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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CIG Data Bases–Where are We Headed?
Automatic
Transformation of the DMA DDB For Real Time Visual Simulation
Automation
of Data Base Development In Computer Image Generators
Effective
Antialiasing of Computer Generated Images
Distortion
Correction in Computer-Image Generation-Based
Wide Angle Visual Display Systems
Computer
Generation of Curvilinear Objects
Joining
Techniques for Optically Combined Visual Display Systems
High
Output–High Speed Video Images Projector Adapted to the Simulation Needs
Training
Techniques Using Computer Generated Imagery (CGI)
Digital
Visual Special Effects
Visual Cue
Requirements for Terrain Flight Simulation
A New Visual
SYSTEM Architechture
Realscan—A
CIG System with Greatly Increased Image Detail
Conceptual
Design of a Rotorcraft Advanced Visual System
Cost-Effectiveness
of Computer-Based Instruction For Military Training
Establishing
the Training Cost for a Complex Weapons System: An Example Using the P-3 FRS
A Total
Training System Cost Effectiveness Model
The
Relevance of Cognitive Psychology to Instructional Technology
Instructional
Factors in Modern Trainer Development
Closed-Loop
Training Systems Through the Application of Instructional Features
Instructional
Design for Aircrew Judgement Training
Student Flow
Simulation Model–Applied to U.S. Navy Consolidated Electronic Warfare Training
System
The Role of
the Prime Airframe Manufacturer as an Instructional Systems Developer
Optimizing
Simulator-Aircraft Training Mixes*
Transfer of
Training Effectiveness Evaluation for UNITED
STATES Navy Device 2B35
United
Airlines Use of CRI/CMI/CAI
The Marine
Corps Mastery Learning Project: New Directions in Training
Development
of TGTS–A Tank Gunnery Training Simulator
1200 PSI
Propulsion Plant Trainer–Device 19E22
Development
of Smartts Training Technology
An All-Software
ImplementaTion of Embedded Trainer Capability
Advanced
Fighter Avionics Simulation Design: The Simulate/Stimulate Question
Developmental
Tests For Artillery EngagemenT Simulation
The
Semi-Automatic Instructional System
Scenario
Development for the Firefinder Operator And Maintenance Trainer
Avoiding the
Pitfalls in Maintenance Simulator Design
LT-2
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE TRAINER, F-16 AIS
E-3A
Maintenance Procedure Simulators–A New Breed of CATs
Performance
Technology in the Armed Forces: New Techniques for Maintenance Training Simulator Design
The
Simulator Data Test Instrumentation System A New Concept in Training Device
Fidelity Measurement
ASPT
G-Seat/G-Suit Optimization
Real-time
Digital Simulation of Aircraft for Training Applications–Past, Present, and
Future
Data
Acquisition and Analysis System as a Training Device for Simulated Conventional
Weapon Delivery
Visual and
Infared Ship Modeling for Computer Image Generation
Considering
People at the Point of
Simulator
Qualification Testing–Sharing the Risks
On-line
Configuration Management
Software
Development for the Multi-environment Trainer (MET)
Software
Quality Assurance Applied to Trainer System Development
Software-intenSe
Trainers: A Step Forward In Automated Software Support
Penalty/Incentive
Contractor Support for Training Devices
Cost
Effective Acquisition of Contractor Maintenance Training
Cost
Effectiveness in Data Management or Why
Buy More Than You Need?
EW Training
Using Radar Electromagnetic Environment Simulation
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CIG Data Bases–Where are We Headed? Robert W. Beck,
Program Engineer and Micheal R. Nicol,
Visual Engineer Aeronautical Systems
Division U.S. Air Force
Systems Command Wright-Patterson Air
force Base The rapid advancement in
capabilities of computer image generation (CIG) visual systems has resulted
in increased application of such systems from take-off and landing training
to full-mission simulation. These full-mission
applications dictate a need for the creation of high-fidelity databases
covering large geographical areas on the order of multiple thousands of
square miles. As a consequence, the
manual techniques employed in the past to create small, airfield vicinity
databases are not practical for generation of very large databases. Clearly, some type of automated data base
generation technique is required.
Current trends are aimed at utilizing the Defense Mapping Agency
(DMA), CIG system constraints, and training utility of the end product limit
the amount of automation possible in the data base generation process. This paper discusses the evolution of the
CIG data base generation process from total manual methods to current trends
toward full automation. Practical
limits of automation and potential future developments are examined. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Automatic Transformation of the DMA DDB For Real Time Visual Simulation Paul Hughett, Lead Systems
Engineer for Data Base Software Link Division, The
Singer Company This visual data base transformation
program automatically transforms the Defense Mapping Agency Digital Data Base
(DMA DDB) into a data base for real-time simulation of the B-52
electro-optical viewing system. The
user reviews the source data and specifies edge budgets, error tolerances,
and visual/infrared models for DMA planimetry feature classes. The DMA DDB is read re-blocked into
standard geographical areas; data from different manuscripts, levels, and
releases are merged into a composite source file. The user may edit the composite source. Then planimetry and terrain are
independently modeled into visual/IR representations and progressively
simplified (levelled) to meet the specified edge and error budgets at several
levels of detail. The leveled
planimetry and terrain are integrated into a combined scene model and
reformatted for real-time use.
Utility software facilitates production management and configuration
control. Significant advances include
automatic level of detail generation, terrain modeling, planimetry/terrain
integration, and a 100-fold speedup in data base generation. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Automation of Data Base Development In Computer Image Generators Timothy B.
