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I/ITSEC 1981 — 3rd I/ITSEC
THE CHALLENGE OF VISUAL SIMULATION
FOR AIR FORCE FLIGHT SIMULATORS
HELMET
MOUNTED LASER PROJECTOR
COMPUTER
PROGRAM FOR DISTORTION ANALYSIS IN SPHERICAL SCREEN DISPLAYS
TARGET TV
PROJECTOR WITH DYNAMIC RASTER SHAPING FOR USE IN DOME SIMULATORS
AN AUTOMATED
GUNNER PERFORMANCE EVALUATOR
DIGITAL PROCESSING
OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR VISUAL SIMULATION
TRAINING LOW
LEVEL TERRAIN FLIGHT IN A SIMULATOR
EFFECT OF
FIELD OF VIEW ON PERFORMING A LOW ALTITUDE MANEUVERING TASK
TRINOSCOPE
COLOR DISPLAYS FOR SIMULATION
ARMY MAINTENANCE
TRAINING AND EVALUATION SIMULATION SYSTEM
(AMTESS)
A PLAN FOR
THE EVALUATION OF THE F-16 SIMULATED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TRAINERS (SAMTs)
AN
INDIRECT-FIRE TERMINAL EFFECTS SIMULATOR
MICROPROCESSORS
APPLIED TO TRAINING DEVICES
GUIDES FOR
VOICE TECHNOLOGY IN NAVY TRAINING SYSTEMS
INTERACTIVE
MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEM
ON THE USE
OF A FLIGHT SIMUATOR'S FREEZE FEATURE DURING ACQUISITION OF A CARRIER LANDING
TASK
TRAINING
EFFECTIVENESS — A TOTAL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE
WRITING AN
ISD TRAINING PROGRAM CONCURRENTLY WITH FULL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
TEAM
PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS
THE MOTION
GENERATOR FOR THE ROTORCRAFT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SIMULATOR
INTERACTIVE
FLAT PANEL INTELLIGENT DISPLAY TERMINALS AND TECHNIQUES
ADA HIGH
ORDER LANGUAGE TRAINING USING COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION
SOFTWARE/HARDWARE
INTEGRATION –
TECHNIQUES
FOR AVERTING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING TRAINER SYSTEM SOFTWARE
ANTI-ARMOR
MISSILE FLIGHT SIMULATOR
PHANTOM
RANGE — AN EW TRAINING SYSTEM
WARGAME-BASED
TRAINING SYSTEMS
A UNIQUE
RADAR WARNING EQUIPMENT TRAINER CONCEPT BASED ON DIGITAL STIMULATION
LOW COST
WEATHER RADAR SIMULATION
SIMULATION
OF MODERN RADARS IN FULL TACTICS SIMULATORS
MID-RANGE
TRAINERS: CONCEPT AND DESIGN AS APPLIED TO THE B-52 OAS/CMC PART TASK TRAINER
FOREIGN
MILITARY TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 32
NEW
FRONTIERS FOR COMPUTER AIDED TRAINING 34
SURVIVING
THE PITFALLS AND TROLL BRIDGES IN
STATE-OF-THE-ART CBI DEVELOPMENT
PART TASK
TRAINERS: AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO MEET TRAINING REQUIREMNTS
ADVANCED
GROUND MAPPING RADAR SYSTEMS A
SIMULATION CHALLENGE FOR THE 80's
AN
EVALUATION OF AN EXTREMELY LOW COST CELESTIAL NAVIGATION TRAINER OR
COMPETITIVE
CONTRACTING OF NON-PERSONAL SUPPORT SERVICES FOR FLIGHT SIMULATORS
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
OF MAINTENANCE SIMULATORS FOR MILITARY TRAINING
COMPETITIVE
PROTOTYPING DURING FULL SCALE DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING
DEVICE ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT MODEL (TDAMM)
POST
DEPLOYMENT SOFTWARE SUPPORT
MILITARY
PERSONNEL SHORTAGES THROUGH THE YEAR 2000 — ENOUGH TALK! LET'S DO SOMETHING!!!
DMSC PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT EDUCATION
TRAINING
ASPECTS OF FIELDING A MAJOR WEAPON SYSTEM — THE UH-60A BLACK HAWK
CONTRACTOR
DEVELOPED TRAINING PACKAGES ARE THEY ADEQUATE?
TRAINING THE
FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON SYSTEM
SIMULATION
IN THE CANADIAN FORCES
THE NATIONAL
TRAINING CENTER A TOTAL EXPERIENCE TRAINING CENTER
PIERSIDE
COMBAT SYSTEMS TRAINING WITH THE 20B4 47
THE M58A1
TRAINING AID, PERSONAL DECONTAMINATION KIT
|
THE CHALLENGE OF VISUAL SIMULATION FOR AIR FORCE FLIGHT SIMULATORS Robert W. Beck Aeronautical Systems
Division U.S. Air Force Systems
Command Wright-Patterson AFB The performance requirements
for visual systems to support Air Force flight simulation far exceed the
requirements for visual systems which support commercial airline
simulators. The difference in
requirements stems from the diversity and complexity of military fight
missions. While visual systems for
airline simulators are generally easily defined and delivered on a
predictable schedule, most Air Force visual system procurements are not so
straightforward. The difficulty in
obtaining visual systems to meet Air Force requirements in a predictable
manner arises largely from the fact that current commercially available
visual systems have been designed to support airline type missions; the
expansion of these systems to meet Air Force training requirements has been
less than graceful. This paper
examines the differences between airlines and Air Force flight missions, the
impact of these differences on system performance requirements and the
resultant challenges in Air Force visual system procurement for both the Air
Force and the contractor. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. HELMET MOUNTED LASER PROJECTOR Denis R. Breglia Advanced Simulation
Concepts Laboratory Naval Training Equipment
Center A visual simulation system
design is described which provides an observer seated in a cockpit with an
apparent high resolution display over a wide field of view limited only by
cockpit structure. The system
utilizes a Helmet Mounted Opto-mechanical Laser Projector to produce a
composite display on a high gain screen surrounding the cockpit. The display consists of two full color
laser rasters comprising an inset and a surround. One raster is dedicated to a relatively narrow, high resolution
area of interest which tracks the observer's look direction. The other raster provides a wide, low
resolution instantaneous field of view in the surrounding area corresponding
to the observer's peripheral field.
The other major system components are a head attitude sensor, an eye
attitude sensor and a two channel computer image generation system whose
performance is tailored to the display requirements. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DISTORTION ANALYSIS IN SPHERICAL SCREEN DISPLAYS Richard C. Hebb Simulation Technology
Branch Naval Training Equipment
Center In visual simulation, the
distortion of imagery in wide-angle display systems is a major concern. Effective flight training requires that
imagery presented to a trainee provide a proper perspective view of his
simulated environment without distortion.
Use of spherical screens (domes) introduces both perspective and
geometrical distortion into the wide-angle displays. Use of video projection systems with
Computer Image Generation (CGI) offers the options of raster shaping or
computer re-mapping of raster pixels for distortion correction. The goal in distortion correction is to
provide proper perspective of imagery to a trainee. The basic causes for distortion and a computer program for
analysis of spherical screen distortion will be discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. TARGET TV PROJECTOR WITH DYNAMIC RASTER SHAPING FOR USE IN DOME SIMULATORS Richard E. Holmes Training Systems Group,
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc. Large dome simulators for
air-to-air and air-to-ground aircraft weapons tactics trainers are coming
into prominence. In such devices, the
training objective is to improve pilot proficiency and coordination by allowing
the pilot to train in the use of weapons in realistic operational and threat
environments. Typically, the pilot
will fight against a TV projected image that is slewed across the field of
view. Sometimes neither the pilot's
eyes nor the TV projector lens is located at the center of the dome screen. From geometrical considerations, a
standard rectangular or square TV image looks distorted to the pilot. The degree and shape of the distortion
changes with the shift in location of the "target" on the screen
relative to the pilot as it is slewed either by servo pointing the entire
projector or by optical means. This paper describes the
design and development of a TV projector that is capable of predistorting the
TV raster such that from the pilot's viewpoint the image will look
rectilinear at all times. This
dynamic raster shaping can be updated at the TV field rate (typically 60
times per second) so that there is no perceptible jumpiness in the image as
the shape is varied. In addition, the
raster can be zoomed to create the appearance of distance change to the
target and rotated to compensate the effects caused by the mirror steering of
the target image across the dome. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. VISUAL DISPLAY RESOLUTION AND CONTRAST REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR COMBAT SIMULATION: AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER MODELING Alfred T. Lee, Ph.D. University of Dayton
Research Institute Ronald G. Hughes, Ph.D. Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory A study on the effects of
target resolution and contrast in air combat engagements was conducted to determine
the potential impact of visual display characteristics on the effectiveness
of air combat simulation training. A
large-scale computer model of air combat engagements was used to investigate
the effects of 2 and 4 arc min. of target resolution and target/background
contrast ratios of 0.5 and 9.0. The
study results are discussed in the context of the benefits of enhanced visual
display characteristics in practicing the skills required in air combat. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN AUTOMATED GUNNER PERFORMANCE EVALUATOR Melvin R. Phillips,
Senior Engineer Curtis E. Rodden,
Engineer Titusville Division McDonnell Douglas
Astronautics Co. The training of gunners for
man-portable tactical missile systems (such as Dragon) currently requires the
gunner to track a vehicle-mounted target and field IR source beacon. This means that large areas are required,
approximating tactical target ranges.
