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I/ITSEC 1981 — 3rd I/ITSEC
THE CHALLENGE OF VISUAL SIMULATION
FOR AIR FORCE FLIGHT SIMULATORS
HELMET
MOUNTED LASER PROJECTOR
COMPUTER
PROGRAM FOR DISTORTION ANALYSIS IN SPHERICAL SCREEN DISPLAYS
TARGET TV
PROJECTOR WITH DYNAMIC RASTER SHAPING FOR USE IN DOME SIMULATORS
AN AUTOMATED
GUNNER PERFORMANCE EVALUATOR
DIGITAL PROCESSING
OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR VISUAL SIMULATION
TRAINING LOW
LEVEL TERRAIN FLIGHT IN A SIMULATOR
EFFECT OF
FIELD OF VIEW ON PERFORMING A LOW ALTITUDE MANEUVERING TASK
TRINOSCOPE
COLOR DISPLAYS FOR SIMULATION
ARMY MAINTENANCE
TRAINING AND EVALUATION SIMULATION SYSTEM
(AMTESS)
A PLAN FOR
THE EVALUATION OF THE F-16 SIMULATED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TRAINERS (SAMTs)
AN
INDIRECT-FIRE TERMINAL EFFECTS SIMULATOR
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLIED TO TRAINING DEVICES
GUIDES FOR
VOICE TECHNOLOGY IN NAVY TRAINING SYSTEMS
INTERACTIVE
MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEM
ON THE USE
OF A FLIGHT SIMUATOR'S FREEZE FEATURE DURING ACQUISITION OF A CARRIER LANDING
TASK
TRAINING
EFFECTIVENESS — A TOTAL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE
WRITING AN
ISD TRAINING PROGRAM CONCURRENTLY WITH FULL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
TEAM
PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS
THE MOTION
GENERATOR FOR THE ROTORCRAFT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SIMULATOR
INTERACTIVE
FLAT PANEL INTELLIGENT DISPLAY TERMINALS AND TECHNIQUES
ADA HIGH
ORDER LANGUAGE TRAINING USING COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION
SOFTWARE/HARDWARE
INTEGRATION –
TECHNIQUES
FOR AVERTING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING TRAINER SYSTEM SOFTWARE
ANTI-ARMOR
MISSILE FLIGHT SIMULATOR
PHANTOM
RANGE — AN EW TRAINING SYSTEM
WARGAME-BASED
TRAINING SYSTEMS
A UNIQUE
RADAR WARNING EQUIPMENT TRAINER CONCEPT BASED ON DIGITAL STIMULATION
LOW COST
WEATHER RADAR SIMULATION
SIMULATION
OF MODERN RADARS IN FULL TACTICS SIMULATORS
MID-RANGE
TRAINERS: CONCEPT AND DESIGN AS APPLIED TO THE B-52 OAS/CMC PART TASK TRAINER
FOREIGN
MILITARY TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 32
NEW
FRONTIERS FOR COMPUTER AIDED TRAINING 34
SURVIVING
THE PITFALLS AND TROLL BRIDGES IN
STATE-OF-THE-ART CBI DEVELOPMENT
PART TASK
TRAINERS: AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO MEET TRAINING REQUIREMNTS
ADVANCED
GROUND MAPPING RADAR SYSTEMS A
SIMULATION CHALLENGE FOR THE 80's
AN
EVALUATION OF AN EXTREMELY LOW COST CELESTIAL NAVIGATION TRAINER OR
COMPETITIVE
CONTRACTING OF NON-PERSONAL SUPPORT SERVICES FOR FLIGHT SIMULATORS
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
OF MAINTENANCE SIMULATORS FOR MILITARY TRAINING
COMPETITIVE
PROTOTYPING DURING FULL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING
DEVICE ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT MODEL (TDAMM)
POST
DEPLOYMENT SOFTWARE SUPPORT
MILITARY
PERSONNEL SHORTAGES THROUGH THE YEAR 2000 — ENOUGH TALK! LET'S DO SOMETHING!!!
DMSC PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
TRAINING
ASPECTS OF FIELDING A MAJOR WEAPON SYSTEM — THE UH-60A BLACK HAWK
CONTRACTOR
DEVELOPED TRAINING PACKAGES ARE THEY ADEQUATE?