Cunningham and Gino O. Picasso General Electric
Company Military requirements for
large scale training missions on computer image generation (CIG) systems have
placed increased emphasis on the CIG data base development process. General Electric produces large scale data
bases in a semi-automatic process involving the transformation and enhancement
of Defense Mapping Agency digital data bases into CIG scene descriptors. The enhancement process is the limiting
factor in the evolution of a fully automated data base development system,
and suggests a requirement for a single source data base. Future General Electric CIG systems will
incorporate automation technology to allow for low cost generation of visual
scenes meeting strategic applications of specific weapon systems trainers. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Effective Antialiasing of Computer Generated Images Dr. Geoffrey Y.
Gardner and Edwin P. Berlin Jr. Grumman Aerospace
Corporation Aliasing in computer
generated image produces artifacts, which degrade training
effectiveness. A rigorous
implementation of low-pass filtering required to prevent aliasing requires
computation too extensive to be incorporated into real-time computer image
generation (CIG) systems. As a
result, current CIG systems employ poor approximations to proper filtering,
and aliasing still occurs. This paper discusses the
theory of image filtering and demonstrates a new real-time anti-aliasing
technique developed from the theory.
The new technique represents a much closer approximation to the
rigorous solution and therefore produces images of much higher quality than
current real-time techniques. At the
same time it requires less computation. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Distortion Correction in Computer-Image Generation-Based Wide Angle Visual Display Systems Jerome T. Carollo
and Nathaniel D. Reynolds General Electric
Company Wide angle visual display
systems used in flight simulation systems often exhibit distortion due to the
display geometry and/or optics.
Distortion correction in the image generator permits the use of a wide
variety of display systems with the assurance that the correct perspective of
the environment is always presented to the viewer. The paper will address the definitions of geometric and optical
distortion followed by a discussion of some parameters relating to Computer
Image Generation (CIG) and display system performance. Several kinds of displays including domes,
on-or-off axis infinity systems, will be considered, together with the image
projection devices used in these displays, including unshapeable light value
projectors with f-tan 0, f-0, or anamorphic lenses, laser displays, or
dynamically changing projectors. Some
discussion of the distortion correction implemented on the Aviation Wide
Angle Visual System (AWAVS) and Visual Technology Research Simulator’s (VTRS)
two flight simulators CTOL and VTOL at the Naval Training Equipment Center
(NTEC), Orlando, Florida will be presented. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Computer Generation of Curvilinear Objects Johnson K. Yan Link Division, The
Singer Company This paper surveys
alternative approaches to curvilinear object generation by computer. These alternative approaches are compared
in terms of ease of generation of silhouettes of objects, ease of intensity
computation, ease of texture generation, image quality, data base compactness
and flexibility of modeling free-form curvilinear objects. The alternative approaches surveyed are
planar surface approach, quadric surface approach and parametric surface
approach. Other techniques within the
class of parametric surfaces, which appear to be promising, but have not yet
been tried are also discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Joining Techniques for Optically Combined Visual Display Systems Jerry L. Bentz McDonnell Douglas
Electronics Company Since the introduction and FAA
certification of VITAL in March 1972, computer generated image display
modules containing a spherical mirror, beamsplitter, and cathode ray tube
(CRT) have become very familiar to flight simulator visual system users. Increased utilization of simulators has
created the need for expanded visual system fields of view. CGI techniques and creative variations to
these basic display modules are satisfying this need. In less than one decade,
visual display systems have progressed from single module, single channel to
multiple channels using optically combined modules. To provide for these broader requirements, McDonnell Douglas
Electronics company (MDEC) has developed three separate approaches employing
optical combining techniques. They
are modular, wide field of view and zero gap. All are capable of being optically joined into multiple module
configurations with overlapping imagery, and each exhibits a different set of
tradeoff considerations. This paper
discusses field of view (FOV), and describes the joining characteristics for
each technique. It concludes by
presenting photographs of imagery from our latest configurations, the wide
Field of View and Zero Gap overlapped displays. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. High Output–High Speed Video Images Projector Adapted to the Simulation Needs Francois Desvignes
et Jean R. Huriet Societe Anonyme
d’Etudes et Realisations Nucleaires (SODERN) France The main specifications, for
the visual displays associated with military aircraft simulators are first
recalled; they take into account the eye properties for spatial resolution,
color and speed of response. These
specifications are examined from the point of view of simulator design and
video-to-visual image converters. The
features of a new projector developed by SODERN are then briefly described and
their adaptation to simulator needs are discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Behavioral Bases for
Determining Vehicle Detailing In Simulation Displays Dr. Brian L. Kottas
and Dr. David W. Bessemer United States Army
Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Effective representation of
armored vehicles in simulation displays demands a careful evaluation of human
perceptual capabilities. This holds
especially true for computer generated target displays, which must provide
sufficient detail to allow vehicle identification within limitations of
computer processing time and display resolution. Even in image generation and display systems not incurring such
limitations, the image detail need not exceed human perceptual and cognitive
information processing capabilities.
Providing excessive detailing of targets may, in fact, produce
negative training by allowing those being trained to depend on information
unavailable in combat for target identification training and its implications
for target displays are discussed.
Estimates are presented for the visibility of features of threat and
friendly main battle tanks, based on analysis of past empirical research done
under ideal visibility conditions and visibility data from past research. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Training Techniques Using Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) David B. Coblitz |