These space/facility requirements limit training opportunities. To increase opportunities while
elimination (or reducing) space requirements, a simulation device is required
that displays battlefield scenario images in the gunner's sight. Currently, simulator technology can
optically generate simulated battlefield scenes via a computer controlled
display screen. However, the high
cost of complexity of such a system is prohibitive when used in a tactical
training scenario. This paper
describes a low-cost, microprocessor-based training device to overcome these
drawbacks. The major component of the
system is a high resolution graphic display sub-system that generates images
via multiple gray-level video signals displayed on a Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT). The image data is stored in
memory and accessed via software.
Gunner tracking movements are measured and used to modify the position
of the displayed image, thus realistically simulating tactical scenes. The gunner's performance is evaluated by
determining tracking errors relative to target line-of-sight (LOS) and
comparing these errors to established error limits. Since the system will be small and relatively inexpensive, it
will readily lend itself to classroom or field training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. DIGITAL PROCESSING OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY FOR VISUAL SIMULATION Mr. John T. Hooks, Jr. Manager, Image Processing Vought Corp. Dr. Venkat Devarafan Engineering Specialist Vought Corp. This paper describes the
full color out-the-window visual system simulator for the Navy' A7E Weapons
System Trainer (WST), based on the Vought — developed Computer Animated
Photographic Terrain View (CAPTV) concept.
The system has excellent scene realism due to its real-world
photographic database. Any geographic
area can be "flown over" in the simulator with virtually no
restrictions on aircraft attitude, position, altitude, heading or velocity. The flyspace can be increased indefinitely
by additions to the terrain library.
The display field of view is modularly expandable up to nearly the
full encircling sphere while maintaining resolution of all parts of the
scene. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING LOW LEVEL TERRAIN FLIGHT IN A SIMULATOR Bernell J. Edwards, David
L. Pohlman, George H. Buckland, and Clarence W. Stephens Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory Operations Training
Division Williams AFB In this study the use of
augmented feedback was investigated as a means of training low altitude
perceptual motor flying skills in a flight simulator. Sixteen T-38 student pilots enrolled in
Air Force undergraduate pilot training participated as subjects. Eight subjects in an experimental group
were trained to fly low level in a simulated A-10 aircraft using special
altitude prompts (lights on the glareshield and auditory tones in the
headset) to assist them in discriminating altitude cues provided in the
simulated visual environment. Eight
subjects in a control group received training identical to that of the
experimental group, less prompting. A
computerized data record system captured a continuous record of altitude,
vertical velocity, number of crashes, and other performance parameters on
each of eight training trials and two test runs in which prompts were
omitted. All subjects flew a total of
ten runs. The prompted group achieved
significantly lower altitude performance on two of four critical task
segments compared to the control group during the training trials. However, subjects in the prompted group
crashed significantly more times per trial than did subjects in the control
group during the training. During the
test runs performance of the two groups for altitude, vertical velocity, and
frequency of crashes was not significantly different. The results of the study do not appear to
warrant continued investigation of this technique for low level training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. EFFECT OF FIELD OF VIEW ON PERFORMING A LOW ALTITUDE MANEUVERING TASK Dean Carico and Lloyd D.
Corliss U.S. Army Aeromechanics
Laboratory, Ames Research Center Visual systems with a single
window display are often utilized in ground based simulators used to study
helicopter flying qualities during visual low altitude maneuvering
tasks. The effects of this limited
field of view (FOV) on pilot assessments of flying qualities are
uncertain. A study was conducted
using a variable stability UH-1H helicopter to compare restricted and
unrestricted FOV for a range of flying qualities. With the restricted FOV, the pilots reported reduced ground
track precision owing to loss of visual contact with the course markers. However, the predictable ground track of
the repeated S-turn task with no obstacles made it easy for them to
anticipate their maneuvers, and resulted in only a slight degradation of
pilot ratings. The degradation was
not sensitive to large changes in helicopter flying qualities. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC's This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRINOSCOPE COLOR DISPLAYS FOR SIMULATION Richard E. Holmes Training Systems Group,
Systems Research Laboratories, Inc. Dr. F. Gerard Albers Simulation and Control Systems
Department General Electric Company The resolution capabilities
of computer image generators (CIG) used for simulation and training have
advanced to the degree that they exceed the capabilities of existing shadow
mask, direct view color TV displays and color TV projectors. One solution to this problem is the modern
day implementation of a trinoscope color display that uses the optical
merging of three high resolution monochrome cathode ray tubes — red, green,
blue color phosphors, respectively — to produce a full color image. Such systems are particularly suitable for
telescopes and periscopes needed in tank or submarine simulations where the
color-combining optics can be integrated into the simulated sight
optics. This paper describes the
technical advances required to assure maximum resolution and, more
importantly, superior color convergence (i.e., the capability to make the
three CRT images fall exactly on top of the other so that the resulting full
color image is produced without undesirable color fringing). This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ARMY MAINTENANCE TRAINING AND EVALUATION SIMULATION SYSTEM (AMTESS) Dr. Robert T. Dybas Mechanical Engineer PMTRADE The AMTESS concept is
considered to be a forerunner of a new direction in maintenance
training. It will have the capability
of providing introductory maintenance training at the institutional level, as
well as proficiency training in the field environment. The system will be a modular and flexible
maintenance concept with broad applicability to perform in various
areas. The basic AMTESS requirements
were generated as a result of an extensive front end analysis by four highly
experienced contractors working independently. The Air Defense and Ordnance Schools were selected for the
initial analysis effort. As a result,
each contractor provided a basic design of a system which would meet all of
the AMTESS requirements. This effort
constituted Phase I of the program.
The second phase of the program resulted in the delivery of an AMTESS
by each of the two most qualified contractors from Phase I. An extensive evaluation period is planned
by the Ordnance school, and the Air Defense School to ensure the training
effectiveness of AMTESS. The inherent
modularity of the AMTESS and the ability of the instructors to modify POI's
will provide a device with a wide range of flexibility and adaptability to
overall maintenance training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A PLAN FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE F-16 SIMULATED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TRAINERS (SAMTs) Jennifer A. Smith, Staff
Scientist Rohn J. Hritz, Program
Director George R. Purifoy, Jr.,
Program Manager Applied Science
Associates, Inc. Gerard Deignan, Project
Engineer Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory Lowry Air Force Base A research plan was
developed to evaluate the cost and training effectiveness of the F-16
SAMTs. Historically, such evaluations
have been conducted by comparing the effectiveness of the simulator against
that of an actual equipment trainer (AET).
However, readily comparative training devices and approaches do not exist
in the case of the F-16. To evaluate
the training effectiveness of the SAMTs, a criterion referenced approach was
selected. Students will be assessed
on their ability to perform maintenance tasks, taught using the SAMTs, on
actual F-16 aircraft. End-of-course
measures and follow-up retention testing will be conducted. Engine, pneudraulic, electrical, and
flight control system tasks will be evaluated. Task selection criteria include difficulty, criticality, and
frequency of performance. Specific
training capabilities of the SAMTs to be assessed include two instructional
features: the malfunction insertion capability and automatic student
monitoring. A comparison will be made
between the performance of students trained with the malfunction insertion
feature operational versus without this instructional capability. The use of the student monitoring
capability will be assessed through interviews with the course
instructors. A comparative approach
was adopted for assessing the cost effectiveness of the SAMTs. The cost of the hypothetical AET delivery
system with the same set of learning objectives as the courses the SAMTs are
utilized in will be computed and compared to the SAMT delivery system. Major
categories in the cost model include facilities, instructional equipment,
instructional materials, personnel, and supplies. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN INDIRECT-FIRE TERMINAL EFFECTS SIMULATOR Robert C. Michelson Senior Research Engineer Georgia Institute of
Technology Engineering Experiment
Station Frank R. Williamson Senior Research Engineer Georgia Institute of
Technology Engineering Experiment
Station This paper describes the
concept development and feasibility demonstration of a man-safe cueing system
for the impact of indirect fire in a simulated battle field environment. This system provides a safe, cost-effective
method for including mortar and artillery into the battle field
training/evaluation scenario for both mounted and dismounted players. This cueing system is based on a
lightweight projectile having a very low impact energy and carrying a
flash/bang/smoke generator. This
projectile is launched from a low pressure pneumatic device that is capable
of projecting the cue to ranges of 200 to 300 meters using a simple
constant-mass, constant-drag projectile.