TRAINING THE
FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON SYSTEM
SIMULATION
IN THE CANADIAN FORCES
THE NATIONAL
TRAINING CENTER A TOTAL EXPERIENCE TRAINING CENTER
PIERSIDE
COMBAT SYSTEMS TRAINING WITH THE 20B4 47
THE M58A1
TRAINING AID, PERSONAL DECONTAMINATION KIT
|
THE CHALLENGE OF VISUAL SIMULATION FOR AIR FORCE FLIGHT SIMULATORS Robert W. Beck Aeronautical Systems
Division U.S. Air Force Systems
Command Wright-Patterson AFB The performance requirements
for visual systems to support Air Force flight simulation far exceed the
requirements for visual systems which support commercial airline
simulators. The difference in
requirements stems from the diversity and complexity of military fight
missions. While visual systems for
airline simulators are generally easily defined and delivered on a
predictable schedule, most Air Force visual system procurements are not so
straightforward. The difficulty in
obtaining visual systems to meet Air Force requirements in a predictable
manner arises largely from the fact that current commercially available
visual systems have been designed to support airline type missions; the
expansion of these systems to meet Air Force training requirements has been
less than graceful. This paper
examines the differences between airlines and Air Force flight missions, the
impact of these differences on system performance requirements and the
resultant challenges in Air Force visual system procurement for both the Air
Force and the contractor. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. HELMET MOUNTED LASER PROJECTOR Denis R. Breglia Advanced Simulation
Concepts Laboratory Naval Training Equipment
Center A visual simulation system
design is described which provides an observer seated in a cockpit with an
apparent high resolution display over a wide field of view limited only by
cockpit structure. The system
utilizes a Helmet Mounted Opto-mechanical Laser Projector to produce a
composite display on a high gain screen surrounding the cockpit. The display consists of two full color
laser rasters comprising an inset and a surround. One raster is dedicated to a relatively narrow, high resolution
area of interest which tracks the observer's look direction. The other raster provides a wide, low
resolution instantaneous field of view in the surrounding area corresponding
to the observer's peripheral field.
The other major system components are a head attitude sensor, an eye
attitude sensor and a two channel computer image generation system whose
performance is tailored to the display requirements. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DISTORTION ANALYSIS IN SPHERICAL SCREEN DISPLAYS Richard C. Hebb Simulation Technology
Branch Naval Training Equipment
Center In visual simulation, the
distortion of imagery in wide-angle display systems is a major concern. Effective flight training requires that
imagery presented to a trainee provide a proper perspective view of his
simulated environment without distortion.
Use of spherical screens (domes) introduces both perspective and
geometrical distortion into the wide-angle displays. Use of video projection systems with
Computer Image Generation (CGI) offers the options of raster shaping or
computer re-mapping of raster pixels for distortion correction. The goal in distortion correction is to
provide proper perspective of imagery to a trainee. The basic causes for distortion and a computer program for
analysis of spherical screen distortion will be discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TARGET TV PROJECTOR WITH DYNAMIC RASTER SHAPING FOR USE IN DOME SIMULATORS Richard E. Holmes Training Systems Group,
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc. Large dome simulators for
air-to-air and air-to-ground aircraft weapons tactics trainers are coming
into prominence. In such devices, the
training objective is to improve pilot proficiency and coordination by allowing
the pilot to train in the use of weapons in realistic operational and threat
environments. Typically, the pilot
will fight against a TV projected image that is slewed across the field of
view. Sometimes neither the pilot's
eyes nor the TV projector lens is located at the center of the dome screen. From geometrical considerations, a
standard rectangular or square TV image looks distorted to the pilot. The degree and shape of the distortion
changes with the shift in location of the "target" on the screen
relative to the pilot as it is slewed either by servo pointing the entire
projector or by optical means. This paper describes the
design and development of a TV projector that is capable of predistorting the
TV raster such that from the pilot's viewpoint the image will look
rectilinear at all times. This
dynamic raster shaping can be updated at the TV field rate (typically 60
times per second) so that there is no perceptible jumpiness in the image as
the shape is varied. In addition, the
raster can be zoomed to create the appearance of distance change to the
target and rotated to compensate the effects caused by the mirror steering of
the target image across the dome. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. VISUAL DISPLAY RESOLUTION AND CONTRAST REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR COMBAT SIMULATION: AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER MODELING Alfred T. Lee, Ph.D. University of Dayton
Research Institute Ronald G. Hughes, Ph.D. Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory A study on the effects of
target resolution and contrast in air combat engagements was conducted to determine
the potential impact of visual display characteristics on the effectiveness
of air combat simulation training. A
large-scale computer model of air combat engagements was used to investigate
the effects of 2 and 4 arc min. of target resolution and target/background
contrast ratios of 0.5 and 9.0. The
study results are discussed in the context of the benefits of enhanced visual
display characteristics in practicing the skills required in air combat. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN AUTOMATED GUNNER PERFORMANCE EVALUATOR Melvin R. Phillips,
Senior Engineer Curtis E. Rodden,
Engineer Titusville Division McDonnell Douglas
Astronautics Co. The training of gunners for
man-portable tactical missile systems (such as Dragon) currently requires the
gunner to track a vehicle-mounted target and field IR source beacon. This means that large areas are required,
approximating tactical target ranges.
