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I/ITSEC 1990 --
12th I/ITSEC
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Innovation in the Development of
Space-Based Visual Data Base
Terrain
Independent Feature Modeling
Psychophysical
Approach to Visual Display Acceptance
The
Automated Systems Approach to Training (ASAT)
Recommended
Procedures for Implementing Cost-Effective Embedded Training into Operational
Equipment
A Process to
Evaluate Training Media Alternatives
Combining
Real-Time and Time-Sharing Services on a Multiprocessor
An Inter
Task Protocol for a Multi-Processor Simulator
Network
Requirements for Distributed Tactical Training
The
Standardization of Protocol Data Units for Interoperability of Defense
Simulations
Aircrew
Strategy/Intent Detection System
Reduced Crew
for Opposing Force Surrogate Vehicles at the National Training Center
Numerical
Identification and Estimation–an Efficient Method for Improving Simulation
Fidelity
The
Simulation of the Dynamic Interaction of a Hovercraft Entering a Support Ship
Well Deck
Selecting a
Geographic Interface for Air Traffic Control Radar Simulation
Mission
Rehearsal Database Requirements and Technologies
From Source
Materials to Data Bases–Higher Fidelity at Lower Cost
Modeling
Systems Software Architecture
Micro-Computer/Array
Processor System Design for Active Sonar Simulation
Weapons Team
Engagement Simulator
Automated
Adaptive Instruction for Embedded Training
Automatic
Scenario Generation and Control for Tactical Training Systems of the 1990’s
Using
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) in a Maintenance Diagnostics and Training
Simulator
Application
of FDDI/XTP Network Protocols to Distributed Simulation
ON THE ROLE
OF DISTRIBUTED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN LARGE SCALE NETWORK SIMULATION
Electric
Control Landing–A Low Cost, High Performance Alternative
DC
Servo-Motors for High Performance, High Reliability Control Loading in Flight
Simulators
A Midi-Based
Aural Simulation System
Two
Approached for Implementing Full color Helmet Mounted Display Suitable for
Training and Research
Advanced
Raster/Calligraphic CRT Projector
Semi-Automated
Force Simulation Using a Blackboard
The Application
of Artificial Neural Systems to the Training of Air Combat Decision-Making
Skills
The Benefits
of Desktop Rapid Prototyping
Using Speech
Recognition in Real-Time Training SystemS FiNding the Balance
Applying
Mathematical Modeling technology to the Study of Team Training and Performance
Threat
Databases–are we Repeating Ourselves?
Teamwork–An
Acquisition Management Approach for Networking Trainers
Pilot
Training for the European Fighter Aircraft–Getting it Right
B-2
Simulator Acquisition the Acquisition Strategy for the 90s
Planned
Rapid Obsolescence of Training
Organizational
Barriers to Object-Oriented Development
Proposal
Analyses by Fast Action Negotiation Group (FANG) Teams
Total
Quality Management (TQM) in the Competitive (Confrontational) Acquisition
Environment
Training
Cost Data Enhancement System (T-Codes)
Mission
Rehearsal Behavioral Research Issues
Mission
Training and Rehearsal Employing Simulation to its full Potential
Interoperability: the Key to Successful Team Training and
Rehearsal
A Computer
Based Performance Measurement System for Team Training
Developing
Measurement Within an Evolving Training
Program
Is Total
Contract Training Still Viable? An
Update on E-3 Total Contract Training
The C-17
ATS–Caballing, Kibitzing, and Cohabiting
Harrier GR
MK 5/7 Advanced Technology Mission Simulators
Effective
Air Combat Team Performance–with Bandit’s Help
Advanced
Amphibious Assault (AAA) Program–an Early Consideration of Required Training
Systems
Training
Scenarios for Space Station Freedom
Designing
Concurrency into a Training Curriculum Using Computer Based Training
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Innovation in the Development of Space-Based Visual Data Base Steven M. McCarter and
John L. Richard McDonnell Douglas
Company When tasked with the
development of a space-based visual data base on a non Z-buffer type image
generator, engineers at mcDonnell Douglas Helicopter Company encountered
several problems. These problems
included polygon distribution, curved surface shading, texturing, and
allotment of moving models. As
always, a finite number of polygons
was available per visual scene.
Judicious use of these polygons was employed at every stage of
development, the intent being to provide the most accurate scene content
possible. Trade-offs between curved
surface shading and texturing were examined, and made when deem
appropriate. Last, but certainly not
least, the number of complexity of moving models would play an important role
in the development of the McDonnell douglas Helicopter company Visual System
Analysis and Demonstration data base. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium CD-ROM. Order it from I/ITSEC’s Website. Terrain Independent Feature Modeling L. Charles Clark and
Michael A. Cosman Evans and Sutherland
Computer Corporation Historically, much of the
time and expense of developing visual environment databases has occurred in
the process of customizing three-dimensional features to fit properly on the
terrain skin, and this interdependence has often imposed limitations in
terrain fidelity and teature placement and density. A new Evans and Sutherland system performs this terrain/feature
marriage in real-time with special feature-comforming processes which are
implemented in the CIG hardware and which rely on depth-buffer visual
priority solution. This allows
modelers to optimize the terrain model for maximum fidelity, and create and
organize the feature overlay without regard for the topography of the
underlying terrain, greatly simplifying feature design and placement. Modelers can work at much higher levels of
abstraction, while generating visual environments which are more accurate and
realistic. This paper describes a
new set of modeling strategies which convert high-level feature
representations into displayable databases.
