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I/ITSEC 1990 -- 12th I/ITSEC

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Innovation in the Development of Space-Based Visual Data Base  4

Terrain Independent Feature Modeling   4

Psychophysical Approach to Visual Display Acceptance  5

The Automated Systems Approach to Training (ASAT) 6

Recommended Procedures for Implementing Cost-Effective Embedded Training into Operational Equipment  6

A Process to Evaluate Training Media Alternatives  7

Applying DOD-STD-2167A   7

Combining Real-Time and Time-Sharing Services on a Multiprocessor   7

An Inter Task Protocol for a Multi-Processor Simulator   8

Network Requirements for Distributed Tactical Training   9

Shipboard Training Control–An Approach for Networking Multiple Embedded and Appended Shipboard Trainers  9

The Standardization of Protocol Data Units for Interoperability of Defense Simulations  10

Aircrew Strategy/Intent Detection System    10

Reduced Crew for Opposing Force Surrogate Vehicles at the National Training Center   11

Numerical Identification and Estimation–an Efficient Method for Improving Simulation Fidelity   12

Definition and Validation of the Flying Qualities and Performance Test Criteria for the Modern Operational Flight Trainer   12

The Simulation of the Dynamic Interaction of a Hovercraft Entering a Support Ship Well Deck   13

The Implementation of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion (LCAC) Full Mission Trainer (FMT) Land Dynamics Reaction to Terrain   13

Selecting a Geographic Interface for Air Traffic Control Radar Simulation   14

Mission Rehearsal Database Requirements and Technologies  14

From Source Materials to Data Bases–Higher Fidelity at Lower Cost  15

Modeling Systems Software Architecture  16

Micro-Computer/Array Processor System Design for Active Sonar Simulation   16

Weapons Team Engagement Simulator   16

Meeting the Avionics Maintenance Training Objectives with Simulation–The E-6 Integrated Avionics Trainer   17

Automated Adaptive Instruction for Embedded Training   17

Automatic Scenario Generation and Control for Tactical Training Systems of the 1990’s  18

Using ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) in a Maintenance Diagnostics and Training Simulator   18

Application of FDDI/XTP Network Protocols to Distributed Simulation   19

Implementations of Ethernet-Like Protocols Utilizing ETHERNET Technology for Real Time Simulation Networking   20

ON THE ROLE OF DISTRIBUTED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN LARGE SCALE NETWORK SIMULATION   20

Electric Control Landing–A Low Cost, High Performance Alternative  21

DC Servo-Motors for High Performance, High Reliability Control Loading in Flight Simulators  21

A Midi-Based Aural Simulation System    22

Development and Evaluation of Eye Tracker Performance for Use with the Fiber Optic Helmet Mounted Display   22

Two Approached for Implementing Full color Helmet Mounted Display Suitable for Training and Research   23

Advanced Raster/Calligraphic CRT Projector   24

Semi-Automated Force Simulation Using a Blackboard   24

The Application of Artificial Neural Systems to the Training of Air Combat Decision-Making Skills  24

The Benefits of Desktop Rapid Prototyping   25

Using Speech Recognition in Real-Time Training SystemS FiNding the Balance  26

Applying Mathematical Modeling technology to the Study of Team Training and Performance  26

Threat Databases–are we Repeating Ourselves?  27

Teamwork–An Acquisition Management Approach for Networking Trainers  27

Pilot Training for the European Fighter Aircraft–Getting it Right  28

B-2 Simulator Acquisition the Acquisition Strategy for the 90s  28

Planned Rapid Obsolescence of Training   29

Organizational Barriers to Object-Oriented Development  29

Ada in the 90’s  30

Proposal Analyses by Fast Action Negotiation Group (FANG) Teams  30

Total Quality Management (TQM) in the Competitive (Confrontational) Acquisition Environment  31

Training Cost Data Enhancement System (T-Codes) 31

Mission Rehearsal Behavioral Research Issues  32

Mission Training and Rehearsal Employing Simulation to its full Potential  32

Interoperability:  the Key to Successful Team Training and Rehearsal  33

A Computer Based Performance Measurement System for Team Training   34

Developing Measurement Within an  Evolving Training Program    34

Is Total Contract Training Still Viable?  An Update on E-3 Total Contract Training   35

The C-17 ATS–Caballing, Kibitzing, and Cohabiting   35

Harrier GR MK 5/7 Advanced Technology Mission Simulators  35

Effective Air Combat Team Performance–with Bandit’s Help  36

Multiship Air Combat Team Mission Trainer (TMT) Concept Meeting a Tough Continuation Training Requirement  37

Advanced Amphibious Assault (AAA) Program–an Early Consideration of Required Training Systems  37

Training Scenarios for Space Station Freedom    38

Designing Concurrency into a Training Curriculum Using Computer Based Training   38

 

Innovation in the Development of Space-Based Visual Data Base

Steven M. McCarter and John L. Richard

McDonnell Douglas Company

 

When tasked with the development of a space-based visual data base on a non Z-buffer type image generator, engineers at mcDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company encountered several problems.  These problems included polygon distribution, curved surface shading, texturing, and allotment of moving models.  As always, a finite number of  polygons was available per visual scene.  Judicious use of these polygons was employed at every stage of development, the intent being to provide the most accurate scene content possible.  Trade-offs between curved surface shading and texturing were examined, and made when deem appropriate.  Last, but certainly not least, the number of complexity of moving models would play an important role in the development of the McDonnell douglas Helicopter company Visual System Analysis and Demonstration data base.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 