These space/facility requirements limit training opportunities. To increase opportunities while
elimination (or reducing) space requirements, a simulation device is required
that displays battlefield scenario images in the gunner's sight. Currently, simulator technology can
optically generate simulated battlefield scenes via a computer controlled
display screen. However, the high
cost of complexity of such a system is prohibitive when used in a tactical
training scenario. This paper
describes a low-cost, microprocessor-based training device to overcome these
drawbacks. The major component of the
system is a high resolution graphic display sub-system that generates images
via multiple gray-level video signals displayed on a Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT). The image data is stored in
memory and accessed via software.
Gunner tracking movements are measured and used to modify the position
of the displayed image, thus realistically simulating tactical scenes. The gunner's performance is evaluated by
determining tracking errors relative to target line-of-sight (LOS) and
comparing these errors to established error limits. Since the system will be small and relatively inexpensive, it
will readily lend itself to classroom or field training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. DIGITAL PROCESSING OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR VISUAL SIMULATION Mr. John T. Hooks, Jr. Manager, Image Processing Vought Corp. Dr. Venkat Devarafan Engineering Specialist Vought Corp. This paper describes the
full color out-the-window visual system simulator for the Navy' A7E Weapons
System Trainer (WST), based on the Vought — developed Computer Animated
Photographic Terrain View (CAPTV) concept.
The system has excellent scene realism due to its real-world
photographic database. Any geographic
area can be "flown over" in the simulator with virtually no
restrictions on aircraft attitude, position, altitude, heading or velocity. The flyspace can be increased indefinitely
by additions to the terrain library.
The display field of view is modularly expandable up to nearly the
full encircling sphere while maintaining resolution of all parts of the
scene. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING LOW LEVEL TERRAIN FLIGHT IN A SIMULATOR Bernell J. Edwards, David
L. Pohlman, George H. Buckland, and Clarence W. Stephens Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory Operations Training
Division Williams AFB In this study the use of
augmented feedback was investigated as a means of training low altitude
perceptual motor flying skills in a flight simulator. Sixteen T-38 student pilots enrolled in
Air Force undergraduate pilot training participated as subjects. Eight subjects in an experimental group
were trained to fly low level in a simulated A-10 aircraft using special
altitude prompts (lights on the glareshield and auditory tones in the
headset) to assist them in discriminating altitude cues provided in the
simulated visual environment. Eight
subjects in a control group received training identical to that of the
experimental group, less prompting. A
computerized data record system captured a continuous record of altitude,
vertical velocity, number of crashes, and other performance parameters on
each of eight training trials and two test runs in which prompts were
omitted. All subjects flew a total of
ten runs. The prompted group achieved
significantly lower altitude performance on two of four critical task
segments compared to the control group during the training trials. However, subjects in the prompted group
crashed significantly more times per trial than did subjects in the control
group during the training. During the
test runs performance of the two groups for altitude, vertical velocity, and
frequency of crashes was not significantly different. The results of the study do not appear to
warrant continued investigation of this technique for low level training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. EFFECT OF FIELD OF VIEW ON PERFORMING A LOW ALTITUDE MANEUVERING TASK Dean Carico and Lloyd D.
