; they save fuel,
ammunition, targets, wear and tear on airplanes and, above all, the lives of
pilots. But simulators also have some important disadvantages. Even the most
advanced simulators have limited fidelity in external vision, platform motion
and flight equations, they cannot provide the motivation and stress possible
only in aircraft; and they are expensive to produce and to operate. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT OF A COMPLEX WEAPON SYSTEM SIMULATOR Albert S. Goldstein Wendell J. Newell The Boeing Company This paper presents the
history and lessons learned in the development and implementation of the
computer programs for a large complex Weapon System Trainer (WST). The WST is a high fidelity simulator of
the B-52 and KC-135 crew stations.
The WST includes visual, motion, sound, and a highly flexible
instructional system. The contract
for the development of a production prototype unit began in mid-1977. The development team consisted of the
Boeing Company, Wichita as integrator and several subcontractors responsible
for the various stations and systems. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. INFANTRY WEAPONS TRAINERAlbert H. Marshall and Bon F. Shaw Naval Training Center. Dr. Herbert C. Towle University of Central Florida The infantry Weapons Trainer
is an electrooptics-based, microcomputer-controlled, training device that
enables tactical infantry weapons training under a simulated high-stress
battlefield environment in a classroom or aboard ship. In a short period of
time a trainee can be subjected to a large variety of combat situations where
each trainee’s performance is analyzed in real-time, and immediate feedback
is given to both the trainees and instructor. Combat scenarios can be changed
to fit any potential battlefield requirement. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. KEEPING DOWN THE COST OF TRAINING–A CHALLENGE TO THE USERAlexandra B. Taylor The Singer Company Simulator users, in
particular the military, are facing restrictive procurement budgets as well
as rapidly increasing maintenance costs for existing simulators. The simulator
industry would like to meet the challenge of keeping down both the
acquisition cost and the support cost of future training devices. Industry attempts to limit procurement
costs by utilizing designs and software developed on previous programs. At
the same time, industry attempts to develop and offer new designs in areas,
which yield a significant decrease in the cost of ownership. At times
however, industry is constrained for a Request for Proposal (RFP) that
specifies detailed design rather than performance objectives. These design
specifications often have serious cost impacts. Detailed design
specifications can be replaced by functional specifications, which will allow
industry maximum design creativity while giving the user a more cost-effective
training device. Government sensitivity to
the cost impact of detailed design specifications is reflected in Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-109, Major Systems Acquisitions. OMB A-109 recommends defining system or
training objectives rather than specifying detailed system design and
performance requirements. OMB A-109
emphasizes the definition of mission needs and program objectives
independently of a particular system or technological solution in order to
stimulate innovation and competition.
By writing a functional procurement specification, industry will be
encouraged to create, explore, and develop alternative system design
concepts. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. ADVANCED INSTRUCTIONAL CONCEPTS IN FLYING TRAINING SIMULATION Dr. Ronald G. Hughes Air Force
Human Resources Laboratory. The following material is
the script portion of a sound/slide presentation entitled “Advanced
Instructional Concepts in Flying Training Simulation.” The presentation is unclassified, and is
available upon request from AFHRL/FT, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona 85224. Economic and resource
constraints demand more cost-effective approaches to routine training
needs. The impact of these
constraints upon the air Force is seen in the increased use of simulators at
all levels of flying training. This research represents
the beginning of an effort by the Flying Training Division of the Air Force
Human Resources Laboratory to collect data upon which to base such
guidance. The research approach
involves studying the effects of a variety of instructional variables as
measured by performance on representative “benchmark” tasks. Among the tasks considered are carrier
landings, aerial refueling, and air-to-surface weapons delivery. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE INFLUENCE OF FULL-MISSION SIMULATION ON VISUAL SYSTEM CAPABILITY In evaluating the prototype
full-mission simulator for Western Germany’s multi-role combat aircraft, the
PANAVIA TORNADO, important experience was gained in determining the degree of
quality demanded of the visual system by this type of simulator. The role of the TORNADO as
the principal battlefield interdiction and strike aircraft for the West
German military required pilots to maintain a high degree of combat readiness
for a multitude of tactical situations.
Four Air Force and two Navy wings should be operational by 1985 and
the overall program calls for each wing to be equipped with a full-mission
simulator capable of performing a degree of realism never achieved before in
simulation with the German Air force.