A manually controlled launcher was constructed to demonstrate the
feasibility of the cueing concept. A
remote controlled, multiple shot launching device (providing coverage of a
one kilometer diameter circle) is well within current technology. The soft-nose projectile is designed to
have a terminal energy similar to that experienced during the impact of a
served tennis ball. The flash,
acoustic and smoke cues are tailored for player safety. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. MICROPROCESSORS APPLIED TO TRAINING DEVICES Donald Ellison Manager, Product
Engineering Gould Inc., Simulation
systems Division Computer Controlled Trainer
Simulation traditionally has been done with minicomputer class
processors. Instruction, speed and
flexibility, as well as good hardware and software support, are some of the
reasons for the domination of the minicomputer in the area of simulation. However, over the past decade, microprocessor
performance has improved to such an extent that microprocessors may rival
some of the best minicomputers currently available. Microprocessors may be used to offload the mini in areas such
as complex real time handling of I/0 and number crunching, as well as
monitoring hardware status.
Distributed processors allow the mini to process more data, with less
hardware needed to perform the simulation task. Microprocessors may also replace minicomputers completely in
systems requiring real time number crunching with limited precision
calculations, such as radar simulation or part task trainers. Additionally, software support has become
quite extensive with many of the leading microcomputers, including ANSI
FORTRAN, Basic and Pascal, making the micro a viable candidate to replace the
mini computer for simulation of military or commercial equipment. Such a system offers reduction in costs,
weight, and power consumption with increased reliability and flexibility. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. W.S. Meisel, President Speech Systems
Incorporated Computer voice response and computer
speech recognition can provide a valuable supplementary training aid for
military training systems. For
training devices based on media or software which is hard to change, voice
can provide supplementary information and allow spoken amendments to course
information. For simulators which
attempt physical fidelity to a particular defense system, speech provides a
medium which can communicate information to and from the student without
interfering with the defense system displays or controls. It is feasible to add
computer voice response of telephone quality to most training systems. Such voice response can be entered and
changed by simply speaking into a microphone. At least thirty minutes of such speech can be stored and
retrieved digitally in a simple hardware implementation. Speech recognition
capability can add a further dimension to a voice training aid, allowing the
trainee to make requests or to answer multiple-choice questions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. GUIDES FOR VOICE TECHNOLOGY IN NAVY TRAINING SYSTEMS Dr. Robert Breaux Naval Training Equipment
Center Dr. Michael E. McCauley Canyon Research Group Dr. Paul E. Van Hemel Ergonomics Associates Computer speech recognition
provides the enabling technology for the use of automated performance
measurement and instructor support features to allow "instructorless"
training for those tasks which are primarily speech in nature. The design guides take the approach that
automated, "instructorless" training is achievable through the use
of computer software models of the instructor and the task. Human factors design guidelines are
provided for the integration of speech technology with the software
models. The Navy has built two
prototype training systems using voice technology to capture student
behavior, evaluated one of them, and is in the process of evaluating
another. Further, the training
implications for airborne applications of voice technology have been
developed. The emergence of voice
technology as one solution to the manpower shortage has provided
justification for these efforts. This
paper describes how voice technology can make the transition from R& D to
application. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. INTERACTIVE MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEM Steven Levin Interactive Television
Company Dexter Fletcher Army Research Institute Increasing systems
sophistication and limited personnel resources are dramatically demonstrating
the need for cost effective training, operations, and maintenance assistance
at the work site. The Interactive
Multi-Media System (IMMS) addresses these needs by providing training,
technical documentation, and operations information in a highly interactive
format using advanced microcomputer and optical videodisc design. IMMS uses
Spatial Data Management as a means to provide users with rapid and natural
access to varied types of information in an easy-to-use and unified
format. There are no languages to
learn or typing required with IMMS.
Optical videodiscs are used in IMMS to provide users with immediate
access to interactive video-based information. Some of the interactive videodisc functions supported by IMMS
include diagnostic procedures, step-by-step assembly, maintenance, and
operations activities, and technical information support. Other multi-media aspects of IMMS include
the use of variable data sources such as microfiche, videotape, remote data
systems, and teleconferencing to support changes in technical information and
procedures as well as off-site instruction.
Finally, embedded subsidiary incentives in IMMS stimulate the learning
and usage of IMMS by users. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ON THE USE OF A FLIGHT SIMUATOR'S FREEZE FEATURE DURING ACQUISITION OF A CARRIER LANDING TASK Ronald G. Hughes Airforce Human Resources
Laboratory Williams Air Force Base Gavan Lintern Canyon Research Group Dennis C. Wightman Naval Training Equipment
Center Rebecca B. Brooks Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory Williams Air Force Base Performance errors committed
during the acquisition of a carrier landing task in the simulator resulted in
the occurrence of a freeze. Pilot
subjects exposed to the freeze developed control strategies which were
distinguishable from those of a no-freeze control group in terms of throttle,
rudder, aileron, and elevator activity.
Neither rate of learning nor level of performance was affected. Use of the freeze, however, was reported
as initially "frustrating" and as adding to the overall difficulty
of acquiring the task. With certain
application, the freeze appears to be aversive, altering pilot motivation for
learning the task. Methodologically,
the study's use of a probe trial technique represents a departure from the
traditional transfer of training methodology for the assessment of
alternative instructional treatments. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THREE APPROACHES TO THE MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE PROBLEM AT THE FLIGHT SIMULATOR INSTRUCTOR/OPERATOR STATION Joseph L. Dickman Sperry Systems Management
— SECOR This paper analyzes the
principle of instructor/operator station (IOS) design employed in three
flight simulators recently produced by the same company, Sperry Systems
Management — SECOR. The analysis
brings out major differences among the three; comments on the reasons for the
various approaches selected; examines the experience of users of each
trainer, to the extent that data is available; and draws conclusions
regarding the comparative merits of each approach. In addition, it discusses the problem of objectively evaluating
the efficiency of IOS designs in general. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR TRAINING COMBAT VEHICLE CREWS AND COMMANDERS IN THE REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS INVOLVED IN A NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL (NBC) ENVIRONMENT Mr. David M. English Mr. John M. Ferriter Ms. Donna M. Smith Mr. Devin R. Kammerer Respiratory and
Collective Protection Branch, Chemical Systems Laboratory Edgewood Area — Aberdeen
Proving Ground The training of combat
vehicle crews and commanders via Interactive Computer Graphics is a feasible
and effective method to maintain readiness against the existing threat of
Nuclear Biological-Chemical (NBC) warfare.
Data and computer programs have been generated which provide real
world chemical battlefield scenarios.
The system user encounters different battlefield scenarios and can
select various defensive responses (e.g. initiate overpressure). Dosages encountered and casualties (for
unprotected crew members) suffered in the chemical battlefield simulation are
tabulated. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS — A
TOTAL SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE George L. Graham, ISD
Manager Arthur F. Menton and
Roger F. Schwoerer, Principal Operations
Analysts Grumman Aerospace Corp. Training Effectiveness, both
in terms of measurement and prediction, has become an issue of increasing
concern to training system users, acquisition mangers, and contractors. The analytic tools available to address
this issue have generally come from the realm of Human Factors and have
tended to focus on individual training devices rather than total training
systems. This paper describes a
training system effectiveness model that addresses all elements of a jet
pilot training program (academics, simulators and aircraft) which was
developed through the application of Operations Analysis and Instructional
System Development techniques. The
processes used to identify and validate characteristics which drive training
effectiveness are described, as are the methods used to relate these
characteristics to training objectives.