Corliss U.S. Army Aeromechanics
Laboratory, Ames Research Center Visual systems with a single
window display are often utilized in ground based simulators used to study
helicopter flying qualities during visual low altitude maneuvering
tasks. The effects of this limited
field of view (FOV) on pilot assessments of flying qualities are
uncertain. A study was conducted
using a variable stability UH-1H helicopter to compare restricted and
unrestricted FOV for a range of flying qualities. With the restricted FOV, the pilots reported reduced ground
track precision owing to loss of visual contact with the course markers. However, the predictable ground track of
the repeated S-turn task with no obstacles made it easy for them to
anticipate their maneuvers, and resulted in only a slight degradation of
pilot ratings. The degradation was
not sensitive to large changes in helicopter flying qualities. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC's This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRINOSCOPE COLOR DISPLAYS FOR SIMULATION Richard E. Holmes Training Systems Group,
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc. Dr. F. Gerard Albers Simulation and Control Systems
Department General Electric Company The resolution capabilities
of computer image generators (CIG) used for simulation and training have
advanced to the degree that they exceed the capabilities of existing shadow
mask, direct view color TV displays and color TV projectors. One solution to this problem is the modern
day implementation of a trinoscope color display that uses the optical
merging of three high resolution monochrome cathode ray tubes — red, green,
blue color phosphors, respectively — to produce a full color image. Such systems are particularly suitable for
telescopes and periscopes needed in tank or submarine simulations where the
color-combining optics can be integrated into the simulated sight
optics. This paper describes the
technical advances required to assure maximum resolution and, more
importantly, superior color convergence (i.e., the capability to make the
three CRT images fall exactly on top of the other so that the resulting full
color image is produced without undesirable color fringing). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ARMY MAINTENANCE TRAINING AND EVALUATION SIMULATION SYSTEM (AMTESS) Dr. Robert T. Dybas Mechanical Engineer PMTRADE The AMTESS concept is
considered to be a forerunner of a new direction in maintenance
training. It will have the capability
of providing introductory maintenance training at the institutional level, as
well as proficiency training in the field environment. The system will be a modular and flexible
maintenance concept with broad applicability to perform in various
areas. The basic AMTESS requirements
were generated as a result of an extensive front end analysis by four highly
experienced contractors working independently. The Air Defense and Ordnance Schools were selected for the
initial analysis effort. As a result,
each contractor provided a basic design of a system which would meet all of
the AMTESS requirements. This effort
constituted Phase I of the program.
The second phase of the program resulted in the delivery of an AMTESS
by each of the two most qualified contractors from Phase I. An extensive evaluation period is planned
by the Ordnance school, and the Air Defense School to ensure the training
effectiveness of AMTESS. The inherent
modularity of the AMTESS and the ability of the instructors to modify POI's
will provide a device with a wide range of flexibility and adaptability to
overall maintenance training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A PLAN FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE F-16 SIMULATED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TRAINERS (SAMTs) Jennifer A. Smith, Staff
Scientist Rohn J. Hritz, Program
Director George R. Purifoy, Jr.,
Program Manager Applied Science
Associates, Inc. Gerard Deignan, Project
Engineer Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory Lowry Air Force Base A research plan was
developed to evaluate the cost and training effectiveness of the F-16
SAMTs. Historically, such evaluations
have been conducted by comparing the effectiveness of the simulator against
that of an actual equipment trainer (AET).
However, readily comparative training devices and approaches do not exist
in the case of the F-16. To evaluate
the training effectiveness of the SAMTs, a criterion referenced approach was
selected. Students will be assessed
on their ability to perform maintenance tasks, taught using the SAMTs, on
actual F-16 aircraft. End-of-course
measures and follow-up retention testing will be conducted. Engine, pneudraulic, electrical, and
flight control system tasks will be evaluated. Task selection criteria include difficulty, criticality, and
frequency of performance. Specific
training capabilities of the SAMTs to be assessed include two instructional
features: the malfunction insertion capability and automatic student
monitoring. A comparison will be made
between the performance of students trained with the malfunction insertion
feature operational versus without this instructional capability. The use of the student monitoring
capability will be assessed through interviews with the course
instructors. A comparative approach
was adopted for assessing the cost effectiveness of the SAMTs. The cost of the hypothetical AET delivery
system with the same set of learning objectives as the courses the SAMTs are
utilized in will be computed and compared to the SAMT delivery system. Major
categories in the cost model include facilities, instructional equipment,
instructional materials, personnel, and supplies. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN INDIRECT-FIRE TERMINAL EFFECTS SIMULATOR Robert C. Michelson Senior Research Engineer Georgia Institute of
Technology Engineering Experiment
Station Frank R. Williamson Senior Research Engineer Georgia Institute of
Technology Engineering Experiment
Station This paper describes the
concept development and feasibility demonstration of a man-safe cueing system
for the impact of indirect fire in a simulated battle field environment. This system provides a safe, cost-effective
method for including mortar and artillery into the battle field
training/evaluation scenario for both mounted and dismounted players. This cueing system is based on a
lightweight projectile having a very low impact energy and carrying a
flash/bang/smoke generator. This
projectile is launched from a low pressure pneumatic device that is capable
of projecting the cue to ranges of 200 to 300 meters using a simple
constant-mass, constant-drag projectile.