The simulators are to be delivered progressively over a three and one
half-year period starting in 1981. Decisive consideration of
the TORNADO training program took place during 1975. At that time, start-of-the-art technology
in motion systems, digital radar landmass simulation and, in particular,
computer-generated visual image systems (CGVIS) indicated that a full-mission
simulator was both technically and economically feasible. A major condition of the
TORNADO training program was to develop, integrate and evaluate the CGVIS in
prototype form before committing to a definitive technical specification. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. APPLICATION OF THE CILOP PRINCIPLE TO SIMULATORS The acronym CICLOP was
coined by the Department of Defense just a few years ago. It stands for “Conversion in Lieu of Procurement” and
was an attempt to decrease the cost of new programs. Although the acronym has
almost faded into oblivion, the concept remains both valid and active. The basic principle behind
CILOP is to decrease the cost of programs by modifying existing systems
rather than starting from scratch.
This principle moves along two separate and distinct tracks, both
starting from a common point but traveling in different directions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. RADAR WARNING TRAINING DEVICESWilhelm Gerhardt and Bert R. Lindsey McDonnell Douglas Electronics Company The proliferation of
sophisticated hostile radar-directed weapon systems, and the complexity of
modern radar warning systems (RWS) dictates that our aircrews are thoroughly
trained in the techniques of electronic warfare (EW). Mission success is
directly dependent upon the aircrew’s competence in interpreting the threat
environment via the radar warning displays and their ability to react quickly
and correctly to this threat situation. This competence and ability are
achievable only with extensive, high-caliber training. To provide this
training within today’s time and economic constraints requires multiple
training media utilized to produce the most cost-effective combat ready
results. This paper suggests
augmentation of existing academic and flight-simulator training with a
hands-on interactive desktop trainer for improved indoctrination and
refresher training, as well as in flight simulation to reinforce this
training in a high stress environment. The paper describes a
compact universal desktop trainer, which is software programmable to simulate
the user’s radar warning system. A method of entering and changing threat
data and creating mission scenarios for the trainer, which requires no
programming ability, is described. The paper also discusses in-flight simulators,
which provide simulated threat presentations on the actual radar warning
equipment and display threat responses to flight and tactical maneuvers. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A NEW CONCEPT FOR APPLICATION OF MICROCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY TO REAL-TIME TRAINERS This paper presents a
summary of an analysis of a new and unique concept of microcomputer
technology application to real-time trainers that has been developed by NAVTRAEQUIPCEN.
It summarizes the technical objectives, the conceptual analysis, technical
feasibility, and life-cycle cost trade-offs. The required technologies for
system implementation are identified and a status of the exploratory
development to achieve the required technologies and demonstrate concept
feasibility is provided. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. DEVELOPMENT OF A LANDING SIGNAL OFFICER TRAINERJ. W. Lacy and C. W. Meshier Vought
Corporation The Landing Signal Officer (LSO) Trainer, developed through an austere yet comprehensive research and
development program at Vought, will provide another first in naval aviation
training. It will provide simultaneous simulation training, with performance
evaluations for LSO’s and pilots in a closed-loop mode. LSO on-the-job
training requirements for the control of actual aircraft are eased. JP-5,
aircraft flight hours, aircraft maintenance, and time in the training of an
LSO are direct savings. In an era of more restrictive budgets and reduced
operations, the opportunities to teach and learn aircraft control are more limited.
The Landing Signal Officer Trainer will increase the training opportunities
and provide a closed-loop pilot/LSO training relationship. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. AIRCRAFT SIMULATORS–RECENT IMPROVEMENTS AND AREAS OF
RESEARCH Dr. M. McKinnon and Mr. D. Raptis CAE
Electronics Ltd. The aircraft simulator
industry follows closely the state of the art in all the disciplines of
interest in flight simulation, both commercial and military. This paper presents recent
improvement in motion hardware and software, their interdependence as well as
active areas of research and possible future trends. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. IMMEDIATE LEARNER ACHIEVEMENT AS AN EFFECT OF AESTHETIC EMBELISHMENT IN EDUCATIONAL ART The purpose of this study
is to determine the effects of levels of artwork in audio-visual sound-slide
teaching devices on message comprehension. More specifically, the experiment
was undertaken to determine whether a student can obtain as much information
from simple art (line drawings, stick figures, geometric patterns, etc.) as
he/she can from a more complex rendition of the same subject, including full
human figures, extremely detailed subject matter, use of color and more
embellishment for the purpose of intensifying the aesthetic quality of the
visual. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. DESIGNER’S IMAGINATION AND EXISTING HARDWARE AND CREATIVE SOFTWARE PERFORMANCE-BASED MULTI-IMAGE INSTRUCTION Dennis Duke, Education Specialist and Murray
Tesser , Chief, Television Production United States Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon Today’s Department of
Defense has made great advances in developing and utilizing innovative
training materials within the last ten years. The Army, for instance,
currently employs the Instructional System Development (ISD) model in the
design of all training material. This model is unparalleled in defining and
analyzing instruction in a very logical and coherent manner. However, the model is only a tool. The
development of quality training packages is dependent upon the competence and
imagination of instructional designers. This paper seeks to review and
transcend the ISD model in suggesting methodological training innovations for
cost effective strategies to improve instructional packages. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINEE MONITORING, PERFORMANCE MEASURING, BRIEFING, AND DEBRIEFING My purpose in writing this
paper is to present in an organized way some of the methods that are being
employed in today’s state-of-the-art digital flight simulators to monitor
trainee performance and to provide simulator instructors with effective
briefing and debriefing tools. It is not my purpose to suggest that the
information presented herein represents the ultimate in design, or that it
represents future methods that will be employed, since we in the simulation
field know that much work is being done in this area and that much work
remains to be done. Rather, my intention is to
present typical methods and system hardware that is being employed. You may
draw your own conclusions as to the effectiveness of this typical system
which will be described. In fact, it is my hope that you will find this paper
an aid to drawing your own conclusions regarding this most important aspect
of the simulation training problem. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. INTEGRATION OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE SIMULATION INTO THE F-16
WEAPONS SYSTEM TRAINER The F-16 Simulator Program
consists of the purchase of a set of Weapons System Trainers (WST) for the
United States Air Force, plus expanded Operational Flight Trainers (OFT) for
the United States Air Force, the Royal Norwegian Air Force, the Royal Danish
Air Force, the Royal Netherlands Air Force, and the Belgian Air Force as well
as for Foreign Military Sales. An F-16 WST will consist of
the systems illustrated in Figure 1.