The techniques used to quantify the training value associated with
various design options are presented along with a discussion of how the model
was actually used during the training system design process. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. WRITING AN ISD TRAINING
PROGRAM CONCURRENTLY WITH FULL SCALE DEVELOPMENT Capt. Joseph C. Stein Capt. Walter P. Petrofski OAS/Cruise Missile Training
Managers Carswell AFB Developing a training
program concurrently with full-scale development of a new system has been
looked upon by several educational professionals as being impossible. The US Air Force desire to shorten the
time from drawing board to full operational capability for a weapon system
requires combining normal system life phases whenever possible. Therefore, the 4235th Strategic
Training Squadron was tasked to develop a training program for the Offensive
Avionics System (OAS) and Air Launch Cruise Missile (ALCM) Modifications to
the B-52 G and H fleets concurrently with full-scale development of hardware
and software for the aircraft. Having
written the training program using the ISD approach, the squadron provides
insight into the problems of such an effort and the solutions it developed to
overcome those problems. Areas
addressed in this paper include: 1) Developing a core of knowledge
about a new system without an established working model. 2) Selecting an organizational method
for presenting the training program. 3) Developing training devices. 4) Developing technical orders. 5) Handling of changes to system
operation and implementing them into the training program. 6) Selecting instructional media. 7) Selecting instructors. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Michael P. Scher Hughes Aircraft Company There are five basic
questions that should be answered by various DOD personnel prior to selection
and procurement of a training device.
The sequence of these questions and who does the answering is a critical
determinate of whether or not the ultimate user actually gets what he wants
or needs to fulfill the training requirement. An example of a simplified sequence of events or matrix is
included, which can be applied universally to all new simulator procurements,
modification to existing devices (CILOP — Conversion In Lieu Of Procurement),
or new concepts incorporating "non training" requirements. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. CURRICULUM VIEWED AS A BINARY SYSTEM: AN APPROACH TO THE DETERMINATION OF SEQUENCE — A PROJECT REPORT Thomas R. Renckly Education Specialist Curriculum Design
Coordinator U.S. Navy Recruiting
Command Gary Orwig, Ph.D. Asst. Professor College of Education University of Central Florida Determining alternative
curriculum sequences is a tedious task involving many individuals and
analysis of large amounts of curriculum-related information. Because these tasks are not readily
reducible to mathematical operations, and because educators and curriculum
designers are generally not so inclined, computer intervention into this
design process has been meager.
Nevertheless, the power of the computer to handle vast amounts of
information coupled with its high speed manipulation ability makes it an
ideal instrument to use in the instructional design process. The project reported herein describes the
development and application of a model by which a curriculum may be analyzed
to determine alternative instructional sequences based upon curriculum
objectives and limiting constraints.
The project's primary goal is to ultimately apply the model to the
analysis and design of instructional sequences for 16 closely related courses
currently under development by the U.S. Navy Recruiting Command. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS AND STUDENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS ON SIMULATORS: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EVALUATIONS Mr. K. Ronald Laughery,
Jr. Senior Human Factors Engineer Calspan Advanced
Technology Center Dr. Jan L. Ditzian Senior Psychologist Calspan Advanced
Technology Center Buffalo, New York Major George M. Houtman Chief, Scientific
Advisory Branch, 93 BMW/D05 Castle AFB A key concept in evaluating
the training effectiveness of any training device is the difference between
its use to achieve positive transfer of training and its use to evaluate
student performance. As simulators
are becoming more realistic, there is a tread towards using them not only to
reduce training on the operational equipment (e.g., aircraft), but to
eliminate entirely all training and evaluation on the operational equipment,
for selected tasks. In order to
eliminate all operational equipment training, we must be certain that
evaluations of student performance in
the simulator provide a valid assessment of actual student capabilities on
the operational equipment. The
assessment of the validity of student evaluations on the simulator does not
have the same data requirements as a transfer of training study, although
they are similar. Unfortunately, the
differences between the two types of studies have been virtually unrecognized
by the training device evaluation community.
This paper will discuss the theoretical and practical differences
between the two types of studies, differences in data requirements, and an
example of the differences which were observed in a study involving the
KC-135 Boom Operator Part Task Trainer located at Castle AFB, CA. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TEAM PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS Edward M. Connelly and
Pamela Johnson Performance Measurement
Associates, Inc. A theory of system
performance measures that permits evaluation of the effects on mission
performance of the performance of each constituent mission task was extended
to tactical data processing systems.
This system performance measure permits the evaluation of both teams
and individual team members on either a mission or any portion of a mission,
including specific tasks or task types. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. THE MOTION GENERATOR FOR THE ROTORCRAFT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SIMULATOR Arlin Deel, Colonel, U.S.
Army Aeromechanics Laboratory
USARTL (AVRADCOM) Moffett Field Charles A. Belsterling Manager, Simulator
Engineering Franklin Research Center Since World War II, the U.S.
Army has considerably expanded its use of the helicopter in a variety of
military functions. As new missions
were defined, new tactics, extended performance requirements and increased
number of subsystems have imposed extreme demands on the pilot. Ground-based flight simulation is the only
safe practical way to investigate the tradeoff between a better-trained pilot
and a more complex aircraft. In 1975,
a joint U.S. Army and NASA study was performed to establish the future needs
for the simulation of rotary-wing aircraft.
As a result, a program was initiated to develop a facility that could
be used by government and industry in research and development. That facility is being developed jointly
by the U.S. Army and NASA at the Ames Research Center. In 1978 the Franklin
Research Center completed the development of the concept for the motion
generator to satisfy the requirements of the new simulation facility. In 1979 they began the design of the unit
which is to be installed at the Ames Research Center in 1982. The Rotorcraft Simulator Motion Generator
(RSMG) is a new four-degree-of-freedom system to replace the synergistic
motion system presently mounted on the Vertical Motion Simulator at Ames. Its extended capabilities will satisfy the
requirements for research involving both fixed-wing and rotary-wind
aircraft. In this way the Army/NASA
goals for an advanced facility for rotorcraft simulation are to be satisfied
most efficiently. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. INTERACTIVE FLAT PANEL INTELLIGENT DISPLAY TERMINALS AND TECHNIQUES Elliot Schlam,
Supervisory Electronics Engineer Richard P. Tuttle,
Electronics Engineer US Army Electronics
Technology & Devices Laboratory (ERADCOM) Gerald V. Ceres, Senior
Computer Programmer Raycomm Industries Inc. This paper discusses fully operational,
user-interactive automated training equipment with sophisticated computer
graphics and video that can be packaged into hardware no larger than a
suitcase. Such systems have been
assembled using thin-film electro-luminescent display panels and transparent
touch-panel overlays coupled with interactive software and microcomputer and
memory technology. The display
quality is comparable or better than that of most CRT installations and the
system intelligence can exceed that of many minicomputers. Incorporated touch interaction enables
users to be facile with its operation without undergoing undo specialized
training. Systems of this type can be
used to satisfy a great majority of the Services' needs for sophisticated
training and test equipment, while being completely portable and usable in a
tactical environment. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ADA HIGH ORDER LANGUAGE TRAINING USING COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION David G. Stephan Government Systems,
Control Data Corporation Charles B. Johnston Education, Control Data
Corporation The Department of Defense
(DOD) is spending an estimated $6 billion on software each year, and this
budget is forecasted to increase by 15 to 20 percent annually. In recognition of this software cost
spiral and to halt the proliferation of computer programming languages, DOD
has sponsored the development of a new language — called Ada—to provide a
standard, computer-independent high order language for major defense systems
software. Ada is expected to have
widespread application throughout DOD and will require training for thousands
of individuals. Control Data is
developing a solution to the Ada training problem using the Control Data
PLATO computer-based education system. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. SOFTWARE/HARDWARE INTEGRATION – “THE MOMENT OF
TRUTH” R. J. Brousseau Director of Software
Engineering Cubic Corporation Integration of system
software and hardware is without a doubt the system development activity
which enjoys the greatest management visibility. It is during this phase of system development that past sins of
superficial analysis and design of both software and hardware surface to be
seen by all and where system completion often appears to follow an asymptotic
course to infinity. This paper provides a brief
summary of the software development practices followed in implementing the
software for the Multi-Environment Trainer (MET), a complex multi-computer
naval ship trainer, and an in-depth discussion of the procedures used to
direct the day-to-day software/hardware integration activity. Actual experiences, good and bad, are
