ITEC 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INCREASING
THE USE OF EMULATION IN ROYAL NAVY OPERATOR TRAINING (14)
EMERGING
TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES (89)
DISTRIBUTED SIMULATION IN CZECH ARMY (34)
SIMULATOR PROTOTYPING – LESSONS LEARNED (4)
MILITARY
MEDICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION IN THE 21 ST CENTURY (65)
ENHANCING
THE UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE NURSING CURRICULUMS WITH HUMAN PATIENT
SIMULATORS (70)
INTEGRATING
MEDICAL SIMULATION INTO A SURGICAL ORIENTATION (82)
SIMULATING
AND TRAINING MACHINE TECHNIQUES IN MEDICINE (9)
NEXT
GENERATION MEDICAL CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT (75)
PREDICTION
OF MICRO-SLEEPS BASED ON THALAMO-CORTICAL OSCILLATIONS (3)
HEAD
AND HAND TRACKING FOR A HEAD-MOUNTED DISPLAY BASED DYNAMIC SIMULATOR (31)
A
SOLUTION SET FOR IMPLEMENTING A MOTOR GRADER SIMULATOR (43)
DESIGN
AND TRIALS OF A HIGH-SPEED POLICE CAR SIMULATOR (36)
A
SCIENTIFIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STUDY WITH TRUCK DRIVING SIMULATORS IN
THE ARMY (99)
NATO
MODELLING AND SIMULATION ORIENTATION COURSE (106)
FEDERATION
CREDIBILITY CHALLENGES (102)
EFFECTIVENESS
OF TRAINING SIMULATIONS (88)
DEFENCE FORCE PLANNING UNDER RESTRAINT RESOURCES (86)
LIVE
SIMULATION OPTICAL INTEROPERABILITY OF DIRECT FIRING (61)
DATA
ARCHITECTURE APPLIED TO THE SIMULATION-BASED TRAINING DOMAIN (28)
PSISA: IMPROVING HLA PRACTICALITY (71)
DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC APPROACH TO DIRECT FIRE MODELLING (26)
THE APPLICATION OF A COMBAT SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR DECISION SUPPORT ON THE BATTLEFIELD (32a)
TRAINING A TEAM WITH SIMULATED TEAM MEMBERS: DEFINING REQUIREMENTS (44)
SEE HEAR AND SMELL THE DANGER:SCENT IN VR EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING (11)
COMPUTER-SUPPORTED EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING: OBSERVATIONS FROM A FIELD EXERCISE (15)
JUST-IN TIME HEALTH EMERGENCY INTERVENTIONS : TRAINING OF NON-PROFESSIONALS BY VIRTUAL REALITY AND ADVANCED IT TOOLS (85)
DATA SONIFICATION FOR SIMULATION, TRAINING, AND GUIDANCE IN CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTS (76)
METRO
BILBAO TRAINING SIMULATOR. THE END USER'S POINT OF VIEW (41)
A
NEW POLICY FOR USE OF AUTOMATION DURING FLIGHT
HOW JAR FCL CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE INSTRUCTOR PERFORMANCE & AIRLINE EFFICIENCY, SAFETY & PROFITABILITY (105)
BOTTOM
LINE EVALUATION – LEVERAGING EXTRA VALUE FROM LEVEL 3 (92)
AN
EXPERT SYSTEM APPROACH TO TRAINING OPTIONS ANALYSIS (45)
MEASURING
THE KQ ( KNOWLEDGE-QUOTIENT) OF THE ORGANIZATION (13)
SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENT BASED TOOLS FOR MILITARY CAPABILITY GAP ANALYSIS (46)
SIMULATION
EVALUATION OF AIRCRAFT ATTITUDE SYMBOLOGY DISPLAYED ON AN HMD (19)
LASER PROJECTION FOR WIDE FIELD OF VIEW DISPLAYS (16)
GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR AIRCRAFT HEAD-UP DISPLAYS GENERATION (42)
DEPLOYMENT
OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN DATABASE GENERATION (58)
CUBBY:
A UNIFIED INTERACTION SPACE FOR PRECISION MANIPULATION (62)
MEDICAL SIMULATION TRAINER INITIATIVE (66)
IMMERSE
ME IN VIBES: INTERACTIVE/IMMERSIVE MEDICAL EDUCATION/RESEARCH SIMULATION AND
MODELING ENVIRONMENT (IMERSME) AND VIRTUAL INTERACTIVE BURN ENVIRONMENT (VIBE)
AS A NEW GENERATION APPROACH TO GLOBAL BIOMEDICAL EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND
RESEARCH (79)
INTEGRATION OF TIMETABLE FOR RAILWAY TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR DEUTSCH BUNDESBAHN (25)
A
PRACTICAL APPROACH TO TRAINING IN NEW ROLLING STOCK (12)
WEB-BASED
RAILWAY TRAFFIC SIMULATOR GROWING TRAINING CAPABILITIES (21)
INTEGRATED
AUDITABLE DRIVER TRAINING SYSTEM FOR RAILWAYS
FROM THE JAR FCL SYLLABUS TOWARDS A EUROPEAN HARMONISED CURRICULUM FOR PPL INSTRUCTION
THE FUTURE AND TECHNOLOGY OF REMOTE TRAINING ‚BRINGING TRAINING TO THE PILOT™ (94)
A
STUDY ON DESIGN AND USE OF RADAR SIMULATION IN AN ATC ENVIRONMENT.
SESSION
1:ON-GOING NATO M&S ACTIVITIES
SESSION 2: PARTNERS (PFP) SESSION
BRIDGING
THE GAP BETWEEN COMPUTER BASED TRAINING AND SIMULATION (40)
THE
TENOR ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE FOR ADVANCED DISTRIBUTIVE LEARNING (74)
IMPLEMENTATION OF OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WARIN A MULTI-PARTY COMBAT SIMULATION SYSTEM (33)
AN INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO EDUCATION, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT (37)
COMPUTER-SUPPORTED
MONITORING OF COMMAND POST COMMUNICATION IN TASKFORCE OPERATIONS: - A
COGNITIVE SYSTEMS APPROACH (80)
THE
NATIONAL CENTER FOR SIMULATION A GLOBAL MODEL FOR PARTNERSHIPS (87)
REUSABLE
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING METHODOLOGY (REDEEM) PROJECT (69)
COMPUTER AIDED EDUCATION SOFTWARE (57)
THE
FUTURE ROLE OF AIRCRAFT SYSTEM EMULATIONS WITHIN THE TRAINING ENVIRONMENT (51)
INTELLIGENT
TRAINING AIDS: FROM CONCEPT TO DEMONSTRATION (39)
EUCLID CEPA11 RTP11.10 DISTRIBUTED SNE SERVER (84)
HIGHER-LEVEL
INTEGRATED TEAM TRAINING ENVIRONMENT FOR SPACE (HILITE)(93)
THE
GENERIC TOOLBOX FOR INTEROPERABLE SYSTEMS – GTI6 (90)
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Roland
Friedrich Up
to now Computer Based Training (CBT) has been a very effective
instrument to teach cognitive training goals. A much more difficult
task, besides imparting knowledge, is the training of affective
training objectives – the training of behaviour – and the training
of procedural tasks. A
virtual environment can be a very good help to reach these described
goals. A
VR-simulated environment is not new technology as such. Existing
examples are adventure games or scientific applications. But to solve
education and training problems, it must be possible to use the
synergy from the combination of VR scenes with a CBT application.
Additional features are now possible due to the didactical options,
available from the connection to the CBT environment. The student has
a clear task to solve, but the simulation gives not only a right and
wrong path, rather there is more than one solution. So, the trainee
can develop his own problem-solving strategies „just in time“,
during the simulated situation occurs. All
the actions of a trainee within his VR training environment can be
recorded and prepared for immediate or later assessment. The
environment can generate didactical feedback to guide the trainee to a
certain behaviour – corresponding to the level of the objective. The
„bandwidth“ of simulation can be controlled to lead the trainee
towards the training goal. The
stand-alone VR application is a very motivating media as such, but
within a PC-based training program it opens a new dimension of
self-paced learning with a real „learning by doing“ advantage.
Besides the CBT improvement due to VR applications, the low
data volume of a VR scene allows employment of this training media
within web-based training environments. This
paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. -
Papers
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R.
H. Thomas, M. Williams, R. D. England, J. L. Evans, D. A. Oatley, C.
Ireland, A. O’Callaghan and S. Tiley This
paper describes an experiment that was undertaken by a sub-group of
the Training, Simulation and Virtual Reality (TSVR) Forum of BAE
SYSTEMS. This Forum exists to identify training issues of concern
throughout BAE SYSTEMS and to address them using whatever methods are
appropriate – in this case, by conducting experimental research. In
short, the TSVR Forum exists to promote training synergy throughout
BAE SYSTEMS. Since
Virtual Reality (VR) technology first captured the imagination of the
scientific community and the general public, it has been the subject
of much excitement, publicity and speculation as to its future
applications. This speculation has extended to the popular press and
beyond, and VR has featured in a number of prominent science fiction
novels and movies. Unfortunately, this hype has tended to confuse
claims concerning the extent to which immersive VR is appropriate for
applications in the real world. In particular, claims concerning the
extent to which immersive VR can offer positive transfer of training
have tended to be unsupported by objective, scientific evidence. In
recent years, however, there has been a certain amount of anecdotal
evidence to support the view that immersive VR has a serious role to
play in the training arena. The
study undertaken by BAE SYSTEMS aimed to go some way to exploring the
boundaries of immersive VR for training applications, and to do this
within the context of a rigorous scientific experiment. The
task selected for the experiment was a Hawk aircrew procedural task,
specifically the Engine Start task. Two groups of ten subjects each
were trained to complete this task, one using immersive VR, the other
using conventional Computer-Based Training (CBT). Several days after
completing the training, the subjects were asked to complete the
Engine Start task in a high-fidelity Hawk cockpit rig.
