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I/ITSEC 1983–5TH
I/ITSEC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A WIDE FIELD-OF-VIEW CRT PROJECTION
SYSTEM WITH OPTICAL FEEDBACK FOR SELF ALIGNMENT
CLOSING THE
GAP BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND SIMULATOR TRAINING WITH LIMITED FIELD-OF-VIEW VISUAL
SYSTEMS
IMAGE
GENERATOR ARCHITECTURES AND FEATURES
PILOT
ORIENTED PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
NEW CONCEPTS
IN AIRCREW TRAINING USING COMPUTER GENERATED IMAGERY - A STUDY REPORT
ON-LINE TASK
ANALYSES IN MAINTENANCE SIMULATION
A COMPARISON
OF SIMULATOR PROCUREMENT/PROGRAM PRACTICES: MILITARY VS. COMMERCIAL
CONCURENCY
OF DESIGN CRITERIA -- A KEY TO TRAINER READINESS
COST-EFFECTIVE
AND EFFICIENT MAINTENANCE TRAINING DEVICES: A USER ACCEPTED DESIGN PROCESS
VISUAL
CUEING EFFECTIVENESS: COMPARISON OF PERCEPTION AND FLYING PERFORMANCE
DMA AND CIG:
A SHOTGUN WEDDING
AN ADAPTIVE
CBT COURSEWARE AUTHORING SYSTEM TO MEET THE NEEDS OF MILITARY AUTHORS
USER
FRIENDLY AUTHORING LANGUAGES: AN
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
EFFECTIVENESS
OF MULTI-YEAR AND ADVANCE PROCUREMENT CONTRACTS
MANAGING
AIRCRAFT/SIMULATOR CONCURRENCY
MANAGING A
LOW QUANTITY, HIGH TECHNOLOGY TRAINER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
MARINE CORPS
GROUND SIMULATOR TRAINING NEEDS IN THE 1985-1995 TIME FRAME
CHANGING
ARTILLERY TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
LOW-ALTITUDE
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION AND RESEARCH (LADDER)
AN APPROACH
TO A STANDARDIZED SIMULATOR DATABASE
DATABASE
GENERATION–IMPROVING THE STATE-OF-THE-ART
HUMAN
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS FOR THE BATTLE
GROUP TACTICAL TRAINER
TRAINING
ASSISTANCE TECHNOLOGY
THE PLATOON
GUNNERY SIMULATOR (PGS): A REAL TACTICAL TRAINING TOOL
SYNTHETIC
APERTURE RADAR SIMULATION
SIMULATION
VS SIMULATION IN ELECTRONIC WARFARE TRAINERS
APPLICATIONS
OF A GENERIC SHIP PROPULSION MODEL FOR ACOUSTIC SIGNATURE SIMULATION IN SONAR
TRAINERS
A LOW-COST
DRIVER TRAINER (LCDT) FOR A TRACKED VEHICLE
THE NAVY'S
SHIPHANDLING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MODEL
REAL-TIME
CGSI-SINGLE PIPELINE PROCESSOR
A LASER
IMAGE GENERATION SYSTEM FOR HELICOPTER
NAP-OF-THE-EARTH FLIGHT TRAINING
FIBER OPTIC
HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAY: A COST EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO FULL VISUAL FLIGHT
SIMULATION
DIGITAL
CONTROL LOADING–A MICROPROCESSOR-BASED APPROACH
MICROPROCESSORS
IN AIRCREW TRAINING DEVICES
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
SOFTWARE
DOCUMENTATION SUPPORT
SOFTWARE
PROGRESS TRACKING SYSTEM
USER-FRIENDLY
SOFTWARE–THE ROLE OF THE USER
PASSIVE
WEAPON TRAINING SYSTEM
COFT--A NEW
CONCEPT IN TANK GUNNERY TRAINING
INCREASED
READINESS THROUGH MODULARITY
A
FOUR-DIMENSIONAL THUNDERSTORM MODEL FOR FLIGHT SIMULATORS
THE PROGRAM
PLANNING REVIEW (PPR)
TRAINING THE
MULTIPLE-AIRCRAFT COMBAT ENVIRONMENT
LOGISTIC
SUPPORT - A COMPUTER MANUFACTURER'S VIEWPOINT
PROFIT
RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE SIMULATION AND
TRAINING EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY
AUTOMATIC
AUDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
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A WIDE FIELD-OF-VIEW CRT PROJECTION SYSTEM WITH OPTICAL FEEDBACK FOR
SELF ALIGNMENT Paul Lyon Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation Evans & Sutherland have developed a multi-channel CRT projection system. This system uses microprocessor technology with optical feedback to provide self-alignment for color-hue, intensity, color-convergence, geometry, and focus. By replacing drift-prone analog correction circuits with digital circuits and D/A converters, system drifts are limited to gain and offset errors. These errors are optically detected and corrected in "real time" by the microprocessor. Geometry drifts can be detected and corrected to within 1/4 of a pixel. Because this projection system is CRT based, image generator, lens, and projection angle induced distortions as large as 30% can be corrected by the projector's digital electronics. The projection system self-alignment capabilities together with edge matching make possible the tiling of multiple channels. This facilitates improved brightness and resolution over wide fields-of-view. A six channel system, with 30 degree by 30 degree fields-of-view for each channel, using a 12 foot radius screen of unity gain yields 7 ft.-lambert brightness with better than 3 arc-minute resolutions. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. CLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND SIMULATOR TRAINING WITH LIMITED FIELD-OF-VIEW VISUAL SYSTEMS Wayne P. Leavy, Engineering Group Leader Goodyear Aerospace Corporation Mike Fortin, Manager of Data Base Engineering Rediffusion Simulation Incorporated A limited field-of-view (LFOV) visual system for the F-15 flight simulator (FS) - developed and built by Goodyear Aerospace Corporation - would greatly increase the already proved training capability of the FS. The current F-15 FS, having no visual system, readily handles all its assigned instrument and emergency procedure training tasks. The LFOV system - capable of adapting to cost parameters - will enhance the overall training capability of the F-15 FS by adding out-of-the-window visual cues. The overall training capability, particularly in the visual air-to-air and air-to-ground modes, is expected to be significantly improved by the addition of the LFOV system. The database for the FLOV system is intended to support air-to-ground, air-to-air, and normal airfield operations. Air Force instructor pilots will evaluate the FLOV for a three-month period by following specific evaluation plans and by using strict grading procedures. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. IMAGE GENERATOR ARCHITECTURES AND FEATURES Roy Latham Research and Development Department The Singer Company, Link Flight Simulation Division In order to meet user requirements, tradeoffs are made in the implementation of the four functions (scene management, prioritization, geometric processing, and video processing) that comprise a digital image generation system of the sort used for flight training. This paper discusses how different approaches to image generator architecture affect the features apparent to the user. Among the architectural variations discussed are programmable versus pipelined geometric processing, and four variations of video processor (scanline, reverse-priority-ordered frame buffering, priority-ordered frame buffering, and distance buffering). The architectures are compared with respect to system cost, overload sensitivity, and the implementation of anti-aliasing, texture, and translucency features, among others. Understanding the tradeoffs involved will help designers and users better meet the requirements of a training task. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. PILOT ORIENTED PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT Joe De Maio, Herbert H. Bell and John Brunderman Air Force Human Resources Laboratory/Operations Training Division Flight simulators provide a complete quantitative record of a pilot's flying performance. Evaluating this record is complicated by the volume of data and by its fine detail, dozens of flight parameters, sampled many times per second. Automated performance measurement systems (APMS) reduce the volume of data to an amount, which is manageable and understandable. The usual APMS is aircraft state oriented. The APMS keys on aircraft state (e.g., X-Y position, bank angle) to define, intervals over which performance data are integrated. This APMS is relatively insensitive to pilots' intentions and so may average performances, which had differing objectives, based only on their having occurred at the same point during the task sequence. An alternative APMS has been developed which is pilot oriented. This APMS defines measurement intervals based on control inputs. Control inputs are identified by discrete changes in flight path. These intervals are psychologically relevant in that they begin with a goal-directed control input and end with a countervailing input. By relating performance in the pilot defined intervals to state defined intervals, it is possible to quantify performance on given flight segments (e.g., a level turn), and to specify factors which lead to a given level of performance. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. NEW CONCEPTS IN AIRCREW TRAINING USING COMPUTER GENERATED IMAGERY - A
STUDY REPORT D. Hauck, Engineer M. Verstegen, Engineer McDonnell Douglas Electronics Company The results of a study of the use of computer generated imagery in non-traditional training techniques are reported. These techniques complement and extend the role of a simulator from that of aircraft replicator to that of a training device. The study had three primary objectives: l) exploit the flexibility of CGI to generate new concepts in aircrew training methods; 2) develop and demonstrate examples of these concepts; and 3) perform exploratory testing of the examples to assess their effectiveness and pilot acceptance. For future study, the concept of using the simulator as a specific visual task trainer is discussed. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. ON-LINE TASK ANALYSES IN MAINTENANCE SIMULATION J. Jeffrey Richardson, Ph.D. Research Scientist Denver Research Institute The Air Force Human Resources Laboratory is currently sponsoring a project to investigate the costs and benefits of interactive, computer-based simulation in support of avionics maintenance training, utilizing a video disc picture data base to represent the actual equipment. The focus is on simulations, which support the development of genuine troubleshooting expertise--the competence to go beyond prescribed procedures. A unique aspect of this project is the use of on-line task analyses. An on-line task analysis is defined as a computer-resident database representing the set of goals and actions employed in accomplishing a task. Goals are divided into subgoals or actions, serving to decompose the troubleshooting problem into simpler problems. Actions involve direct manipulation of equipment. On-line task analyses may be useful in the development and delivery of quality, cost-effective maintenance simulations. Four benefits of on-line task analyses and a methodology for the development of these analyses are presented. The associated potential training effectiveness gains and cost savings are currently being tested empirically. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. A COMPARISON OF SIMULATOR PROCUREMENT/PROGRAM PRACTICES: MILITARY VS.