discussed and findings expressed in terms of problem solutions and
recommendations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TECHNIQUES FOR AVERTING PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING TRAINER SYSTEM SOFTWARE Carole J. Kuruma Manager, Training Systems
Department Technology Service
Corporation Short schedules and changing
requirements are common problems encountered when software is being developed
for training systems. This paper
explores techniques used by Technology Service Corporation (TSC) to overcome
or avert such problems while developing the B-52 OAS Part Task Trainer for
the Training Services Division, Keelser Air Force Base. Techniques for dealing with limited
resources (time and budget) include carefully exploring, and assigning
priorities to, system capabilities to determine the more important
requirements; and employing a top-down approach. Planning for changing requirements calls for identifying
capabilities that may change; constructing a well-documented software design
with application-oriented modularity; and scheduling a design freeze with
late requirement changes incorporated after completion. The paper presents step-by-step
descriptions of each technique and provides examples relating directly to the
part task trainer. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ANTI-ARMOR MISSILE FLIGHT SIMULATOR Albert Marshall Dr. Herbert Towle Bon Shaw Gary Bond Advanced Simulation Concepts
Laboratory Naval Training Equipment
Center, University of Central Florida This paper describes a
missile flight simulator developed to train DRAGON gunners. It is also being adapted to a variety of
similar anti-armor weapons. The
system employs a terrain board with enemy armored vehicles moving in a
variety of attack scenarios. When the
gunner fires the missile he hears computer generated rocket sounds and
experiences the weight loss, recoil and smoke of the missile launch. When the smoke clears he views the missile
as well as the target. The gunner's
aiming error is measured using a microprocessor controlled diode matrix
array. The matrix detector senses an
IR emitting diode which is located on the miniature target. The flight equations of motion for the
missile are solved by a 16 bit microprocessor every 0.02 seconds in each axis
using gunner aiming error, gravity, drag and side thruster accelerations as
inputs. A second coordinated 16 bit processor controls a display that plots
both vertical and horizontal aiming error for analysis of the gunner's
performance. Experienced DRAGON
gunners have tested the system and attested to the realism and training
potential. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. PHANTOM RANGE — AN EW TRAINING SYSTEM Morton T. Eldridge Teledyne Brown
Engineering Confronting NATO tactical air
is a spectrum of Warsaw Pact defenses including SAMs, AAA, and airborne
interceptors plus jamming of communications, fire control radars, and
navigation equipment. Aircrews faced
with this array, trying to perform their primary mission, must be trained to
cope with the total anticipated task-loading and at the same time become
neither casualties nor disoriented such that they fail to achieve their
mission objective. Current training
on large EW ranges is considered inadequate due to the limited accessibility
and the infrequency with which aircrews can experience such training. The Phantom Range, an onboard,
computer-generated threat simulator, can be programmed to provide threats at
given geographic locations, independent of ground emitter, with appropriate
envelopes modified by actual existing terrain. It allows the aircrew to defeat the threat by exercising proper
procedures, or be "killed" if their actions are inappropriate. The whole scenario is recorded for ground
debriefing. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. WARGAME-BASED TRAINING SYSTEMS L. Robert Ogus Naval Training Equipment
Center James R. Jancaitis and
Russel E. Hauck Advanced Technology, Inc. This paper introduces a
candidate model for development of wargame-based training systems and
describes the application of that concept during development of the Naval
Tactical Game (NAVTAG) Training System.
A wargame-based training system combines the inherent educational
advantages of simulation and gaming with the best features of more formal or
conventional methods of instruction. Research indicates that
gaming simulation has the potential to afford significant advantages over
conventional classroom methods of training.
This appears to be particularly true for complex skills such as
goal-oriented decision-making.
Wargames can be made more effective by using an integrated development
approach based upon the systems approach to instructional development, and
the addition of a complete set of courseware. Some key features, or
characteristics, of wargame-based training systems are that they: 1) Utilize an Instructional Systems Development Approach 2) Provide a Complete Wargame Training Package 3) Are Usable in Game or Nongame Modes 4) Are Scenario-Independent 5) Provide Realistic Threat Portrayal 6) Provide Basic and Advanced Modes 7) Are Easily Modified Other design features
include a reasonable level of complexity, realism and playability; and a
requirement for a minimum number of support personnel. Wargame-based training
systems are a unique approach to the special challenges of tactical
decision-making training. The concept
is applicable to all services and can easily be expanded to accommodate the
introduction of new technologies, weapons systems and tactics. The authors illustrate how
the design and development of a wargame-based training system is accomplished
by reference to NAVTAG (Naval Tactical Game). NAVTAG will be used aboard ship, probably in the wardroom, to
afford officers an opportunity to enhance through practice (or to learn then
practice) skills associated with tactics and tactical decision-making. The
NAVTAG Training System is intended to complement other methods of tactical
and team training, but will not attempt to simulate the physical environment
or provide a basis for team training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A UNIQUE RADAR WARNING EQUIPMENT TRAINER CONCEPT BASED ON DIGITAL STIMULATION Daniel Marchegiani,
Alfred Tesler, and Andy Werback Applied Technology, A
Division of ITEK Corporation Prior techniques in EW
training equipment designs have used either the approach of signal injection
into operational EW equipment or the approach of software real-time modeling
of the EW equipment and environment.
The analog injection approach preserves the signal processing
characteristics and anomalies of the EW equipment, but is costly and difficult
to maintain and keep calibrated. The
software model approach is easily maintained and offers excellent simulation
repeatability, but the realism is limited to the degree in which the math
model simulates the equipment and environment. The new approach presented in this paper offers the realism
advantages of the signal injection approach plus the repeatability and
maintainability of the software modeling approach. Instead of injecting analog RF signals or video level signals
into the operational EW equipment analog to digital (A/D) signal converter,
the new approach bypasses the A/D converter and injects digitally formatted
signals directly into the EW processor data collection buffer. This approach uses general purpose digital
computer equipment to generate the real-time digital pulse data and uses the
operational EW equipment to process the data. All the processing characteristics and anomalies are preserved
in the EW equipment, and the repeatability and maintainability of digital
versus analog signal generators are provided. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. LOW COST WEATHER RADAR SIMULATION Dennis A. Cowdrey Principal Development
Engineer Singer (UK), Link-Miles
Division There has been a growing
interest in the use of Airborne Weather Radar simulation from both military
and commercial operators of transport aircraft. This interest, in part, stems from the need to train aircrews
to fly through weather conditions, which at one time would have been give a
'wide berth', without sacrificing safety margins. This change in requirement has arisen due to escalating fuel
costs. To date, the cost of full
radar simulation has restricted its use to the more sophisticated aircraft
simulators. The Link-Miles Division
of Singer has developed a low cost or simple Weather Radar Simulator for use
on transport aircraft stimulators.
This paper describes the simulation techniques adopted and shows how
recent advances in semi-conductor technology have been incorporated to
produce a system capable of being fully integrated into an aircraft
simulator. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. SIMULATION OF MODERN RADARS IN FULL TACTICS SIMULATORS Lt. Co. Manfred Haas German Air Force Peter M. Gueldenpfennig Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm Hans G. Werner Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm The correct use of modern
radar in flight and attack aircraft is one of the main tasks of the pilot and
copilot. This means that training in
radar operation and image interpretation is one of the most important
training aspects in a full mission simulator. Realistic simulation of modern radars is essential to achieving
the required training. The state-of-the-art in
micro-electronics, data processing, computer graphics and other relevant
areas make it possible to generate all necessary radar signals in real-time
using completely synthetic video generation methods. Based on digital data bases and the
appropriate aircraft and radar parameters, terrain and culture profiles are
generated. From these profiles, radar
echoes simulating Ground Mapping Radar, Terrain Following Radar and the Radar
Altimeter are synthesized. Typical
radar effects such as range attenuation, shadowing, far-shore enhancement,
and pulse stretching are accounted for along with antenna, transmitter, and
receiver characteristics of the actual radar in all operating modes. The radar simulation is
performed in real-time, with all computations up-dated at a rate consistent
with the radar characteristics and the flight control system of the
aircraft. The use of a high up-date
rate allows all training missions to be performed with full freedom of
maneuvering in the simulator. This paper describes the performance
characteristics of a Digital Radar Landmass Simulation System (DRLMS),
developed for the TORNADO Flight and Tactics Simulator, with an emphasis of
its training role. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. MID-RANGE TRAINERS: CONCEPT AND DESIGN AS APPLIED TO THE B-52 OAS/CMC PART TASK TRAINER Captain Joseph C. Stein Captain Michael E.