This allowed the transfer of training to be assessed. A number
of objective performance measures were recorded, including: number of
training trials required to achieve criterion performance, time
required to complete the rig test, and the frequency and nature of
errors. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to record the
subjects’ opinions of the two training media. This
paper describes the experimental design, procedure, results and
conclusions, and offers recommendations for follow-on experiments. |
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Robert
Stone Defence
establishments and military forces across the globe have long been
exploiters of virtual environment technology (or “synthetic
environments”), primarily in large-scale simulators designed for
such activities as operations planning, war gaming,
command-control-communications and intelligence (C3I) and,
of course tri-service pilot, navigator and driver training. However,
this exploitation has, of recent years, extended to part-task or
“off-mission” activities, such as those military trainers which
endow basic CAD or VR models of military platform subsystems with
realistic behaviours, thereby enhancing the training of such
procedures as familiarisation, maintenance, fault-finding and refit.
Virtual Reality (VR) has been developed to create realistic military
environments for such tasks as helicopter machine gun training,
parachuting experience, explosive ordnance disposal, naval helicopter
deck landing, submarine and surface ship blind piloting, officer of
the watch training and many more. Also, as military hardware becomes
more advanced, the inevitable reduction in real systems available for
training means that computer-based lessons, many featuring VR, will
become an essential tool of the military classroom, helping to
familiarise tri-service personnel with the spatial and behavioural
aspects of weapons platforms subsystems. However, the push for
classroom VR trainers, designed to replace ageing conventional
techniques such as “chalk-and-talk”, overhead projection, simple
video, even 2D CBT brings with it new challenges. Not only the
challenge of delivering high performance and visual fidelity with the
emerging range of low-cost NT workstations, but the challenge of
delivering open systems architectures (thus assuring the longevity and
reusability of the application), standardized techniques for 3D
computer modelling, protocols for the integration of behavioural
simulation with multi-display rendering and “best practice” human
factors design and implementation techniques. This paper addresses
some of these issues by illustrating two recent case studies: the
development of an Avionics Training Facility (ATF) for the British RAF
F3 Tornado and a
feasibility project to assess the use of VR in the UK submarine
qualification (SMQ) process. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
INCREASING THE USE OF EMULATION IN ROYAL NAVY OPERATOR TRAINING (14)Lieutenant
Commander Adrian Gerard Smith The
cost of providing real equipment, known as Government Furnished
Equipment (GFE) for operator training is becoming increasingly
prohibitive. Over the last decade the Royal Navy’s School of
Maritime Operations (SMOPS), based at HMS DRYAD in Hampshire, has been
making increasing use of emulation in its training solutions to cut
costs and boost training efficacy. This
paper explains the stages of operator training conducted at SMOPS:
introductory / individual, skill/sub-team and full team, and details
where emulation has proved to be the most cost effective solution. The
lessons learned from the recently accepted ASW sub-team trainer
project, which utilizes partial emulations of 3 separate combat
systems, are examined. SMOPS
has also recently accepted a full team trainer for the Type 23 Frigate
combat system (SSCS). Whereas
this is predominantly GFE based, it still makes use of emulation in
its representation of some sub-systems. The cost of this trainer
highlights the need to search for a cheaper solution for the Type 45
full team trainer. The
paper goes on to examine the potential benefits associated with the
procurement of a fully emulated full team trainer. Principally these
are reduced costs when compared to the GFE solution and increased
flexibility due to the ability to reuse the software in other forms of
trainer. There are however several significant attendant risks in
following this path. The main ones being loss of fidelity and
potentially high through life costs stemming from the software
amendments needed to accommodate the continually developing nature of
combat systems. |
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EMERGING
TRAINING TECHNOLOGIES (89) William
F. Parrish Advances
in computer technology are enabling training devices to provide
training opportunities that were previously not affordable or
possible. This is particularly true for aviation training devices.
Aging aircraft and shrinking defense budgets are making these enabling
training technologies even more attractive. Over the past decade the
United States’ Military Services have made significant investments
in developing new training technologies. These research and
development investments are beginning to payoff in terms of new
training capabilities. Many
of these advancements involve improved visual simulation for both
sensors and out the window displays. Physics based sensor simulations
that run in real time have been developed for infrared, radar, and
night vision goggles. Correlation problems have been eliminated by
using a single database for an R&D technology demonstrator. All
material properties are encoded in the database, at the pixel level,
to support the physics based models. Another development that allows
new technologies to rapidly find their way into training systems is an
innovative use of a modular architecture and High Level Architecture (HLA).
HLA is used internally within the training device to communicate
between modules as well as externally to communicate with other
training systems. Training
systems can be further improved by using the mission planning systems
as the basis for a common instructor operator station. The
end result is that we can now build better training devices faster and
at a lower cost. Training events that could previously only be done in
an aircraft or in combat can now be done in training devices. Mission
rehearsal and training can now be supported by a single device. Today
these capabilities exit in multiple devices. This is particularly
important for naval applications where shipboard space is limited. This
paper will present these emerging training technologies and their
applications in aviation training systems. Current research efforts
and technologies needing further development will also be discussed. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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DISTRIBUTED SIMULATION IN CZECH ARMY (34) Vladimír
Vráb Martin
Klicnar The
Czech Army has selected the use of ModSAF as the primary simulation
model for battalion staff training. To provide the best simulation
capability necessary for Czech units, it had to be customized. It was
necessary to create terrain databases from a digital map model of
Czech training areas, create Czech units and vehicles. ModSAF
graphical user interface (GUI) was localized . An after action review
system was customized as well to provide more statistics.
Experiments concerning network load during distributed
exercises are described. The paper presents experience which could be
useful for other countries introducing simulations into staff
training. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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SIMULATOR PROTOTYPING – LESSONS LEARNED (4) Cezary
Szczepński PhD, M.Sc. Since the last 9
years the author is leading the company which developed 7 prototype
simulators. Among them
there are: 5 flight simulators of combat and training aeroplanes, one
electric locomotive simulator and one tank simulator. A helicopter
simulator is at the advanced stage of development.
Basing on such an experience the author would like to present
some problems met during the prototype simulator development. These
problems came out of the lack of data of simulated object or their
incompatibility. As an example the Su-22 fighter-bomber aeroplane
training system will be used. That
system consists of the following: full mission/full flight simulator,
UTD level training device and Ejection Decision Simulator. Since the
last 9 years the author is leading the company which developed 7
prototype simulators. Among
them there are: 5 flight simulators of combat and training aeroplanes,
one electric locomotive simulator and one tank simulator. A helicopter
simulator is at the advanced stage of development.
Basing on such an experience the author would like to present
some problems met during the prototype simulator development. These
problems came out of the lack of data of simulated object or their
incompatibility. As an example the Su-22 fighter-bomber aeroplane
training system will be used. That
system consists of the following: full mission/full flight simulator,
UTD level training device and Ejection Decision Simulator. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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MILITARY
MEDICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION
IN
THE 21 ST CENTURY (65) Gerald
Moses, Ph.D. J.
Harvey
Magee John
J. Bauer, MD Robert
Leitch MBE RGN As
we enter the 21 st century,
military medicine struggles with critical issues. One of the most
important issues is how we train medical personnel in peace for the
realities of war. In April 1998, the General Accounting Office (GAO)
reported, “military medical personnel have almost no chance during
peacetime to practice battlefield trauma care skills. As a result,
physicians both within and outside the Department of Defense (DOD)
believe that military medical personnel are not prepared to provide
trauma care to the severely injured soldiers in wartime….” With
some of today’s training methods disappearing, the challenge of
providing both initial and sustainment training for almost 100,000
military medical personnel is becoming insurmountable. The “training
gap” is huge, and impediments to training are mounting. For example,
restrictions on animal use are increasing, and the cost of conducting
live mass casualty exercises is prohibitive. Many medical simulation
visionaries believe that four categories of medical simulation are
emerging to address these challenges: PC-based multimedia, digital
mannequins, virtual workbenches, and Total Immersion Virtual Reality (TIVR).
The use of simulation training can provide a risk-free, realistic
learning environment for the spectrum of medical skills training, from
buddy aid to trauma surgery procedures. This will, in turn, enhance
limited hands-on training opportunities and revolutionize the way we
train in peace…to deliver medicine in war. High fidelity modeling
will permit manufacturers to prototype new devices before manufacture.
Also, engineers will be able to test a device for themselves in a
variety of simulated anatomical representations, permitting them to
“practice medicine.” This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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ENHANCING
THE UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE NURSING CURRICULUMS Dr. Wendy M.