COMMERCIAL John S. Hussar Director, Commercial Engineering Link Flight Simulation Division, The Singer Company The costs of complex military flight simulators have been steadily rising, causing all concerned to carefully evaluate procurement and life-cycle costs of these devices. In making these evaluations, the issue is often raised that commercial airline simulators of comparable quality can be procured for less money and with shorter schedules. This paper provides a comparison of military and commercial procurement methods, concentrating on the major differences between them. It analyzes the key discriminators between military and commercial contract requirements, which collectively cause simulator procurement and program practices to be so different, and costs to vary so widely, when the resultant flight simulators procured by both methods are highly regarded for their training capabilities. Recognizing that some of the military requirements are unique and necessary, this paper takes the position that military simulator procurement can utilize some of the methods employed in commercial procurements to reduce life-cycle costs. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. CONCURENCY OF DESIGN CRITERIA -- A KEY TO TRAINER READINESS Jon Casperson Military Training Systems B-1B Simulator System PDR Manager Jerome Jonas Military Training Systems KC-135 Simulator Program Manager Boeing Military Airplane Company The benefits associated with combat crew readiness are obvious. What may not be so obvious are the benefits associated with timely acquisition and availability of training and training devices. As new aircraft programs develop and present aircraft programs mature, the crews must either train on the operational equipment or wait until the associated trainers are developed or updated. If the trainers are developed and updated in concert with the aircraft program, the Air Force is provided not only with combat-ready crews at the correct time, but also at the correct cost. The key to keeping the training devices in concert with the aircraft is a Concurrency Program. On the B-1B program, a complete concurrency program is being addressed. By complete, it is meant a program that addresses the two major issues associated with keeping the trainer concurrent with the aircraft: 1. Cost-effective development and distribution of the required design criteria data. 2. Inherent flexibility designed into the training device to accommodate changes in a cost- effective manner. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. DETERMINING
COST AND TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS TRADEOFFS FOR TRAINER DESIGN: TEST OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL Dr. Ruth A. Wienclaw Honeywell Inc. Dr. Jesse Orlansky Institute for Defense Analyses This paper reports the status of an ongoing project to develop a macro model describing the decisions involved in developing training equipment. The purpose of the model is to assist managers in making such decisions by providing information concerning the tradeoffs between the cost and effectiveness of training provided by different configurations and choices of equipment. The goals of the current phase of the study were to determine the feasibility of collecting data to empirically test the model and turn it into a practical tool to be used in making decisions relating to trainer design and development, and to perform a preliminary test of the model. Results of the field data collection led to the conclusion that the data necessary to test the model can be obtained. However, such measures need to be refined before the model can be turned into a practical tool. The preliminary test of the model performed in this study resulted in no major modifications of the model. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. COST-EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT MAINTENANCE TRAINING DEVICES: A USER
ACCEPTED DESIGN PROCESS W. F. Jorgensen and P.H.L. Brown In response to a USAF need for cost-effective and efficient training devices for the F-16 aircraft, a design process which was largely adapted from U. S. Air Force instructional design procedures was used and modified to ensure the efficient integration of these devices within the USAF training and logistics environments. Two specific and unique training device suites were conceptualized for the F-16 Fire Control and Armament systems. Physical and functional characteristics were specified for each training device suite to meet the specific hands-on training needs for Fire Control (AFSC 326X6C) and Weapons Control (AFSC 462X0) maintenance technicians. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. "THE FACILITY PART OF THE EQUATION"
Jerome S. Kamchi, Configuration Control Manager Weldon "Bud" Dube', Facility Engineer Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL/OTS) WAFB The theme of increased readiness through training has an inherent assumption that adequate facilities either exist, can be modified, or can be built to house computerized training devices. Too often adequate facilities do not exist or require long lead times to acquire. Training capabilities can become a myth to the realities of not having an adequate facility or of having modern training equipment fail because of facility deficiencies such as high temperatures and power spikes. But what are adequate facilities for computerized training devices, and how do we acquire them? This paper will review the time phasing and types of funding available within the Department of Defense for construction projects, design concepts of a flexile modular training building including security and environmental considerations. Without understanding the time phasing for acquisition of training facilities, the effectiveness of training devices can be reduced to zero. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. VISUAL CUEING EFFECTIVENESS: COMPARISON OF PERCEPTION AND FLYING
PERFORMANCE Joe De Maio Air Force Human Resources Laboratory/Operations Training Division Edward J. Rinalducci Georgia Institute of Technology Rebecca Brooks and John Brunderman Air Force Human Resources Laboratory/Operations Training Division Growing emphasis on simulation of low altitude and air-to-air tactical scenarios has gr |