Each of the systems, the basic OFT (hereinafter designated OFT), the
Electronic Warfare Trainer Device (EWTD), the Digital Radar Landmass
Simulation (DRLMS), and the Fighter/Attach Simulator Visual system (F/ASVS),
is known as a building block. An expanded OFT will
consist of an OFT, and either a DRLMS, and EWTD or both. It does not include a F/ASVS or
interconnection of OFT cockpits. Each building block will be
purchased on separate contracts. The
Simulator System Program Office developed this concept to take maximum
advantage of technologies in each area of simulation without being
constrained to a single contractor’s approach. This paper will discuss the
system engineering aspects of the integration process and their application
to the preparation of the Request for Proposal (RFP) for the F-16 EWTD. It will begin with an overview of each
building block and then it will discuss four basic integration
principles. Next it will briefly
overview the Electronic Warfare (EW) simulation problem. Finally, it will discuss the application
of the basic integration principles to the EWTD procurement and how this
application resulted in the derivation of another principle, which was also
applied to the EWTD and will become central to integration of other building
blocks. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. A MECHANISM FOR COMMUNICATING SIMULATOR INSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE REQUIREMENTS Paul W. Caro, Robert N. Isley, and Lawrence D.
Pohlmann Seville Research Corporation Almost constant advances in
the capabilities and complexity of flight training devices have characterized
the history of flight simulation.
Most of these advances have involved increased fidelity of simulation.
That is, simulator design has emphasized physical correspondence between the
device and the aircraft simulated and between the simulated and aircraft
(real) environments. As a result,
flight simulators increasingly look, feel, sound and perform like aircraft. The emphasis upon fidelity
in simulator design has resulted in devices that are costly to procure and
operate. In spite of such costs, however, fidelity in flight simulators is
widely acclaimed as useful and, in many cases, even essential to effective
training. Because of the cost of high
fidelity devices, the development of simulator designs that permit more
efficient training is a necessary goal. A simulator designed to
permit efficient training is one whose instructional and other features
permit instructional activities to be conducted with a relative minimum of
time and effort. Several recent
efforts to develop more efficient simulators have sought to achieve greater
efficiency by eliminating the instructor from portions of the instructional
process through development of instructional features that permit automatic
training and performance measurement (e.g., Brown, Waag and Eddowes, 1975,
Semple, Vreuls, Cotton, Durfee, Hooks, and Butler, 1979). Others have concentrated on developing new
measures of performance (Walsh, Burgin, and Fogel, 1979) or on manipulation
of the task cues present during simulator training (Hughes, Paulsen, and
Brooks, 1978). A few studies have
examined the role of the instructor in non-automatic simulator training and
the manner in which the simulator’s instructional features facilitate or
hinder that role. These latter
studies have concentrated upon simulator instructor/operator stations (IOS)–the focus of control of most instructional features–and the extent to
which IOS design impacts instructional efficiency. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. THE GOOD STICK INDEXA PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT FOR AIR COMBAT
TRAINING Charles W. Meshier and Samuel B. Moore Vought Corporation Robert E. Coward Air Force Human Resources Laboratory Tactical Research Branch, Luke Air Force Base Measuring the proficiency with
which a pilot performs a basic fight maneuver is a difficult task. Many
parameters come into play. . .the least of which is the frequently used term.