Shannon OAS/Cruise Missile
Training Managers Carswell AFB Ms. Carole J. Kuruma Training Systems
Department Manager Technology Service
Corporation Mid-range trainers are
designed to provide useful training at significantly lower cost and
development time than those for full-capability (full-scale) trainers. Mid-range trainers are appropriate for use
prior to development of full-scale trainers and as supplements to full-scale
trainers. With a mid-range trainer,
trainees may, for example, practice operational procedures, become familiar
with system control locations and reaction times, and learn to recognize and
handle system faults. This paper
describes the B-52 OAS/CMC Part Task Trainer, detailing its function as both
a conversion trainer to provide the highest level of simulated training while
the full-range trainer is being developed, and as a "lead in"
trainer before the student moves to the full-range device. Capabilities of the Part Task Trainer are
explained. Cost effective aspects of
dual use are discussed. Design
features to provide lower initial cost and flexibility for future
modifications and expansion, use of minicomputers, off-the-shelf components,
and modular structure are detailed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. FOREIGN MILITARY TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Johnnie A. Butler Head, FMS Training
Acquisition Branch Naval Training Equipment
Center Modernization of the
military posture of friendly foreign governments has placed uncontemplated,
challenging demands on training program developers. To minimize total cost, foreign governments use existing
equipment designs where feasible. By
using existing designs, the logistics support package has already been
developed; however, this package was tailored to meet the needs of United
States military personnel. All items
of the logistics package are satisfactory except — training and technical
publications. Problems in these two
areas become especially difficult when English is used as a second language
by the procuring country. Since their
background and experiences are different, a training approach that is
different than the one used in the existing package is required. Training developers must modify existing
curriculum to allow for these differences, to remove culturally offensive
situations, and to tailor the training to learning patterns of the intended
student. Once the training program
accomplishes its objective, problems with the technical documentation
disappear. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. NEW FRONTIERS FOR COMPUTER AIDED TRAINING Ing. Roberto Podesta Gajon Institute of
Technology S.p.A. Computers have been
introduced in training since many years, but with good results only for
limited subjects. The main reason of
the failure seems to be the passive role of the student not sufficiently
motivated by the simple contact with the machine. The system we are introducing combines the programmed learning
method we developed for military technicians through 30 years of experiences,
in which the student himself discovers the phenomena reaching the theory
through experiments, and the possibility offered by today Computer Science,
getting the advantages of both, in courses starting from basic subjects up to
the most advanced electronic techniques.
In a classroom equipped by our system the individual computer gives
the student a procedure for the experiments he has to perform, but the
student himself has to work on an especially designed desk to set the circuit
and to study it, making measurements and giving the computer his
conclusions. The computer can
evaluate student's answers, letting him proceed if they are correct, asking
him to repeat in the opposite case, adding other explanations to help him and
keeping his score. Furthermore, it
controls an integrated audiovisual system, showing to the student
automatically films or transparencies connected with the current group of
experiments he is performing.
Instructor's function has not been cancelled, but exalted, because
through his master computer he can control the complete classroom, checking
students' work at any step, and helping the one who really needs his
presence, not disturbing the others.
Resuming, we realized a system in which the student has at his disposal
two instructors, the computer for the routine, and the teacher when necessary
proceeding at his own pace. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. "TRAINING WITH A SHORTENED RANGE CARTRIDGE FOR AUTOMATIC RIFLE" Jean Chevalier (Colonel
S.T.A.T.) Francois Ambrosi
(Ingenieur en Chef de l'Armement D.T.A.T.) In order to allow for firing
manoeuvre, on the ground, of the combat group in reasonably safe conditions,
a shortened range firing system, adaptable to the French automatic rifle, has
been developed. In a first part, after
having recalled the military requirements, the system's conditions of use are
exposed, and in particular those of its associated 5,56 ammunition. The second part is devoted
to the description of the materiel which has been studied on the ground of
the military specifications issued from the requirements stated before. The materiel is composed of
a kit adaptable to the rifle and of a 5.56 cartridge with a plastic bullet
said "balplast". This system is at the last
stage of its development and should be proposed for evaluation to the official
services by the end of 1981. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. SURVIVING THE PITFALLS AND TROLL BRIDGES IN STATE-OF-THE-ART CBI DEVELOPMENT Dr. Robin Halley, Member
of the Technical Staff Ms. Mary Hicklin, Member
of the Technical Staff Logicon, Inc. Most computer-based instructional
(CBI) system development is done using proven technologies in proven
ways. Sophisticated development
models are available for determining software (e.g., top-down design) and
courseware (ISD) decisions and structures in these systems. For state-of-the-art (SOA) CBI system
development, however, there are additional problems peculiar to that form
which require specific considerations and solutions. This paper is designed to define the
specific characteristics of this type of development and to discuss some of
the problems, considerations, and solutions involved in SOA training system
research and development. These
include personnel concerns, such as work environment characteristics and the
type of people best suited to it; management concerns, such as the style of
management required; communications concerns, such as the required
interaction between different staff disciplines; and the different technical
approaches required for this specific form of development. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Dr. Marshall B. Faintich,
Supervisory Cartographer Mr. Paul C. Figura,
Cartographer Aerospace Cartography
Department Techniques Office Defense Mapping Agency
Aerospace Center Mr. Edward W. Quinn,
Project Engineer Guidance Systems
Engineering Department Goodyear Aerospace
Corporation The primary objective of the
digital sensor simulation investigations being conducted at the Defense
Mapping Agency (DMA) is to establish an editing and analysis capability for
the digital culture and terrain data bases.
For purposes of quality control and data base applicability
investigations, DMA has developed the Sensor Image Simulator (SIS), a very
high speed data base edit station and static scene simulator that allows for
interactive query and manipulation of individual features in the data base
displays and/or simulated sensor scenes to determine the corresponding data
base elements responsible for the simulated features. The SIS was installed at DMA in 1981, and
is designed to play a key role in determining the applicability of prototype
data bases for use in advanced various digital data bases prior to new data
insertion the master cartographic data base files. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. PART TASK TRAINERS: AN EFFECTIVE MEANS TO MEET TRAINING REQUIREMNTS Robert E. Coward John P. Hayden, Wing
Commander, RAAF David W. Lewis Aeronautical Systems
Division Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base With the development of
increasingly complex weapon systems comes the need to train personnel to
operate these systems, which now require an increasing array of aircrew
skills. This paper focused attention
on the need for development of Part Task Trainers (PTT) which enable aircrews
to acquire these skills in a timely and cost-effective manner. It presents a multidiscipline view of
PTTs, as perceived by an Engineering Psychologist, a Fighter Pilot, and a
Design Engineer. It briefly reviews
the record of PTT development, focusing on the importance of front-end
analysis of training requirements as the basis for considering and selecting
training approaches that may effectively be met by PTTs. Target areas for PTT applications are
discussed and proposals are offered for the development of some unique PTT
concepts including the potential for increased use of generic and specialized
PTTs. Potential solutions, cost
savings benefits, and improved training expectations are discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. ADVANCED GROUND MAPPING RADAR SYSTEMS A SIMULATION CHALLENGE FOR THE 80's John D. Stengel, Jr. Aeronautical Systems
Division Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base The role of the airborne ground
mapping radar has been dramatically changing over the last several years due
to great technological strides in the science of radar design. Great improvements have been made in both
the accuracy and resolution of radar systems primarily due to the influence
of high speed digital signal processing and the development of synthetic
aperature radar design. As a result
of the many improvements to both radar system performance and flexibility,
the role played by radar systems is also expanding. As advanced radar become part of aircraft avionics systems, the
requirement for high fidelity training systems immediately follows. Changes to existing digital radar landmass
(DRLMS) specifications will therefore be required. In order to meet the training requirements for advanced high
resolution systems both enhanced revisions of current DRLMS systems and
alternative technologies may be required. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. AN EVALUATION OF AN EXTREMELY LOW COST CELESTIAL NAVIGATION TRAINER OR "HOW LOW CAN WE GO" Dr. E. Russell Pennington
and Major Marshall L. Christenson 4235 Strategic Training
Squadron Mr. K. Ronald Laughery,
Jr. Calspan Corp. This paper will present the
results of a study which was conducted on the B-52/KC-135 Celestial Training
Device (CTD). The CTD is really nothing
more than a moderately equipped microcomputer with special software which was
developed in-house by the Strategic Air Command. Total cost of the system is less than $5,000. The CTD is used by B-52 and KC-135
navigators to maintain proficiency in celestial navigation skills. In the study to be reported, twelve
measures of navigator celestial navigation performance were examined before
and after the CTD training. Findings
indicated that even with a 30% reduction in in-flight celestial navigation
training, performance on several key variables showed significant improvement
after the CTD was delivered. No
variables showed a decline in performance.