Nehring Recommendations
by leading nursing and health related organizations and commissions
have stressed the importance of patient care technology as essential
core knowledge for baccalaureate nursing education. Such technology
includes equipment that imitates accurate physiological and anatomic
functions and displays corresponding assessment data. Didactic and
clinical courses should provide the nursing student with opportunities
to assess, plan, intervene, and evaluate their actions using this
equipment. Human patient simulators provide such a medium for
instruction in essential health and disease-specific information,
physiological parameters, technical skills, and analytic clinical
reasoning. At the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of
Nursing, the adult and pediatric human patient simulators are used in
the undergraduate and graduate nursing programs for education,
evaluation, and research. In the undergraduate nursing program,
modules have been developed for the maternal-newborn, pediatric, and
advanced adult medical-surgical nursing courses using “critical
incident nursing management.” This method of instruction describes
nursing actions in the context of a critical health incident that
requires appropriate and quick nursing intervention. The student’s
performance using the human patient simulators has been incorporated
in their summative clinical evaluation. Also, evaluation forms have
been developed to measure student’s attitudes towards instruction
using the human patient simulators. Student knowledge on specific
assessment and disease states is assessed before and after instruction
using the human patient simulators. In the graduate nursing program,
the human patient simulators have been used extensively in the nurse
anesthetist specialty program. Student performance in clinical
decision-making and attitudes regarding human patient simulators are
evaluated throughout their two-year program. Such experience with the
simulators provide distinct advantages for the undergraduate and
graduate nursing student: repeated exposure to difficult-to-grasp
concepts, simulated reality, learner centric environment, ability to
learn about rare events or unusual complications, ability to evaluate
cognitive and psychomotor skills, and ability to experiment with
“what if” situations or interventions without fear of liability.
In this paper, we will describe our human patient simulator program
and our plans for the future. Human patient simulators provide nursing
education with state-of-the-art technology to meet current health care
education demands. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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INTEGRATING MEDICAL SIMULATION INTO A SURGICAL ORIENTATION (82) Christoph
Kaufmann Pavel
HLÚBIK, Assoc.Prof.,MD The
fundamental issue for modern army which uses complicated technology is
the preparation and training of the people working with these
techniques in addition to the corresponding material equipment. The
common tendency is to introduce simulating and training machine
techniques into all fields of military training which makes it more
effective, minimalizes the degree of danger, and last but not least
reduces financialdemands. Nowadays,
the importance of simulating and training machine techniques used in
medicine has been increasing. Modern training machine techniques
permit intensive repetititon during the psychomotor reaction drill
that is necessary for mastering particular medical techniques, and it
also leads to its automation and to dynamic stereotype formation. The
drill facilitates optimalization of an intervention in the field. The
use of simulating techniques under military conditions is concentrated
into three basic tendencies, techniques for drilling some invasion
methods is the first. Another most importatnt and needful tendency
under military conditions is the use of simulating and training
machine techniques in diagnosis, triage, primary care and preparation
for the evacuation of the wounded in the field. The last and rather
fringe use of army simulating programs is the possibility of
calculating medical losses/ casualties during military operations and
planning of medical support. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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NEXT
GENERATION MEDICAL CONSEQUENCE MANAGEMENT (75) Dr
Vincent Grasso,TIMA Inc,USA PREDICTION
OF MICRO-SLEEPS BASED ON THALAMO-CORTICAL COL
Václav P ENOSIL, Ph.D., This
paper discusses the possibility for improvement of the reliability of
interaction between a human operator and some technical system. The
main methodical tool considered here for the purpose of detection and
prediction of an operator™s micro-sleep is the analysis of EEG
signals resulting from thalamo-cortical oscillations, which can be
detected in the human operator™s head. If the results of such an
analysis are presented back to the particular operator in a suitable
way, they can have positive influence the level of his/her attention.
This opens the way for operator training for higher resistance to
decrease of attention and for micro-sleep prevention. A possible
recommendable set of significant parameters (markers) of EEG
character, suitable for micro-sleep detection is proposed, its
practical application discussed and preliminarily experimentally
verified. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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HEAD
AND HAND TRACKING FOR Gilles Kuhn 1
2 2
TNO-FEL,
Oude Waalsdorperweg 3
LPPA,
Collège de France The
European CARDS (Comprehensive Automobile Research and Development
Simulator) driving simulator project (Eureka ??1924) is developing
high performance head-mounted display, motion platform and vibration
seat in order to provide an efficient research and development tool
for vehicle design to human factors. Under
the management of Renault, CARDS is carried out in collaboration by
the French carmaker RENAULT, the Norwegian AUTOSIM simulator provider,
the Turkish infoTRON, specialised in simulation and virtual
prototyping, the British display maker SEOS, the French motion seat
provider (and actuator manufacturer) PONS, a subsidiary of Thomson
Marconi Sonar, the French LPPA (Laboratoire de Physiologie de la
perception et de l™action) research laboratory, the Dutch motion
systems provider Hydraudyne and the Dutch TNO Physics and Electronics
Laboratory. The simulator
being based on the utilisation of a Head-Mounted Display, the
coordination of the computer generated 3D images with the motion of
the driver™s head is of paramount importance.
Another issue is to give a feeling of presence to the driver by
showing him his body, issue which was addressed using different sets
of sensors for both hands and head. In
that context, a tracker system is being developed complying with the
strict requirements of usability in a driving task and compatible with
the motion platform. The central issue in the design of the tracking
system has been the fusion of data from both a standard
electromagnetic sensor, for precise low frequency positioning and a
set of speed and acceleration This
paper describes the design architecture and the first results in its
utilisation.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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A SOLUTION SET FOR IMPLEMENTING A MOTOR GRADER SIMULATOR (43) Sanz,
J.I. This
paper is focussed in the technical problems and the proposed and
developed solutions in order to implement a Motor Grader Simulator
trying to mach a reduced band of budget an the training requirements
that provides the necessary performances for the appropriated training
of new drivers. This
type of construction machine has two main differential characteristics
in relation with other construction machinery: The soil interactive
modification and the very close scenario representation. The
soil interactive modification represents a important challenge taking
into account the real time interactive modification of the visual data
base from the double point of view of the textures and the geometric.
Beside the real time change of the geometric aspects is extremely
highly coupled with the rheologycal characteristics of the soil for
determining the new geometry according to the forces and pressures
produced by the machine. At the same time a realistic reaction of the
soil against the machine must be estimated to provide a global real
behavior of the system. DEM approach has been used to afford force
reaction problem including dynamic change of the terrain. The
very close area of the machine that have to be visible to the operator
has conducted to a solution for the visual projection system based on
CAVE type, with the added problem introduced by the motion system
required to provide the appropriated motion cues for training. The
same visual projection system solution has been used for other heavy
machinery like a dumper. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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DESIGN
AND TRIALS OF A HIGH-SPEED POLICE CAR SIMULATOR (36) Dr.
Urban A. Thoeni Based
on the ADAMS (Advanced Driving and Manoeuvring Simulator) truck
driving simulator platform a police car simulator has been developed.
The system has been designed for high-speed driving in traffic on all
categories of roads. The design issues and the training aims for such
a simulator are described in this paper. The requirements on the
traffic and evaluation for training vehicle chases and the special
training benefits for police drivers are outlined and discussed. A
first run of trials has taken place with drivers of different Swiss
police forces. The driver's feedback and possible consequences for the
simulator design are described. Given
the special training needs for drivers of emergency services such as
police, ambulances, or fire brigades and the fact that it is
impossible to train the drivers on the road the simulators pay off
very quickly. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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A SCIENTIFIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH STUDY WITH TRUCK DRIVING SIMULATORS IN THE ARMY (99) Driving
Simulators involve the capability of simulating critical and dangerous
driving situations up to the limits of active safety. They are
employed for investigating the interactions of the driver-vehicle
system under reproducible and non-dangerous conditions. Because of
their flexibility and reproducibility they are well established in
scientific research. Training
simulators are economical in cases where the real object to be handled
is much more expensive than the simulator itself, for example in the
education of pilots or tank drivers. Advantages of training simulators
are that the student can explore situations freely and that learning
is supported by hints and feedback. For
reason of safety and environmental pollution the German Army intends
to use driving simulators not only for tank driver education but as
well for truck driver education in order to achieve the driving
licence. Therefore the
Federal Office for military technique and procurement of Germany, BWB,
ordered two different simulation systems by different german
companies. This
project is scientifically accompanied by the University of the Federal
Armed Forces Hamburg with pedagogues, psychologists, physiologists and
engineers. The Institut für
Kraftfahrwesen und Kolbenmaschinen, IKK,
is involved not only to evaluate the technical equivalence of the
driving simulator but also to evaluate the didactical concept of the
system. In
this paper the concept of the driving simulator system AAFR
(Ausbildungs- Ausstattung
Fahrschulausbildung Radfahr- zeuge .equipment
of driving schools for training with wheeled vehicles) will be
described. The procedure of the validation study to find out the
technical qualities and the possibility to evaluate the driving
simulators quality will be presented. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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NATO
MODELLING AND SIMULATION ORIENTATION COURSE (106) The
NATO M&S Orientation satisfies a primary objective of the NATO
M&S Action Plan to provide M&S education in NATO. Potential
users, developers, and managers need to understand NATO™s M&S
strategy, the common technical framework, where to go to obtain help
and how to identify reuse and co-operative development opportunities. This
education endeavour consist of a high level 1.5 hrs. course designed
to help the community to understand the capabilities and limitations
of M&S and how best to develop and employ M&S if it is to be
used effectively across the Alliance. |
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FEDERATION CREDIBILITY CHALLENGES (102) A
credible federation requires that interoperability be addressed at two
levels: Technical
Interoperability, which focuses on the capability of federates to
physically connect and exchange data, and Substantive
Interoperability, which is focused on issues of coherency and
“fair fight” within the simulation domain. Two examples of
substantive interoperability issues are functional dependency and
simultaneous representation. Functional dependencies occur when the
result produced by one simulation requires input from another
simulation. A common example of a functional dependency is a
line-of-sight algorithm that depends upon a terrain model to determine
if one entity can see another. Simultaneous representations occur when
two or more interdependent simulations represent the same or related
properties of the same entities. Dead reckoning is a common example of
the simultaneous representation situation. While major
strides have been made in the area of technical interoperability,
substantive interoperability issues that primarily relate to
validation currently rely on one of the least rigorous validation
techniques - face validation. As the level of federation complexity
grows this approach quickly becomes less tenable. This tutorial
will focus on the substantive interoperability issues and V&V
challenges that a federation developer faces as he strives to develop
a federation that incorporates representations appropriate to the
needs of the federation application. Specifically, the tutorial will
address the issues of:
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING SIMULATIONS (88) William
T. Harris P.E. Today’s
military continues to face problems similar to the problems
encountered for several decades. requirements make extensive demands
of the personnel and equipment maintaining
the skills of the operational forces. The
impetus to use simulation in some capacity is getting stronger with
the passage of time. The benefits of simulation are well known. The
safety considerations of conducting emergency procedures training in
the simulators are obvious. Weapons system training in simulators
clearly costs less in the wear and tear of equipment and the reduction
in use of expendables. The use of simulation allows tactics to be
developed in secure environments and certainly the environmental
impact is reduced if weapons are not deployed and resulting clean up
efforts are avoided. Simulation should increase the efficiency and
effectiveness, as well as reduce the risks, associated with training
in the operational equipment. To be sure training in the operational
equipment also must occur, but the argument is that the operational
equipment time would be much more meaningful if some of the training
occurs in simulated equipment. The sophistication and costs of using
the increasingly complex operational gear – wear and tear on the
equipment and personnel – are fostering the need for effective
training solutions. Furthermore, the trends in simulation equipment
lend themselves to providing lower cost solutions to the training
challenges. Computer hardware is lower cost, and increasingly more
capable so that ever more sophisticated simulations can be created for
less funding. It
is fair to say that simulations could be applied to solving some of
the training challenges if the user community had confidence that the
simulations do what they are supposed to do, i.e., provide the
training the users need to do their job. How do the developers and
users of simulated equipment determine the effectiveness of suites of
equipment provided to the users? This paper discusses this topic. This
paper will present some definitions of measures of effectiveness (MOE)
and efficiency, provide some typical MOEs, discuss the techniques for
determining or assessing the effectiveness of simulations and then go
on to discuss some results of several evaluations. The many
confounding factors to conducting the evaluations will also be
discussed This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers .
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DEFENCE FORCE PLANNING UNDER RESTRAINT RESOURCES (86) Military
operations as the response to security risk are generally so
complicated that cannot to be solved as a pure analytical problem and
hence the demand of scenario based approach. But the possible security
risks spectrum is too broad for to be addressed by the simulation of a
single scenario and therefore multiple scenarios must be considered.
Comparing with the Markowitz theory of portfolio, where a buyer can
omit the set of stocks with the great dispersion (risk), a defence
scenarios portfolio must be reflected as a whole and each scenario in
defence force planning process included and the concurrence (or even
synergy) of forces considered. As
a decision support tool for the force planning a simulation model
FORCESIM has been developed. The
model is based on an optional combination of risks that creates a
scenario portfolio. Each of risks requires the corresponding kind and
number of military units for to be eliminated and when the demand of
all risks is summed up regarding possible concurrence and
substitution, the outcome is needed structure of defence force pool.
The model force structure has been simplified to 15 basic branch units
(elements), e.g. Ground Heavy Offensive (tank or mechanised units),
Ground Heavy Defensive (armoured artillery), Ground Light Offensive
(light infantry, reconnaissance units), – Air Defence Short-range,
–Airlift Long-range, – C3I, EW, NBC Defence etc. The input of the
corresponding number of units has to be determined for the four
characteristic security risks (Out-of-area conflict, Territorial
conflict, Terrorism and Non combat threat) regarding three aspects:
technology, intensity and area. The initial elements database
represents a set of requested number of military units as the output
of mental simulation produced by military experts in the operational
environment of analysed country. Each
unit represents at the same time a certain cost demand in the case of
the activation of a new unit and the cost for the operation of an
existing unit as well for the deactivation of a superfluous
unit(compared with the initial current structure). The comparison of
those needs with disposable budget is solved in the model by System
Dynamics simulation (so called iaManagement Flight Simulatorln) and
the expected defence budget (derived from GDP grow rate) is compared
with the defence force cost every year through the 20-year simulation
period. Beginning with starting year the summarised cost demand is
compared with the regular year budget and an uncovered activation is
postponed into the next year. The amount of postponed activation shows
a financial imbalance and has to be corrected in the further run of
simulation by the time shifting of a new unit activation or by the
reduction of risk level elimination. Each unit is also characterised
by basic personnel categories and therefore the output of simulation
reflects also human resources demand that can be compared manually
with limitations. The
outcomes of simulation can serve for the decision among the different
strategies of defence force planning under restraint resources and the
different level of expected security risk elimination. It is necessary
to stress that even though the simulation model FORCESIM is
significantly simplified (so called iaquick and dirtylk model), the
data demand is rather high. Nevertheless the important advantage of
this model is the variability of data utilisation for a lot of
operational and budget development scenarios. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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LIVE
SIMULATION Michel
FICHOUX In
the course of the eighties and the nineties, the first generation of
combat firing simulators
was supplied to the different land forces for technical and gunnery
training purposes on national firing ranges, in particular for dual
combat : - Tank against tank N.B. : at that
time, the US Army was the only one using simulation in CTC™s (Combat
Training Centers) but with simple MILES and with the constraint of
degraded modes for precise weapon systems (i.e. MBT, anti- tank weapon
systems, etc.). To this end, and
on local markets, two types of laser-based simulators were already
being supplied at that time. -
two-way simulators for precise weapon systems, mainly in Europe
(armored vehicles, anti-tank weapon systems, etc.) -
one-way basic simulators, mainly for infantry soldiers in
Europe and Export countries but also for other weapon systems in the
USA: o
a two-way simulator is a full simulation system, which
allows measurement of range by using retroreflectors and simulation of
the ballistics and flight time. o
a one-way simulator is a simpler laser beam which lights
up detectors. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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DATA ARCHITECTURE APPLIED TO THE SIMULATION-BASED TRAINING DOMAIN (28) For
many complex software systems, the architect focuses first on the
functional requirements and second, if at all, on the data model. In
that scenario, the data model for the system tends to materialize as
the system is designed, and is then implemented as flat files around
the computer software components rather than the system. This results
in multiple formats, duplication of data and maintenance, initial data
inconsistencies, and unanticipated costs associated with collecting,
formatting, and processing the data. In addition, particularly for
simulation and training systems, key mission data such as probability
of kill, munitions characteristics, and vehicle parameters occur
multiple times in the system, often producing different outcomes for
like situations due to data inconsistencies. When one considers the
data requirements spanning the training exercise lifecycle from
exercise planning to exercise execution through after action review,
there exists significant commonality between the live, virtual, and
constructive simulation domains. A robust data model implemented early
in the architecture design phase, using modern relational database
technologies and tools, enables data management to effectively open
the system, increase flexibility, and facilitate interoperability for
exercise planning, execution, and after action review and analysis.
From these common capabilities, a common (or core) toolset can be
identified to serve across all these domains. This paper examines the
data model for virtual, live, and constructive simulations; and
considers the issues associated with the old architectural approach to
the data model, as well as the advantages derived from a more formal
and systematic approach as applied to the commonality within the
virtual, live, and constructive domains. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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USING
THE SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENT APPLICATION LAYER (SEAL) FOR THE Dr.
N. A. Smith and Mr. Mike Kelly SEAL
(Synthetic Environment Application Layer) is an object based
architecture for the development of a family of low cost PC based
simulators for training and Operational Analysis in Synthetic
Environments. The development of SEAL was driven by shortcomings in an
earlier simulation; the Collective Low – cost Armoured Warfighting
Simulation (CLAWS) a PC based human in the loop simulation of an
armoured vehicle. CLAWS provided in dual station mode two PCs that
simulate the vehicle, with one operator acting as a driver and gunner,
while the second operator takes on the commander's role. CLAWS has
been used in a study to address new command and control concepts for
the Land Tactical Head Quarters. The
SEAL architecture has been designed to support a number of training
and Operational Analysis SE research programmes, including Synthetic
Environment Based Acquisition (SEBA). SEAL running on a PC provides a
desktop tool that can be used to test new concepts (e.g. Radar Models,
Thermal sighting systems, Battlefield Management Systems) by adding
new simulation models or to refine an existing concept through the use
of higher fidelity data. In addition to running on a PC, SEAL has also
been implemented on Irix allowing use of high-end graphic
workstations. SEAL can include a network DIS object and therefore
inter-operate with computer generated force systems such as ModSAF to
provide enemy and friendly forces, enabling larger exercises to be
carried out and so provide a low cost collective training tool. The
paper presents the design concept and charts the development of SEAL
and describes some early examples of successful applications.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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PSISA: Dr.
Hans-Peter Menzler The
DoD general purpose architecture for simulation interoperability and
reuse, the High Level Architecture (HLA), will become the NATO
standard for distributed simulations. Being proposed as an IEEE
standard and adopted by the Object Modeling Group as the so called
Distributed Simulation Facility, HLA seems to reach beyond the
military field of application. However, young standards tend to evolve
over time. Therefore,
the German Armed Forces Technical Centre for Communications and
Electronics, WTD 81, Greding, devised the concept of ??-SA = pSISA (Proposed
Standard Interface for Simulation Applications), in order to
foster the reusability of the HLA interface code and to ease the
implementation of HLA compliant applications. Hence, the major design
goal is the complete encapsulation of the RTI.