. .skill. A simulated environment
provides an easily managed atmosphere in which to develop and design
proficiency measurement techniques, or performance measurements, that may
eventually be applied in an airborne environment. This paper reports on one candidate system that has been
studied and validated based on the expert opinion of instructor pilots providing
air combat training to Tactical Air Command
(TAC) Pilots. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SPACE SHUTTLE SINGLE SYSTEM TRAINERRobert L. Myers National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Henry G. Brown, Hal W. Halpin, and Terry L. Stratton Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation The
Space Shuttle Single System Trainer was developed to enable more effective
use of available training time on the Shuttle Mission Simulator by
off-loading basic systems training from the mission simulator. In comparison to the mission simulator,
the trainer is a low-cost interactive systems trainer using two medium
fidelity student stations, each containing the Orbiter forward and aft flight
deck displays and controls. These student stations are interfaced with
application programs in a minicomputer to provide a realistic flight training
environment. The trainer math model fidelity enables the use of normal
mission checklist and malfunction procedures in operating the Orbiter
systems. The trainer provides systems level operations and skill training to
shuttle flight crews, flight controllers, and flight operations support
personnel on a single Orbiter system basis. Display and control
familiarization, normal operation and malfunction procedure training are
completed in the trainer in preparation for all-up flight crew training in the
mission simulator. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TRIDENT COMMAND CONTROL SYSTEM ONBOARD TRAINING:SIMULATE OR STIMULATE
Dr. Edward F. Rizy Raytheon Company Submarine Signal Division This study was conducted under contract with the
Naval Underwater Systems Center Onboard training has
probably been a feature of shipboard operations as long as there have been
ships. Military vessels are typically in training mode during peacetime. Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarines
have been somewhat of an exception.
This strategic deterrent deploys and operates under secure and alerted
conditions. Nevertheless, the FBM
platform is used customarily for training junior officers and seamen on the
basics of FBM operation, middle-grade officer’s enlisted men in supervision
and command. Team and ship training
exercises are used to practice and verify ship control, emergency and missile
launch procedures. A Command and Control
System (CCS) level onboard training system is postulated not to supplant
existing training but to complement and amplify it. At this early stage of electronic training device development
for onboard application, some positions in the ship’s complement are very
difficult to integrate into an onboard training plan. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A DYNAMIC SIMULATOR FOR TRAINING WITH MAN-PORTABLE AIR DEFENCE WEAPONS John A. Kreuzer Brunswick Corporation, Defense Division Charles L. Norris Atlantic Research Corporation William F. Hill Dynamic Simulation The depth of training
required for weapons systems that have a high man-engagement performance
requirement is a difficult task. Should a man solely depended upon to engage
and destroy a high-performance/high value threat be allowed to train by
actually firing the weapon? When the
gunners number in the thousands and the weapon costs in the thousands, would
this be practical? Conversely, can
the gunner realistically be totally trained without experiencing a live
weapon firing? Even the USA and USMC differ in their solutions to this
dilemma as evidenced by their individual approaches to training for the
Redeye Weapon. Hopefully, both services will realize that for the new Stinger
Weapon, the common goal must be a well-trained, confident gunner. Both the Redeye
man-portable air defense weapon and its upgraded version, designated Stinger,
are designed so that one man can shoulder-launch the missile to intercept and
destroy threats ranging from hovering helicopters to high-speed maneuvering
jet aircraft threats. The necessity for having a
well-trained gunner that can engage a high-value threat on the first attempt
requires a high degree of weapon confidence and operational proficiency. Brunswick Corporation as the prime
contractor for the United States Marine Corps to develop a Redeye Launch
Simulator (RELS) and a Singer Launch Simulator (STLS) believes the answer
lies in providing a trainer that allows a cost-effective live firing
experience. This training of a new
student or requalification of a trainer gunner can be effectively culminated
by firing a low-cost duplication of the actual weapon. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. RELIABILITY ENHANCEMENT OF SIMULATORS THROUGH PARTS CONTROL Mr. Robert E. Depp and Mr. John F. Raye Defense Electronics Supply Center One of the major cost
factors in the acquisition of a new military weapon system is the electronic equipment
and the associated parts used in that system. During the recent past, the
proliferation of new electronic parts types have both helped and hurt the
cost of electronic equipment in military systems. The ever-increasing development of new electronic devices has
made it difficult to maintain current designs. This situation has ultimately
resulted in diminishing sources of supply along with reliability and
maintenance problems for military equipment. Past studies in the
Department of Defense (DOD) and Congress have concluded that an effective
standardization and parts control program during design helps lessen
ownership costs and establishes a known reliability level for electronic
equipment. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. SOME CRUCIAL PROBLEMS IN TRAINING TANK GUNNERY SKILLSDr. David W. Bessemer and Dr. Brian L.
Kottas
United States Army Research Institute for
the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Fort Knox Field Unit
Instructional systems development presents many prob |