In summary, the findings supported the effectiveness of the CTD beyond
the experimenter's initial expectations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. NEW SIGNAL PROCESSING INTEGRATED CIRCUIT REPRESENTS TECHNOLOGICAL BREAKTHROUGHS FOR REDUCING TRAINER COSTS Dr. F.O. Simons, Jr., UCF Mr. G.B. Browder, NTEC Mr. S.K. Butrimas, NTEC New integrated circuit
signal processing devices introduced by several manufacturers are usually
considered to be for specialized applications. However, it will be shown that these devices are
"ideally" suited for the real-time simulation of whole classes of
dynamic subsystems. Furthermore,
these devices could be used to replace analog components and/or hardware
which are subject to aging, drifting and other factors that result in
maintenance problems. Since
practically all training devices involve placing a trainee in a realistic
dynamic environment, these devices could impact the training device industry
much like the GP digital computer.
The technological techniques required to utilize these new signal
processing chips will be presented.
Finally, a survey of training devices that could be improved or
reduced in cost by using these new devices will be presented This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. C-5A/C-141B AERIAL REFUELING SIMULATOR TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS — CONCLUSIONS FROM PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE Thomas E. Sitterley,
Ph.D. The Boeing Company Since 1976, more than 400
USAF/MAC pilots have started their aerial refueling training in a
multipurpose engineering development simulator at Boeing. The initial simulator capability provided
B-52 flight characteristics, a generalized transport cockpit, and a 45 degree
v x 60 degree h FOV projected image of a K-707 Tanker. The training program was improved through
the use of the simulator from the very beginning. Higher student flying performance was achieved with enhanced
safety. Within six months, flying
hours for training were reduced fifteen percent. Numerous simulator modifications have been made over the past
several years, including improved flight characteristics, visual scene
fidelity, and training features. This
opportunity to train operational pilots in an environment of evolving
simulator configurations has afforded a new understanding of the cost/benefit
of different levels of simulation sophistication. Practical experience conclusions concerning the training
effectiveness of a broad range of simulation features are discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s
Website. COMPETITIVE CONTRACTING OF NON-PERSONAL SUPPORT SERVICES FOR FLIGHT SIMULATORS Mr. Bruce A. Dembroski,
Staff Analyst Dr. Jacques S. Gansler,
Vice President Economic and Management
Sciences Division The Analytic Sciences
Corporation (TASC) This paper describes a
useful management tool for helping program managers determine the cost-effectiveness
of competing maintenance, engineering support, and other types of service
contracts. The underlying analytical
framework is based upon cost improvement (learning) curve theory and
incorporates the effects of competition on this process. Supporting data are discussed. The original research was performed by the
authors at The Analytic Sciences Corporation (TASC) for the Air Force Human
Resource Laboratory's (AFHRL) Advanced Simulator for Pilot Training (ASPT),
Williams AFB, but is applicable to other simulator maintenance and support
contracts where the work is of a repetitive, technical, and somewhat complex
nature. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF MAINTENANCE SIMULATORS FOR MILITARY TRAINING Jesse Orlansky and Joseph
String Institute For Defense
Analyses The cost-effectiveness of
maintenance simulators is compared to that of actual equipment trainers for
training military maintenance technicians.
Maintenance simulators are as effective as actual equipment trainers
when measured by student achievement at school; there is no difference in the
job performance of students trained either way, according to supervisors'
ratings (based on one study). The
acquisition cost of maintenance simulators is less than that of actual equipment
trainers; they cost less than 60 percent as much if development costs are
included and less than 20 percent as much if only unit fabrication costs are
considered. Acquisition and use of a
maintenance simulator over a 15-year period would cost 38 percent as much as
an actual equipment trainer (according to one life-cycle cost
comparison). Since maintenance
simulators and actual equipment trainers are equally effective and since
maintenance simulators cost less, it is concluded that maintenance simulators
are more cost-effective than actual equipment trainers. This finding is qualified because it comes
from a limited number of comparisons, because effectiveness is based
primarily on school achievement rather than on-the-job performance and
because it is based primarily on acquisition rather than on life-cycle costs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC's This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. COMPETITIVE PROTOTYPING DURING FULL SCALE DEVELOPMENT William R. Stansberry Deputy Product Manager Armor Training Devices Competitive prototyping during
full-scale development is an innovative concept and has been exercised in
various Army programs such as the Division Air Defense System (DIVADS) and
Conduct of Fire Trainers (COFT) for tanks and fighting vehicle systems. This technique is expected to be
particularly effective when combined with hands-off, "skunk works"
type management by the Government. If
success is, in fact, achieved, this concept should be considered for use in
other projects involving large capital investments. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Allie L. Waldron Program Manager AAI Corporation The current modus operandi
for the initiation of large simulator programs is "throttles to the
firewall" on the day of contract award.
The contractor's program management team doesn't have time to effectively
plan the program due to an immediate and continuous barrage of customer
visibility data items and reviews.
This inability to develop accurate and workable plans impacts program
costs and schedules by means of false starts and premature commitment of resources. Likewise the government program office
incurs unneeded travel and workload commitments during the initial stages of
their organizing and planning effort.
This problem is caused by an attempt to achieve the earliest possible
Ready for Training date through rapid start-up and close monitoring of
progress. The solution lies in a
joint Government/Contractor front end planning effort which allows the
contractor time to plan and also provides the government with sufficient
visibility during the start-up period. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING DEVICE ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT MODEL (TDAMM) Eugene J. McGinnis/Hoyt
M. Hammer, Jr. Assistant Vice President,
Science Application, Inc. ILS Manager and System
Analyst In October 1980 PM TRADE
developed a Training Device Acquisition Management Model (TDAMM) which
outlines the specific events that must be accomplished in the development and
production of training devices. This
paper will explain how the DoD Acquisition Model was tailored to accommodate
training devices to include the responsibilities of the Developer, the Users
and the role of major commands in the acquisition cycle. The advantages of using the model will be
mentioned along with the elimination of events which are not applicable
and/or are not necessary in the development of training devices; the benefits
to the User by reducing development time and minimizing costs. Moreover, an explanation will be included
to demonstrate its use in assisting the Project Directors in accomplishing
their key events in a methodical manner, and tailoring new developments to
the model with an examination of the resultant acquisition strategy. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. POST DEPLOYMENT SOFTWARE SUPPORT Allen T. Irwin Technical Director,
Science Applications, Inc. As computer based training
devices proliferate, the need to maintain the software associated with the
devices will cease to be an isolated need and will become a general requirement. Based on experience with tactical systems,
it can be estimated that the maintenance of the software associated with
simulator over the life of the device will cost at least as much as the
original acquisition cost of the software.
In this paper the procedures and requirements for software maintenance
are analyzed. The many associated
trade-offs are examined. Based on the
requirements of post deployment support the impact on the acquisition process
is examined. Recommendations are made
as to how the acquisition or development phase can best support post
deployment support activities for software such that system utility can be
maximized and life cycle costs minimized. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. MILITARY PERSONNEL SHORTAGES THROUGH THE YEAR 2000 — ENOUGH TALK!
LET'S DO SOMETHING!!! P.D. Maher Hughes Aircraft Company The paper summarizes the
implications of the shrinking U.S. person-power base in the 80's and 90's,
including the competition for these resources by the government, military,
and industry sectors. Probably the
most practical solutions lie in designing as many O&M personnel out of
the weapon systems as practical; and increasing the productivity of those
remaining personnel via improved training-programs. Four key joint DoD and industry actions can facilitate these
solutions: a) increase first term productivity; b) improve career selection;
c) emphasize transfer of training studies; and d) reduce personnel
requirements based on credible personnel subsystem life cycle cost modeling. The technology exists. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. DMSC PROGRAM MANAGEMENT EDUCATION Karen Lam-Colyar Professor, Systems
Acquisition Management George R. McAleer, Jr. Associate Dean, Systems
Acquisition Education Defense Systems
Management College The Defense Systems
Management College (DSMC) was chartered in 1971 by then Deputy Secretary of
Defense David Packard to be "the academy of management for the
Department and for all four services."
DSMC has become a high priority school for a high priority mission:
defense systems acquisition management.
It is the only institution that provides DOD military and civilians
and defense industry students with a concentrated 20-week Program Management
Course (PMC). A key feature of the
PMC is that students learn not only the fundamentals of the functional
disciplines — business management, technical management, organizational
management, and acquisition policy — but they also participate actively in
the integration of these disciplines through management case-study
simulations. This paper will describe
the key features of the Program Management Course and some of the initiatives
DSMC is undertaking to insure its program meets the need for trained
acquisition managers throughout the 1980's. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING ASPECTS OF FIELDING A MAJOR WEAPON SYSTEM — THE UH-60A BLACK HAWK Cornelius F. McGillicuddy,
Jr. Colonel, Infantry TRADOC System
Manager-Utility Helicopters United States Army
Aviation Center The Sirkorsky UH-60A Black
Hawk is the United States Army's newest Utility Helicopter. The Black Hawk was designed and developed
to replace the UH-1H Iroquois for assault, air cavalry, and aeromedical
evacuation missions (See Figure 1).