This paves the way for a communication infrastructure
independant approach to simulation interoperablity. The application
programming interface (API) accessible to the application is largely
based on the object model to convey. As a result, the API is object
oriented and can be built by a code generator from the HLA simulation
object model (SOM) to provide C++ classes in one-to-one correspondence
with the SOM object and interaction classes. -SA
is designed and implemented at the WTD 81 in close cooperation with
the Competence Center Informatik GmbH in Meppen. The paper introduces
the ??-SA concept and presents use cases.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC APPROACH TO DIRECT FIRE MODELLING (26) Assoc.
Prof., Dip. Eng. Robert Hulák, PhD. LT,
Dip. Eng. Tomas Dvoracek Training
of the commanders and staff on the field is replaced in the present
days by the training on the computer simulating combat models.
Detailed models for the combat modelling of the small units till
battalion level are most often used. Simulating models of the brigade
level units and above are projected as the partially or fully
aggregated models. Combat
modelling of the detailed models a stochastic approach is usually
used. Events at the stochastic models are controlled most often by
means of random numbers generators. From these reasons the results of
the simulation at the some initial conditions are different. For the
higher level models, either stochastic or deterministic approach of
solution is possible to use. If the deterministic approach is used,
the simulation results are always identical. For the different level
models utilization the basic requirement must be accomplished. The
results of the detailed stochastic models of the lower level must be
comparable with the results of the aggregated deterministic models of
the higher level. At
the detailed stochastic models it is possible to describe a
destructive effect of individual weapon systems on the technical
parameters base and the field experiments results with high
plausibility. At the deterministic aggregated model has the
destructive effect derived from the technical parameters very low
plausibility. Experiments,
which were realised on the both model types, prove the results
consistency for artillery fire. On the contrary fire effectiveness of
the direct fire weapons is different. According experiment results the
main part of results difference is caused by the repeated fire on the
destroyed enemy targets at the detailed models at the battle of weapon
system groups. The
solution of the detailed stochastic models is possible to consider as
more credible. Then it is necessary to partly modify the coefficients
of the deterministic models, partly reduce the repeated fire on the
destroyed enemy targets. Possible
modifications in the article are analysed. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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THE
APPLICATION OF A COMBAT SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR DECISION SUPPORT ON THE
BATTLEFIELD (32a) At
the ITEC 99 the basic concept of OPUS (Operations Planning Utility
Simulation-assisted) for decision support on the battlefield for
battalion and brigade level was introduced: OPUS
will support the military command and control procedure during all
phases of planning, emphasising the optimisation in terms of time.
The simulation section of OPUS will be based on the combat
simulation system SIRA (GESI) which is in use by several European
armies for command post exercises at battalion and brigade level.
Above all, this tool will be a mere utility and will not
restrict the user’s freedom of action, let alone make decisions in
his place. In
this paper the author reports about the ongoing realisation of the
idea: The
result of intensive teamwork with military experts lead to the current
concept for the realization and utilisation of a future serial system
OPUS. Based
on this concept a demonstrator has been developed which provides a
clear presentation of the basic functionalities of selected essential
support features proposed for the future serial system. The
demonstrator offers e. g. the representation of terrain information
and situation information both in 2D and 3D way, the representation of
weapon system ranges depending on the terrain, simulation of courses
of action in quick motion, aggregated commands and computer generated
forces for all parties with a resolution down to single weapon systems
and several analysis tools. Finally the demonstrator runs on a single
notebook computer for ease of use in the field. The
author describes the development and testing of the demonstrator and
explain some of the major problems: -
Differences between training requirements and decision support
requirements. -
Permanent linking to command, control, communication and
intelligence systems for easy access -
to the actual situation -
Availability / non-availability of accurate information about
terrain and forces. -
Automation: OPUS must be operable by one person, therefore
computer generated forces have to be implemented in an appropriate
way. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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TRAINING A TEAM WITH SIMULATED TEAM MEMBERS: DEFINING REQUIREMENTS (44) Alma
Schaafstal, Ph.D. Denise
M. Lyons, Ph.D. The process of
training teams increasingly occurs in synthetic environments. However,
team training is often still modeled after live team training,
including the disadvantages of live training, such as
instructor-intense performance monitoring, and the fact that all
appropriate other teammates have to be available. This paper explores
the latter issue: how to overcome the bottlenecks of the availability
and drawbacks of human teammates in training teams in synthetic
environments, while keeping the advantages of learning in a
collaborative and cooperative fashion. Simulated teammates are a
promising alternative to human teammates, because they are always
available, may be modeled after experienced training personnel, and
may be more cost effective in the long run. The research challenge
lies in keeping the advantages associated with human teammates:
simulated teammates should display the same collaborative and
cooperative behavior typically associated with human teammates. This
paper details a research approach towards the definition of
requirements for simulated teammates. In our approach, we carry out a
set of psychological experiments using confederates of the
experimenter as simulated teammates, in a well-controlled and
controllable simulation of a military command-and-control task
(Dynamic Distributed Decision-Making Testbed (DDD)), and take a
variety of measurements. By taking this approach, we will be able to
define the requirements for simulated teammates rather quickly,
incorporating the guidelines resulting from this research into the
development of executable cognitive models of teammates for team
training. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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SEE HEAR AND SMELL THE DANGER:SCENT IN VR EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING (11) Martijn
Boosman,E-Semble COMPUTER-SUPPORTED
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING: Mona
J. Crissey Magnus
Morin Johan
Jenvald With
growing population centers and an increased incidence of chemical
spills, the lives of many innocent people are at risk. Intense media
coverage has heightened public awareness with the demand for better
emergency response that includes well-managed crisis teams who can
respond to all facets of a large-scale emergency. The result has been
a growing need to train emergency responder teams not only to perform
their individual specialties, but also to coordinate and cooperate
with multiple agencies to accomplish this training. A most unique
emergency response exercise was staged in central Florida to meet this
training need. Not only did it involve multiple police and fire-rescue
agencies located in Central Florida and a team of Swedish researchers
and public safety officials; various simulations, technology and
computer software programs were also used to heighten realism and
provide feedback to the participants. This paper explores the roles of
the participants; crisis coordination among agencies and the rules
governing each and the lessons learned; as well as assessing the
capabilities provided to emergency preparedness exercises through
simulation and their usefulness in training and evaluation.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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TAKING
BASIC MEDICAL TRAINING TO THE NEXT LEVEL DENNIS
J. FOTH Trying
to maintain well-trained and certified staff to handle medical
emergencies is a concern to many international, federal, state, and
local agencies. To ensure basic medical training is available,
interactive multimedia courses are being used to teach First Aid and
CPR. Though not intended to replace live, hands-on training, this
course does provide key information about a wide variety medical
situations that may be encountered. The First Aid and CPR course
follows the guidelines established by the American Heart Association
Emergency Cardiac Care Committees as published in the Oct 28, 1992
issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). As
training requirements increase and the resources decrease, many
agencies are looking for a means to meet required training objectives
in a low cost, time-efficient manner. First and CPR is applicable to a
broad audience including federal, civil, domestic, and international
agencies. Of particular significance is the ability to widely
disseminate and standardize training to a varied audience of police,
medical, and fire protection personnel. This version of the First Aid
and CPR course is addressing training and certification requirements
of over 50,000 personnel at 817 sites worldwide. This
paper will address some of the benefits and features of using
multimedia training, the intended use of this course, the target
audience, performance objectives, and course organization. The general
organization and a detailed outline of the content of the course will
be given in five key areas: 1.
Patient Assessment including communicable diseases and
precautions, scene evaluation, rescue breathing, checking vital signs.
2. Bleeding and Injuries including
controlled bleeding, traumatic injuries, bone, muscle, and joint
injuries. 3. Medical
Emergencies and Childbirth including seizure, stroke, and
fainting, cardiac and respiratory emergencies. 4.
Environmental Emergencies including burns, heat and cold illness,
poisoning, stings and bites, assisting with normal delivery and
complications in childbirth. 5.
CPR Instruction including concepts and victim assessment, adult
CPR, infant and child CPR. At the end of the presentation, a short
demonstration of some of the features of the course will be
demonstration and simulations will be given for CPR in various
situations such as automobile collision, heart attack, drug influence,
child drowning, shooting incident, and an infant not breathing.
Audience participation will be encouraged. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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JUST-IN
TIME HEALTH EMERGENCY INTERVENTIONS : TRAINING OF NON-PROFESSIONALS Mr.
Philippe ARHETS Dr.
Carmelita STOFFELS Dr.
Michel BAER Prof.
Stelios ORPHANOUDAKIS The
project called JUST is co-funded by the European Commission (Contract
N°: IST-1999-12581) in the Information Society Technologies (IST)
programme of the 5 th Framework programme. This project is based on a
European consortium coordinated by FORTH (Greece) and is involving 14
different European realities from 7 European countries active in the
communication, training and health emergency sectors. The
JUST project addresses the domain of training of non-professional
health emergency operators. It aims, through the use of advanced
informatic technologies, certified content and innovative VR based
tools, to provide advanced support for continuous education and
training and to overcome the present weaknesses. The
specific objectives of JUST are: 1. Development of a WEB/CD training course to support the
traditional learning phase, based on the collection and/or creation of
multimedia content of European relevance 2. Development of a Virtual Reality verification Tool to check
operators capabilities to: - adopt correct decision-making procedures, - make optimal use of new technological equipment, - overcome psychological barriers. 3.