Broad-brush feature descriptions such as DMA DFAD or 2851 can be
rapidly transformed into compact data structures which create dense
high-fidelity visual environments.
Geo-Typical and Geo-Specific features can both be readily accommodated
where mandated by mission requirements, and advanced hardware instancing
modes allow features to be highly customized with each placement, achieving
high compression of the feature database.
The development process may be largely automated, and feature and
terrain production can be performed in parallel, greatly reducing database
development time and cost. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Psychophysical Approach to Visual Display Acceptance LCDR Michael G.
Lilienthal Naval Air Systems
Command There has been a rapid
development in photo-based generated imagery for flight simulators without an
accompanying development of knowledge, test, and acceptance criteria. Trainer design engineers have developed
visual displays based on years of previous experience rather than upon aircrew
visual phychophysical requirements.
The criterion for the merit of a display has relied heavily on the
acceptance of the visual system by a few experienced aviators and program
managers. Visual scientists and psychophysicists
have played a minor role in deciding how and what visual information must be
displayed in a simulator to ensure that the scene provides the proper cues to
accomplish the training tasks. This paper presents a
review of several Navy performance specifications for visual flight
simulators and proposes a psychophysical scaling test and acceptance approach
for visual cue requirements. The move
to photo-based systems with increased texturing fulfills part of the
requirement for visual scene cues.
However, the visual systems must not only generate the proper number
of leaves on trees, but they must give the aircrew sufficient dynamic visual
cues. The aircrew should receive the
same psychophysical cues that are needed in actual aircraft flights. These include, for example, the same depth
cues, vection, velocity cues, perceptual experience, and closure cues as
experienced in flight operations.
Highly reliable direct psychophysical measurement techniques are
proposed as part of the test and acceptance protocol for such visual flight simulators. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. The Automated Systems Approach to Training (ASAT) W. R. MacDiarmid and
Patrice Pierce, SAIC Dr. Ray Perez, Army
Research Center This paper describes ASAT,
the Automated systems Approach to Training System, which has been designed to
automate many of the procedures involved in the Army’s Systems approach to
training. It provides information on
the background of the project, specifically addressing the problems that
heretofore confronted the training development community within the TRADOC
school system in accomplishing their training support mission. It describes the problems involved in
analyzing units and the jobs of individual soldiers and designing, developing
and producing training support materials (in both the collective and
individual training arenas) for use by commanders, training managers,
trainers and soldiers in active and Reserve Component units throughout the
Army. The functional design that
emerged to resolve those problems is then discussed and the capabilities of
the prototype system are explained.
Specific issues such as hardware suites, use of commercial-off-the-shelf
software, man-machine interface, and data base design are addressed. The paper then goes on to give the results
of the economic analysis and the formative evaluation of the prototype
system. Based on those empirical
findings, the paper then presents suggestions for making ASAT even more
responsive to the needs of those involved in collective and individual
training analysis, design and development and how the mature ASAT can be
integrated into the TRADOC TRAMOD system This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. Recommended Procedures for Implementing Cost-Effective Embedded Training into Operational Equipment L. Bruce McDonald,
Ph.D., University of Central Florida JoAnn C. Rullo,
University of Central Florida With the increased
sophistication of weapons systems and the reduced funds for operating these
systems, the military is experiencing significant skill degradation, leading
to degraded combat readiness.
Embedded Training has been proposed as a solution to this problem and
substantial research is underway to develop efficient Embedded Training
design principles. However, large
numbers of weapons systems are currently in development and the designers
need guidance now on how to design Embedded Training into those systems. This paper presents an
approach for determining the most cost-effective training capabilities to
embed into the operational equipment.
This approach is based on the consolidation of research in the areas
of Embedded Training and skill degradation. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. A Process to Evaluate Training Media Alternatives Dr. Erik S. Hougland
and Dr. Dennis S. Duke Naval Training Systems
Center This paper describes a
process used to evaluate various types of media used in a training
organization. The process used as its
basis a training device selection model that incorporates concepts of
training effectiveness, technical efficiency and cost into an algorithm in
order to determine the most effective training device(s) to be utilized in a
training situation. This algorithm
uses weighted scores as a basis for determining an optimal rank ordering in the
three categories of training effectiveness, technical efficiency and
cost. The final determination of
which media are the most effective in training students is made by the
analysis team utilizing data provided by the model. This paper provides a description of how the process was used
by the analysis team in evaluating the training situation at the Marine Corps
Security Force battalion. This paper is available on the I/ITSEC Compendium
CD-ROM. Order it from
I/ITSEC’s Website. James O’Day Hughes Flight Simulation Operatio |