The UH-60A carries the Infantry squad of 11 men and their equipment as
a basic load. Particular emphasis
during development was devoted to reducing vulnerability, improving
crashworthiness and maintainability.
An essential aspect to fielding of any weapon system is insuring that
all aspects of training on the new system have been considered. The Black Hawk was issued to operational
units in May 1979 and achieved Initial Operational Capability on 4 November
of that year. At that time, all the
resident schools were open and functioning and most parts of the
"training package" had been completed. Training is, of course, a never ending process and so there is
still much to be done with the UH-60A, especially in the areas of flight
simulation, continuation training, providing training materials for units in
the field and updating the various training devices and literature presently
in use. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Martin C. Fisher LTC, US Army The proof of combat readiness
has been, and remains, the demonstrated ability of a tactical unit to move,
shoot and communicate. Modern
technology is providing the Army with weapon systems that have stabilized
firing platforms (so as to shoot on the move) and the capability to engage
target day or night in all weather conditions. Crews of these modern weapon systems should train on ranges
that challenge them to identify and decisively engage the dominant threat
vehicle from a multiple array. Proof
of crew proficiency is a hit on the crucial target by the correct threat
defeating munition. Training,
however, will not be enhanced until the U.S. Army replaces current
nondescript two dimensional plywood targets, immobile U.S. tank hulks and anti-aircraft
targets that are incapable of providing realism and threat vehicle
identification with targets that provide realistic size, shape and thermal
characteristics. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. CONTRACTOR DEVELOPED TRAINING PACKAGES ARE THEY ADEQUATE? Mr. Dennis S. Duke Education Specialist Mr. Ralph D. Lee Training Specialist Naval Training Equipment
Center Currently, the Department of
Defense is procuring the most sophisticated weapons systems in the history of
this country. Unfortunately, this is
resulting in a rather serious problem in that current technological developments
are vastly outpacing educational systems approaches. Studies reveal that a wide gap is becoming
evident between the skills possessed by the high school graduates and their
ability to deal with complex weapons systems. From this, it can be deduced that increased emphasis must be
placed upon the design and development of educational and training
methodologies for these systems.
Innovative and motivating training data, which includes everything
from simple handbooks to complicated scenarios, must be provided by the
contractors concurrently with the piece of equipment. In addition, this data must meet the needs
of the target audience in the military today. Ideally, these materials are
to be designed in compliance with the Instructional Systems Development (ISD)
model and must meet specifications required by Data Item Descriptions (DIDs)
which vary from contract to contract.
In addition, whenever possible these materials should be
performance-based and criterion referenced. Unfortunately, past
experience has shown that many initial deliverable items which are being
produced under contract to the government are less than adequate training
tools and do not meet the basic requirements of the DIDs or the ISD
model. There exists many possible
reasons for this inadequacy ranging from poorly written specifications, and
thus different interpretations, to a lack of expertise in educational
foundations and technical writing.
From a review of various training packages delivered by several
contractors, one can conclude that although contractor personnel who develop
training material possess a great deal of technical expertise and subject
matter knowledge, many do not apply the fundamental skills of education
theory and technical writing. This
results in poorly written training deliverables and ineffective communication
concerning educational requirements. This paper will highlight
and investigate the problems that the authors have experienced in the area of
evaluation and acceptance of technical weapons systems training
material. It will also offer
suggestions as to what government contractors, as well as the government, may
do in order to produce and deliver a better quality product in a much more
cost-effective and expeditious manner. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. TRAINING THE FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON SYSTEM Arthur S. Shrader Field Artillery units are
preparing for combat in a training environment that is often characterized as
hostile. One of the factors
contributing to this difficult training environment is the availability of
training resources needed to achieve and maintain a high state of combat
readiness. These resources include
personnel, budget, time, fuel, repair parts and a suitable location to
conduct realistic training. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. SIMULATION IN THE CANADIAN FORCES Commodore Gordon L.
Edwards Director General Military
Plans and Operations National Defense
Headquarters The Canadian Armed Forces
stress the use of simulation to both increase effectiveness and realism, and
reduce costs associated with military training. An integrated approach to the use of simulation across all
three Services ensures that the maximum benefit is derived from new
technology. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A TOTAL EXPERIENCE TRAINING CENTER Richard C. Dickson,
Senior Staff Scientist Science Applications,
Inc. National Training Center
Project Office Now more than ever the U.S.
Army must be prepared to survive and win in battle. This paper discusses this necessity and how the Army is meeting
this need by the development of the National Training Center. An overview is presented on the training,
evaluation, and control concepts of the National Training Center and how
these concepts have been implemented by the NTC Instrumentation System. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. PIERSIDE COMBAT SYSTEMS TRAINING WITH THE 20B4 Lawrence J. Ryttter,
Robert. E. Jones, Bruce E. Packham Program Managers and
Project Engineer AAI Corporation Pierside combat systems
training is a way to supplement the shore based training facilities and the
at-sea exercised which are so necessary to keep a combat team at a high level
of proficiency. This paper presents
how pierside training is being accomplished with the use of the Device 20B4,
Mobile Combat systems Trainer. The
20B4 provides the capability for conducting individual operator and team
training on the crew's ownship through stimulation of the installed
operational equipment. The user can
develop, modify, expand, and replay training exercises quickly through a
combination of real-time and off-line software routines. The system presents a total electronic
warfare environment to a wide range of sensors with a cost effective
adaptability to the sensors and threats.
The mobility of the 20B4 enables the system to be moved wherever the
ships are located to achieve improved fleet readiness through realistic
training and checkout. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Mr. Christopher Savinell,
Jr. Design Engineer AAI Corporation A fundamental problem in the
training of artillery crews is the cost of ammunition, fuel and range
facilities used in live fire training.
Current dry fire training is slow and monotonous because error sources
can only be detected by stopping the exercise after each weapon laying and visually
inspecting the various sighting and ammunition preparation functions. Clearly, there is a need for a training
device which provides for a real-time assessment of weapon laying and ammo
preparation errors and which is compatible with current live and dry fire
training techniques. This paper
describes the AAI Firing Battery Trainer, a device capable of training each
crew member of a firing battery in the weapon-laying and ammo preparation
operations. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. EFFICIENT, ACCURATE WEAPON SCORING AGAINST MOBILE THREATS IN THE REAL-TIME SIMULATED COMBAT ENVIRONMENT Captain Raymond L. Sheen Aerospace Engineer Air Force Human Resources
Laboratory With the advent of real-time
interactive combat simulation on the Advanced Simulator for Pilot Training
(ASPT), a requirement for determining weapon effectiveness against moving
threats was established. Traditional
methods either required an excessive amount of computer memory or were
restricted to low fidelity approximations.
An innovative approach to this problem was developed for ASPT. An iterative approach utilizing both an
aerodynamic model, based upon the weapon ballistics, and the threat position
time history serves as a framework for this method. An exact determination of weapon impact or miss can be made
through the use of kinetics and calculus.
This method allows real-time interactive scenarios that include
evasive maneuvers and ECM tactics, yet requires very little computer memory
and execution time. This capability
is essential for effective and realistic combat simulation. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. THE M58A1 TRAINING AID, PERSONAL DECONTAMINATION KIT Mr. James M. Szachta Project Engineer U.S. Army ARRADCOM The M258A1 Kit is a personal
decontamination system which provides to the individual soldier the
capability of decontaminating skin areas exposed to chemical agents. The M258A1 Kit is specifically designed
for training troops in the use of the M258A1 Kit. The original design of the kits contained short-comings and
deficiencies: (1) difficulty in the preparation of the chemicals for use; (2)
lack of a facial decontamination capability; (3) availability of only one
complete decontamination per kit; (4) unreasonable amount of training
required for proficiency. Studies
indicated that these deficiencies could be overcome by repackaging the
chemicals into a towelette configuration hermetically sealed in a laminated
plastic-foil packet. A product
improvement effort was initiated and the product improved kit had the
following benefits: (1) safer, easier, and faster to use; (2) operational
equivalence to the original kit plus partial facial decon and the capability
to decontaminate personal equipment; (3) three complete decontamination
systems per kit; (4) reduced costs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. |
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