Design and development of advanced, adaptive user interfaces
for both the interactive course and verification tool. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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DATA
SONIFICATION FOR SIMULATION, TRAINING, AND GUIDANCE IN CRITICAL Kristen
Wegner The
escalating quantity of data presented to the human operator in
decision support computing environments is rapidly overwhelming the
human cognitive ability for making informed decisions based upon that
data. Current graphical user interface technology is not sufficient in
many cases, especially in critical environments. By contrast, the
human auditory system is underutilized in most computing environments.
We believe the use of the auditory modality can augment, and in some
cases replace existing graphical techniques by increasing the
available human-machine interface bandwidth, thereby reducing operator
fatigue. We
have developed a novel system and methodology derived from the art of
music composition for generating audio feedback in response to
situational state changes, for the purpose of providing intelligible
non—visual cues to an operator. We foresee our technique having
broad utility in the design of human-machine interfaces for
intelligence data fusion systems, and other systems for critical
environments, as well as multimedia and entertainment applications. In
addition, these techniques will have broad utility for training and
simulation applications.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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METRO
BILBAO TRAINING SIMULATOR. METRO
BILBAO INDRA In
November 1999 Metro Bilbao started to run its Underground Train
Driving and Failures Simulator developed by Indra with the
collaboration of CEIT, which was responsible for the mathematical
models. This paper describes the training improvements that Metro
Bilbao achieved with the simulator. The
main features of Metro Bilbao's service are the automatic train
operation system and the high-density traffic that the line supports.
Because of this, the driver works under time pressure and any
malfunction in a vehicle affects the whole service. Simulator
training provides the basic knowledge for driving but also, and more
important, teaches the driver to react appropriately to failures and
incidents. In addition, practical training courses in real vehicles
were given at night, out of normal service, interfered with the
maintenance works and made impossible to reproduce some incidents
without damaging the train. 24/7 simulator availability and a
risk-free training environment solve both problems. This
paper also presents the role played by the Metro Bilbao staff during
the simulator project and the importance of their collaboration with
the development team. The high-level of detail that the simulator
reproduces was possible thanks to the heterogeneous group of people
that has been closely working on it. Finally,
this paper analyses how the simulator has been integrated into
training process during year 2000. A preliminary training programme
has been developed to obtain a classification of the drivers'
knowledge and to identify real training needs. The information
obtained during this training period will help to develop a new
simulator use methodology and to perform more effective training. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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A NEW POLICY FOR USE OF AUTOMATION DURING FLIGHT Kapt.
Ernst Folz End
of 2000 Lufthansa German Airlines designed a new Policy for the
pilot's operation in the modern computerised cockpits. The
policy defines 5 operation levels between "Managed
Automatic" and "Basic Manual". The
speaker likes to point out of the influence of such a policy to
ground- and flight instructions at a pilot school. The definitions of
the different levels are producing an excellent tool to motivate the
students to accept the lessons to learn. |
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It is over a year
since JAR-FCL was introduced and there were many problems - not least
that the question bank simply did not work. Things have improved but
are a long way from being settled. With a shortage of skilled
qualified instructors it has taken some 18 months to remove some of
the problems for using Simulator Instructors who may have lost their
licence. This and other issues will be brought to the table and some
of the future problems analyzed. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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A
demonstration of how the JAR-FCL regulations can be used to improve
Instructor performance as well as overall airline efficiency, safety
and profitability. It initially establishes the link between how
pilots fly aeroplanes and how instructors train pilots. This takes
into account the problem of information handling and therefore why
instruction is such a critical process. The fact that Instructors are
the benchmarks for Pilot Performance/Quality/Safety/Efficiency means
they are Profitability Drivers in any airline. An analysis is
made of the different performance levels of Instructors within any
sample body of Instructors. This examines their performance
characteristics and points to the organisational goal of improving the
Instructor Body. Emphasis
is placed on the need to embrace Technical and Non Technical
Performance of Instructors and how JAR-FCL can be utilised to achieve
this. A
working example of the SAS Flight Academy system is used to
demonstrate how this can be achieved effectively. Identifies long term
need for investment in the SAS FA Instructors. An outline is given of
previous Instructor Training and Investment and (since JAR FCL
implementation in July 1999) the new program. This program not only
complies with JAR-FCL but enables the Instructor to develop
Standardized Non-Technical Performance skills.
On top of this, beyond JAR-FCL, SAS FA have also established a
group of Supervisory Instructors as the Quality Assurance mechanism
for all their Instruction. An outline of their training and
development is provided and the planned reinforcement packages for
both Instructors and Supervisors. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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Olivier
Arifon We
developed a teaching device of simulation, which develops new reports
with the knowledge. The learner is immersed in a realistic context
helped by documents; He works in order to achieve a goal, having for
that to use Internet. Then, in a course, he must negotiate on his
goal. Lastly, it obtains an information feedback and can thus adjust
its step. This
device constitutes a favourable context to observe learners in
situation, and to collect data by the diffusion of a questionnaire of
search. The observations, in a reflexive process, then will enrich,
either formation, or modelling. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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BOTTOM
LINE EVALUATION – LEVERAGING EXTRA VALUE FROM Fred
Gardiner The
training press is currently fixated on the quest for training’s Holy
Grail of Return on Investment (ROI) and evaluation against the bottom
line. By reference to a case study this paper shows that for many
typical organisations, meaningful evaluation of training transfer in
the workplace is more likely to add real value to that organisation.
Donald Kirkpatrick described this type of evaluation as Level 3 back
in the late fifties. In the intervening years very little work was
carried out, beyond evaluating that learning had indeed taken place
(Level 2). In recent times the rush to establish financial return on
the training investment has bypassed good Level 3 evaluation. Training
is too often viewed as a problem rather than a strategic initiative
and this paper will present bench-mark indicators to suggest that
training is a positive investment rather than negative overhead.
Re-examination of prior research into the evaluation of training shows
that measuring the effects of training for the individual is important
in underpinning the achievement of organisational goals. Evaluation at
Level 3 has the benefit of being able to measure both shortfalls in
training and the waste of over-training. Kirkpatrick
has pointed the way for organisations to evaluate their training
activity but as a drowning man grabs at a life-vest, so managers have
seized on the model without carefully examining what strategies and
resources are required to deliver it. Creative use of well-established
tools and techniques that use the additional power of new technologies
can deliver the management benefits of valid and highly focused
evaluation. Generating the information required from the raw training
data is the key issue and this paper will indicate how it can be
addressed. Parameters need to be developed that represent the
stakeholder values, the data captured and processes to indicate what,
from a probability perspective, seems to be happening within the
training domain. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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AN EXPERT SYSTEM APPROACH TO TRAINING OPTIONS ANALYSIS (45) Maj
Chris Lewis-Cooper The
UK Armed Forces spend about £4Bn annually on the procurement of new
equipment. A substantial
proportion of this is spent on the analysis, development and
procurement of training equipment and services. While Training Needs
Analysis (TNA) procedures are designed to ensure that the resulting
training is efficient and effective, the business of generating and
selecting appropriate training options requires a great deal of
knowledge and experience. The
increasing pace of technological innovation means that military
training developers are faced with choosing between ever more complex
options. At the same time, there is considerable pressure for rigorous
justification of these decisions. Unfortunately, training options
analysis is relatively impervious to a “check list” approach based
on instructional theory. Even acknowledged experts find it difficult
to explain the theoretical basis of their successful decisions and
rely heavily on heuristics and past experience. Without some means of
"force-multiplying" their expertise, the small community of
military experts may become a limiting factor in the wider application
of TNA. An
“expert” options analysis decision support tool is proposed, based
on capturing the heuristic knowledge of experts. Relevant knowledge
was elicited from an expert during a number of interviews, using a
repertory grid technique. A case-based reasoning model was adopted in
the first instance, resulting in a prototype expert system called the
"Options Analyst". The system is built in a Java-based
expert system shell called Jess to permit collaborative working. It is
capable of identifying the need for human expert intervention and
includes a capability for explaining the output. The development of
this system and some immediate elaborations on the first prototype are
described. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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MEASURING
THE KQ ( KNOWLEDGE-QUOTIENT) OF THE ORGANIZATION (13) Moshe
Ben-Porath The
issue of knowledge management in organizations is not new. There are
different aspects and tools that deal with this issue. Each of them
tackles a different parameter and there are no standard evaluation
tools. Furthermore, there
is no holistic approach which integrates the different domains of this
subject. The KQ concept both introduces a standard measurement scale
as well as a holistic evaluation. The
three-dimensional Knowledge-Space
(KS) of an organization is defined on three axes: Knowledge-Acquisition(KA),
Knowledge-Utilization (KU) and Cognitive-Development (CD). Each
dimension is artificially divided into five grades. KQ is defined by
the multiplication of the three dimensions. Thus the maximum possible
KQ is 125. Organizations that are still in planar operation (CD = 0)
have no KQ. The KA axis measures the organization in the learning
domain. The KU axis measures the organization in the knowledge
management domain. The CD axis measures the organization in the domain
of the thinking skill development. The KQ analysis measures the three
dimensions and thus positions the organization on a 3D KS. The KQ
concept is not just an academic exercise. The most important outcome
is the possibility to design a tailored program for the analyzed
organization with the objective of increasing the KQ of the
organization thus improving the Efficiency and the Effectiveness of
its operation. The basic concept is not to attach a KQ tag which is
the result of static measurements but the evaluation of the potential
for improvement. The paper presents both the methodology and
implementations of enhancement of organizations’ KQ, in Israel and
abroad. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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SYNTHETIC
ENVIRONMENT BASED TOOLS FOR MILITARY CAPABILITY GAP ANALYSIS (46) M
Kelly The
reorganisation of central MOD on a 'Capability' basis has focused the
Capability teams on the need for Capability Gap Analysis tools and
techniques. A research programme has been funded to examine solutions
to Capability Gap Analysis by providing tools based largely on key
Synthetic Environment (SE) technologies. The focus for the pilot study
is on the analytical needs of the Direct Battlefield Engagement group
within the Capability area Manoeuvre'. The
research programme for Capability Gap Analysis Tools (CGAT) addresses: 1. A full understanding of the Capability Gap Analysis and the
stakeholders needs (Needs Analysis) 2. Interpretation tools for capability based questions to gap
analysis tool configurations. 3. Suitably modified gaming engines 4. Modified Computer Generated Forces (CGF) 5. SE databases 6. Synthetic Environment Management (SEMs) tools including
analysis systems (adapted AAR tools) 7. Tools for the transformation of the output into meaningful
capability gap terms. 8. The requirement for increased model resolution and the need to
model soft issues, in particular training. The
pilot study has identified tools and techniques that can support four
levels of CGA. 1. Programme modelling tools. Desktop tools for use by DEC staff
to explore the relationships between capability elements. 2. SE Desktop tools 3. Local
DIS/HLA based complex SE 4. Distributed SE's The
pilot study addresses these issues through the production of a
demonstrator system that the customer can interact with while being
fully supported technically by the research team. In this manner an
iterative development path can be defined. The system is being
developed in partnership with industry and will address a wide range
of capability issues. Early studies will focus on the needs arising
from procurement challenges faced by Integrated Project Team (IPT)
leaders in the Defence Procurement Agency. The development of the tool
set will be expanded to address other Capability areas and
stakeholders and may be offered as a product or service. The
requirement to model and evaluate training as a part of the DBE
capability is addressed and the difficulties this presents are
highlighted. The
paper describe the analysis of the requirements for a CGAT, the
iterative design of a pilot solution and the proposed programme to
develop in conjunction with industry a robust solution for Capability
Gap Analysis suitable for all military environments. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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SIMULATION
EVALUATION OF AIRCRAFT ATTITUDE Peter
Gibbs Alain
Léger Abstract.