A manually controlled launcher was constructed to demonstrate the
feasibility of the cueing concept. A
remote controlled, multiple shot launching device (providing coverage of a
one kilometer diameter circle) is well within current technology. The soft-nose projectile is designed to
have a terminal energy similar to that experienced during the impact of a
served tennis ball. The flash,
acoustic and smoke cues are tailored for player safety. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. MICROPROCESSORS APPLIED TO TRAINING DEVICES Donald Ellison Manager, Product
Engineering Gould Inc., Simulation
systems Division Computer Controlled Trainer
Simulation traditionally has been done with minicomputer class
processors. Instruction, speed and
flexibility, as well as good hardware and software support, are some of the
reasons for the domination of the minicomputer in the area of simulation. However, over the past decade, microprocessor
performance has improved to such an extent that microprocessors may rival
some of the best minicomputers currently available. Microprocessors may be used to offload the mini in areas such
as complex real time handling of I/0 and number crunching, as well as
monitoring hardware status.
Distributed processors allow the mini to process more data, with less
hardware needed to perform the simulation task. Microprocessors may also replace minicomputers completely in
systems requiring real time number crunching with limited precision
calculations, such as radar simulation or part task trainers. Additionally, software support has become
quite extensive with many of the leading microcomputers, including ANSI
FORTRAN, Basic and Pascal, making the micro a viable candidate to replace the
mini computer for simulation of military or commercial equipment. Such a system offers reduction in costs,
weight, and power consumption with increased reliability and flexibility. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. W.S. Meisel, President Speech Systems
Incorporated Computer voice response and computer
speech recognition can provide a valuable supplementary training aid for
military training systems. For
training devices based on media or software which is hard to change, voice
can provide supplementary information and allow spoken amendments to course
information. For simulators which
attempt physical fidelity to a particular defense system, speech provides a
medium which can communicate information to and from the student without
interfering with the defense system displays or controls. It is feasible to add
computer voice response of telephone quality to most training systems. Such voice response can be entered and
changed by simply speaking into a microphone. At least thirty minutes of such speech can be stored and
retrieved digitally in a simple hardware implementation. Speech recognition
capability can add a further dimension to a voice training aid, allowing the
trainee to make requests or to answer multiple-choice questions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. GUIDES FOR VOICE TECHNOLOGY IN NAVY TRAINING SYSTEMS Dr. Robert Breaux Naval Training Equipment
Center Dr. Michael E. McCauley Canyon Research Group Dr. Paul E. Van Hemel Ergonomics Associates Computer speech recognition
provides the enabling technology for the use of automated performance
measurement and instructor support features to allow "instructorless"
training for those tasks which are primarily speech in nature. The design guides take the approach that
automated, "instructorless" training is achievable through the use
of computer software models of the instructor and the task. Human factors design guidelines are
provided for the integration of speech technology with the software
models. The Navy has built two
prototype training systems using voice technology to capture student
behavior, evaluated one of them, and is in the process of evaluating
another. Further, the training
implications for airborne applications of voice technology have been
developed. The emergence of voice
technology as one solution to the manpower shortage has provided
justification for these efforts. This
paper describes how voice technology can make the transition from R& D to
application. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. INTERACTIVE MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEM Steven Levin Interactive Television
Company Dexter Fletcher Army Research Institute Increasing systems
sophistication and limited personnel resources are dramatically demonstrating
the need for cost effective training, operations, and maintenance assistance
at the work site. The Interactive
Multi-Media System (IMMS) addresses these needs by providing training,
technical documentation, and operations information in a highly interactive
format using advanced microcomputer and optical videodisc design. IMMS uses
Spatial Data Management as a means to provide users with rapid and natural
access to varied types of information in an easy-to-use and unified
format. There are no languages to
learn or typing required with IMMS.
Optical videodiscs are used in IMMS to provide users with immediate
access to interactive video-based information. Some of the interactive videodisc functions supported by IMMS
include diagnostic procedures, step-by-step assembly, maintenance, and
operations activities, and technical information support. Other multi-media aspects of IMMS include
the use of variable data sources such as microfiche, videotape, remote data
systems, and teleconferencing to support changes in technical information and
procedures as well as off-site instruction.
Finally, embedded subsidiary incentives in IMMS stimulate the learning
and usage of IMMS by users. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. |