Terrain Independent Feature Modeling

L. Charles Clark and Michael A. Cosman

Evans and Sutherland Computer Corporation

 

Historically, much of the time and expense of developing visual environment databases has occurred in the process of customizing three-dimensional features to fit properly on the terrain skin, and this interdependence has often imposed limitations in terrain fidelity and teature placement and density.  A new Evans and Sutherland system performs this terrain/feature marriage in real-time with special feature-comforming processes which are implemented in the CIG hardware and which rely on depth-buffer visual priority solution.  This allows modelers to optimize the terrain model for maximum fidelity, and create and organize the feature overlay without regard for the topography of the underlying terrain, greatly simplifying feature design and placement.  Modelers can work at much higher levels of abstraction, while generating visual environments which are more accurate and realistic.

 

This paper describes a new set of modeling strategies which convert high-level feature representations into displayable databases.  Broad-brush feature descriptions such as DMA DFAD or 2851 can be rapidly transformed into compact data structures which create dense high-fidelity visual environments.  Geo-Typical and Geo-Specific features can both be readily accommodated where mandated by mission requirements, and advanced hardware instancing modes allow features to be highly customized with each placement, achieving high compression of the feature database.  The development process may be largely automated, and feature and terrain production can be performed in parallel, greatly reducing database development time and cost.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

Psychophysical Approach to Visual Display Acceptance

LCDR Michael G. Lilienthal

Naval Air Systems Command

 

There has been a rapid development in photo-based generated imagery for flight simulators without an accompanying development of knowledge, test, and acceptance criteria.  Trainer design engineers have developed visual displays based on years of previous experience rather than upon aircrew visual phychophysical requirements.  The criterion for the merit of a display has relied heavily on the acceptance of the visual system by a few experienced aviators and program managers.  Visual scientists and psychophysicists have played a minor role in deciding how and what visual information must be displayed in a simulator to ensure that the scene provides the proper cues to accomplish the training tasks.

 

This paper presents a review of several Navy performance specifications for visual flight simulators and proposes a psychophysical scaling test and acceptance approach for visual cue requirements.  The move to photo-based systems with increased texturing fulfills part of the requirement for visual scene cues.  However, the visual systems must not only generate the proper number of leaves on trees, but they must give the aircrew sufficient dynamic visual cues.  The aircrew should receive the same psychophysical cues that are needed in actual aircraft flights.  These include, for example, the same depth cues, vection, velocity cues, perceptual experience, and closure cues as experienced in flight operations.  Highly reliable direct psychophysical measurement techniques are proposed as part of the test and acceptance protocol for such visual flight simulators.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

The Automated Systems Approach to Training (ASAT)

W. R. MacDiarmid and Patrice Pierce, SAIC

Dr. Ray Perez, Army Research Center

 

This paper describes ASAT, the Automated systems Approach to Training System, which has been designed to automate many of the procedures involved in the Army’s Systems approach to training.  It provides information on the background of the project, specifically addressing the problems that heretofore confronted the training development community within the TRADOC school system in accomplishing their training support mission.  It describes the problems involved in analyzing units and the jobs of individual soldiers and designing, developing and producing training support materials (in both the collective and individual training arenas) for use by commanders, training managers, trainers and soldiers in active and Reserve Component units throughout the Army.  The functional design that emerged to resolve those problems is then discussed and the capabilities of the prototype system are explained.  Specific issues such as hardware suites, use of commercial-off-the-shelf software, man-machine interface, and data base design are addressed.  The paper then goes on to give the results of the economic analysis and the formative evaluation of the prototype system.  Based on those empirical findings, the paper then presents suggestions for making ASAT even more responsive to the needs of those involved in collective and individual training analysis, design and development and how the mature ASAT can be integrated into the TRADOC TRAMOD system

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

Recommended Procedures for Implementing Cost-Effective Embedded Training into Operational Equipment

L. Bruce McDonald, Ph.D., University of Central Florida

JoAnn C. Rullo, University of Central Florida

 

With the increased sophistication of weapons systems and the reduced funds for operating these systems, the military is experiencing significant skill degradation, leading to degraded combat readiness.  Embedded Training has been proposed as a solution to this problem and substantial research is underway to develop efficient Embedded Training design principles.  However, large numbers of weapons systems are currently in development and the designers need guidance now on how to design Embedded Training into those systems.

 

This paper presents an approach for determining the most cost-effective training capabilities to embed into the operational equipment.  This approach is based on the consolidation of research in the areas of Embedded Training and skill degradation.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

A Process to Evaluate Training Media Alternatives

Dr. Erik S. Hougland and Dr. Dennis S. Duke

Naval Training Systems Center

 

This paper describes a process used to evaluate various types of media used in a training organization.  The process used as its basis a training device selection model that incorporates concepts of training effectiveness, technical efficiency and cost into an algorithm in order to determine the most effective training device(s) to be utilized in a training situation.  This algorithm uses weighted scores as a basis for determining an optimal rank ordering in the three categories of training effectiveness, technical efficiency and cost.  The final determination of which media are the most effective in training students is made by the analysis team utilizing data provided by the model.  This paper provides a description of how the process was used by the analysis team in evaluating the training situation at the Marine Corps Security Force battalion.

 

This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM.

Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website.

 

 

 

Applying DOD-STD-2167A

James O’Day

Hughes Flight Simulation Operatio