Helmet mounted display (HMD) symbology permits the pilot access to
information while simultaneously maintaining visual scan outside the
cockpit. Aircraft attitude information displayed on the HMD has the
potential to enhance performance in air combat by eliminating the need
for the pilot to look down at the instrument panel for attitude
information when poor visibility conditions render world references
such as the horizon invisible. A simulation study involving basic
flight manoeuvres (BFM) and unusual attitude recovery (UAR) was
conducted with eight combat-rated fighter pilots. A symbology set,
Aide de la Perception Spatiale (APS), was presented in two forms:
“inside-out” (aircraft referenced) and “outside-in” (world
referenced), together with a control condition in which APS was not
available on the HMD. Data gathered included pilot ratings, flying
performance data, and pilot head-movement behaviour. Although the
pilots were more familiar with attitude information displayed on the
head-up display (HUD) they learned rapidly to utilise APS on the HMD,
and APS was rated as invoking less physical workload than looking at
the HUD for aircraft attitude There was no difference between
inside-out and outside-in versions, and except for one condition with
a very strict criterion for straight-and- level flight, flying
performance was not impaired under either APS condition compared with
HUD-only attitude information. APS resulted in significantly fewer
head movements in the direction of the HUD. The results show that
combat pilots can learn to utilise HMD attitude symbology rapidly and
that it made no difference whether the symbol is aircraft or world
referenced. There is potential for a reduction in the physical
workload in BFM by reducing the frequency of head movements to the
HUD. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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INTELLIGENT
ASSISTANCE IN A SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENT PORTRAYING Tharam
Dillon This paper
describes the motivation, analysis and architecture of the Mentor
intelligent assistance synthetic environment system being investigated
by the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organisation. Mentor
is a synthetic environment system designed to present higher-level
radar, sonar, or ESM contact information in 3D perspective visual and
3D auditory displays and to support sensor system control from within
that environment. Software agents are trained by the operator to be
intelligent assistants that aid in the understanding of the sensed
world. The objective is improved man-machine performance in the
management of sensor systems enabling a better interpretation of the
tactical situation. Agent
knowledge is limited by the extent to which the operator has trained
the agent. Importantly agent knowledge is developed incrementally from
one session of interactive work to the next. Mentor facilitates the
evolution of agent rules sets such that specific agents provide
refined specialized assistance to an operator in dealing with
particular sensor system contacts. It is envisaged that Mentor system
agents will be developed, tested and refined in simulated tactical
scenarios and an operator then goes into an operational scenario with
a suite of agents with which he can work effectively. In the
operational setting deficiencies in agent behaviour can be further
refined immediately or refinement can be postponed for a later, less
stressful, operational or training situation. Mentor agents aim to
assist operators in a sharing paradigm of man-machine interaction. We
present an overview of an analysis and design of such an agent schema
and identify some knowledge representation constructs to support the
schema framework.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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LASER
PROJECTION FOR WIDE FIELD OF VIEW DISPLAYS (16) Dr.
Bernhard Hampel-Vogedes The
new laser projection technology is introduced for wide field of view
displays. The architecture and the different modules - RGB laser,
modulator, scanner optics - of the laser projector are described.
The next step is the transition form the projector to the
projection system. For this transition we need edge blending and
distortion correction. A special feature is the multiple head system
using only one light source to drive several projection channels.
Economic aspects are addressed as well as applications in the military
and the civil flight simulation. For civil flight simulators the
option of calligraphic lights is discussed. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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GRAPHICAL
SYMBOLS FOR AIRCRAFT HEAD-UP DISPLAYS GENERATION (42) Associate
Professor Karel Pichl,
Ph.D. Dipl.
Eng. Markéta Pichlová Real
time simulation tasks do not do without various graphical symbols that
make the decision of the operator (i.e. pilot, navigator, driver,
etc.) easier. The
contemporary methods generating such symbols use several principles.
The most frequent way consists in merging two images - the real
situation and the generated symbols. One of the possible modifications
of this principle is the division of the symbols into two groups -
mobile (movable) and invariable (stable). The invariable group of the
symbols (for example various scales of scanned values such as
velocity, acceleration etc.) can be stored on any medium (film, PROM
type semiconductor memory etc.) and the variable part (for example the
column pointers) is generated. In
this paper, the authors deal with several methods of variable symbols
generation based on the theory of graphs. The emphasis is laid on the
speed of generation, which cannot be omitted especially for real time
tasks. Furthermore, the number of image-forming ray passages through
the edge of the graph is analysed and minimised because untreated
multiple passages of the ray through the same edge of the graph
disturb the operator (by its increased brightness). The suggested
procedures are applied on the shooting tasks using Snapshot and
Hotline methods that the authors of this paper are dealing with on the
long-term. At
the end of this paper, the conclusions and the recommendations
allowing effective graphical symbols generation in simulation tasks
are summarised as an algorithm. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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DEPLOYMENT
OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN DATABASE GENERATION (58) The
basis for large databases not only in the flight simulation is formed
by geographic source data which can be delivered among other sourcess
by land surveying offices, national mapping agencies like the AmilGeo
in Germany and the NIMA in partly electronic form (data like DTED,
DFAD, Vmap etc) as well as analogous form (maps, satellite pictures).
With the conversion of this data in the graphical representation of a
visual or sensor database for simulation purposes the shortcomings of
this data becomes obvious: For example, the elevations of the tiles of
the DTED-data may not correspond on their boundaries; feature data
often contain not permissible overlaps of areal boundary lines;
mixture of different feature types with e.g. rivers (fresh water,
river...) . These shortcomings lead to unwanted effects in the
finalized simulation database. Therefore the process of the
preparation of the source data is most important. Furthermore it
requires a high effort in terms of time. The
performance range of current DBGS for simulation purposes also include
tools for source data processing. In general these tools do not allow
the management of the data, so that information about availability,
content and processing state gets lost. Furthermore the import
capabilities of the DBGS-tools are limited to some data formats, so
that for the choice of data source is limited. Within the scope of the
project “DBGS-Netzwerk FTS Tornado” these problems were addressed
and a system was created which supplies the user with the capabilities
of data management as well as data processing in a centralized form.
The system was introduced in the navigation support head office for
flying weapon systems (Navigationsunterstützungszentrale für
fliegende Waffensysteme, NavUZflgWS) of the German armed forces. The
NavUZflgWS creates all databases for simulators of the flying weapon
systems of the German armed forces. Before the introduction of the
DBGS-network the DBGS were isolated solutions with only manual
possibilities for data exchange. The editing of source data was
operated in parallel, i.e. every DBGS has pursued its own data import
and data processing. Central
element of the new system is a relational database in which the source
data and the management information are held. The interface to this
database is formed by the Geographic Information System (GIS) which
offers functions for data management as well as for source data
processing. Besides the specialized workstations for data processing
and data production the DBGS specific to the visual systems are also
connected via the GIS-interface to the relational database and gain
access to the already processed source data. The
modular system architecture allows simple adding of core
functionalities as well as (runtime)DBGS for new target systems.
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CUBBY:
A UNIFIED INTERACTION SPACE FOR PRECISION MANIPULATION (62) Dr J.P. Djajadiningrat Precision
manipulation in VR poses special requirements. One such requirement is
the unification of the display and manipulation spaces, i.e. that the
user manipulates a virtual object at the place where it appears. We
describe the problems associated with unification and give an overview
of VR systems which aim to realize or actually realize unification. To
address the problems associated with unification we developed a
desktop VR system named Cubby. We compare Cubby to existing unified
systems and argue its superiority for precision manipulation.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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MEDICAL SIMULATION TRAINER INITIATIVE (66) Steven
L. Dawson, MD Gerald
Moses, Ph.D. Many
medical simulation visionaries believe that four categories of medical
simulation are emerging to address military readiness challenges:
PC-based multimedia, digital mannequins, virtual workbenches, and
Total Immersion Virtual Reality (TIVR). TIVR is the most effective
solution, although it is the most expensive and will take the longest
time to develop. To address the TIVR challenge, the Medical Simulation
Trainer Initiative (MSTI) is a visionary military program that seeks
to develop a multi-functional simulation platform based on a Personal This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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IMMERSE
ME IN VIBES: INTERACTIVE/IMMERSIVE MEDICAL 1.University
of Michigan, Although
intelligent are successfully used in commercial operations including
healthcare, the concept of agent-based simulation and modeling in
medical education, training, and research has not been contemplated.
The paper describes the first implementation of intelligent agents as
the fundamental tool in simulation and modeling of complex pathologies
(burns). Agent–based models are described as critical constituents
of an advanced medical education/training system based on human
patient simulation, virtual reality, and advanced telecommunication
technologies that permits projection of high-level medical training
expertise to the users irrespectively of their location. The new
training platform under development by the Medical Readiness Trainer
Group (MRTG) of the University of Michigan allows execution of high
fidelity, advanced training specifically aimed at the needs of the
forward deployed users, conducted under the real time guidance of a
medical expert located anywhere in the world. The described
combination of advanced VR visualization techniques and agent-based
simulation represents a major mile stone in the development of
modeling tools for medical research and training. The essentially
unlimited capability of these tools defines the new generation of
advanced biomedical research/training systems that are particularly
suitable for addressing ultra-complex pathologies (e.g., brain injury,
infectious diseases, etc.) and that are fully capable of operating in
the DIS/ADL environments. The IIMERSME and VIBE Projects (Immersive/Interactive
Medical Education/Research Modeling and Simulation Environment/Virtual
Interactive Burn Environment) that are currently conducted by the
Medical Readiness Trainer Group (MRTG) represent the practical
approach to these new concepts, and constitute a significant
advancement of the pioneering solutions originally proposed by MRTG. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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INTEGRATION
OF TIMETABLE FOR RAILWAY Dr Istvan
Hrivnak ERTMS
DRIVING AND OPERATION SIMULATOR UNDER DISTRIBUTED A.
Gómez-Rey, J.M. Mera, S. Tapia, I. Ruiz, M.A. Moñino, L.M. Gutiérrez
C. Vera J.M. Cabanellas, G. Romero, J. Maroto, C. Tovar, M.L. Martínez,
A. Carretero, J. Félez This
paper presents the development by the Railway Research Centre (CITEF)
and the Graphical Engineering Group (GIG) of a simulator based on
virtual reality techniques with training aim: a software tool for the
simulation of a railway line and a train equipped with the European
Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS) as signalling system. The
program takes into account elements as: train characteristics: mass,
traction force, etc.; tracks characteristics: curves, gradients,
tunnels, electric power supply, etc. and operation characteristics:
timetable, route, etc. The simulation system is formed of two main
systems: trackside system and trainborne system. The Trackside System
includes all information related to the line, including signalling
parameters and assure the security of all the movements. The
Trainborne System receives on one side information form the trackside
and calculate supervision parameters at the European Vital Computer (EVC),
and on the other side considers driver actions on train controls, only
if that is allowed by the supervision system. These supervision
parameters and circulation conditions are presented to the driver, in
ERTMS, at the Man Machine Interface (MMI). Position and velocity of
the train must be calculated by this system, too. The user has the
option of actually driving each train or using an automatic driver.
The driving simulator is connected simultaneously with the visual
simulator, which completes the realistic environment that is needed
for training. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO TRAINING IN NEW ROLLING STOCK (12) Currently
there is a wide selection of Traction and Rolling Stock on the order
books of the manufacturers, diesel and electric locomotives as well as
diesel and electric multiple units, tilting and non tilting. The new
generation of Rolling Stock will have an enormous impact on those who
maintain and drive them. Many
traditional maintenance tasks will no longer be relevant. Therefore
there is a need to retrain existing maintenance staff with new skills
and to ensure such people are competent to handle new tools and
equipment which are currently being developed and introduced.
Inevitably the existing work requirement will change and the
future requirements will be for a small group of highly trained
technicians less all purpose skilled and more semi-skilled employees. The
purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an approach to ensure that
there is a fully trained and competent workforce in place ready for
the introduction of new fleets. The payback being the assurance of
maximum availability and reliability of what continues to be one of
the most significant investments for both train owners and operators,
new fleets. The
paper will address the method of determining the training strategy and
methodology required to meet the needs of different groups of staff.
The issues covered include determining: -
training needs of individuals -
appropriate method of delivery -
structure of development and delivery programme -
method of assessment -
material development The
approach outlined results in a cost effective programme incorporating
the latest learning aids and methodologies. This ensures a competent
workforce fully prepared for the new fleet introduction. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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WEB-BASED
RAILWAY TRAFFIC SIMULATOR Juan
Salvador Felip Ralf
Gathmann, Transport Simulation Business Unit Manager CORYS TESS
developed a networked simulator system for the freight railway market
which is currently used at Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railways in
USA. Based on this experience, CORYS TESS now proposes an integrated
approach to its Passenger railway customers, by which the training
process is organized and structured in a way to integrate efficiently
modern training tools such as CBT and networked simulators. The
training sessions are controlled by a computer managed instruction
system. The system allows for flexible training delivery on the work
site along with full control on training progress and course content. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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FROM
THE JAR FCL SYLLABUS TOWARDS Dipl.-Ing.
Alexander von Perger Private pilot
instruction and flight training is performed in various ways and in a
wide variety of quality levels. Each
country has its own regulations on PPL license and there exist certain
restrictions to accept licenses obtained in another country.
For years the
Joint Aviation Authorities JAA undertake strong efforts to define new
standards for pilot training, leading to the aim of one licensing
system accepted by all European states. For PPL a syllabus is layed
down on 19 pages in the JAR-FCL 1 document, Section 2, Subpart C. Within
the project Lilienthal ΠMultimedia Off- and Online Distance Learning
for European Pilot Training, funded by the European Commission and the
Swiss Federal Office for Education and Science, several European
Airline Training schools started the process of converting the general
guideline described by the JAR-FCL syllabus into a concrete sequence
of learning modules with a total of approx. 100 h of theoretical
instruction. The
presentation will focus on some major problems we experienced during
this process in first project year, which specially deal with our
special situation in Europe and will include first examples of the
created multimedia online documents. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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THE
FUTURE AND TECHNOLOGY OF REMOTE TRAINING ‚BRINGING TRAINING TO THE
PILOT™ (94) Dr
David White The
advances in Personal Computer (PC) processing power, graphics and
network bandwidth are providing an environment that allows the full
range of Full Flight Simulator (FFS) functionality & fidelity to
be accessed from a laptop PC. The
latest generation of Thomson Training & Simulation (TT&S)
Flight Management System Trainers (FMST), Enhanced Situation Awareness
Trainers (ESAT) and Cockpit System Trainers (CST) also encompass
provision for access via a modem or Internet connection. This enables
them to be used as ‚remote learning and practice™ facilities which
do not require the pilot to travel to the ‚Airline Training Center™. Since
these technologies will no doubt subsequently influence the training
methods and type of training equipment delivered in the next decade,
this paper discusses the technologies employed, the first feedback
from the beta trials and the lessons learned.
During late 1999 TT&S and Honeywell Aviation Services
set-up a beta site to start testing the principles of remote
‚practice™. Initial prototype testing has subsequently confirmed
that the PC processing power, graphics and network bandwidth are not a
problem. However the issues generated by the variation in network
latency ‚Jitter™ when closing the loop over a commercial Internet
Service Provider (ISP) connection, especially over Trans-Atlantic or
Trans-Pacific connections, can be somewhat problematic. The
emphasis has been on evaluating the technology for use in remote
learning and practice at this juncture, the next stage envisages the
training community and regulatory bodies assessing the methodology and
fidelity of these devices for inclusion in both established and newly
generated approved training programs. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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A
STUDY ON DESIGN AND USE OF RADAR SIMULATION IN AN ATC ENVIRONMENT. Roland
Bals In
1996 the German Air Force office for military air traffic education
and training started defining the requirements for their new tower
simulator as part of the overall new ATC simulation center. This
new system should be able to serve the increased requirements for a
more effective and streamlined education of ATC students for both,
tower and radar controllers. Both
simulation systems - tower and radar - should be able to work
separately or in conjunction together in the same exercise. Resources
like pseudo pilots and supervisors can be allocated to one or the
other simulation without restrictions. The
complete project was divided into the following three phases, the
tower simulator, the infrastructure and the radar simulator. After
the successful completion of first two parts, the tower simulator and
the infrastructure, the radar simulator is now being integrated into
the complete ATC center. Simulating the
proper radar display, calculating the correct radar controlled
approach or generating the proper exercise is a trivial part compared
to implementing a combined tower and radar simulation exercise. The
demanding challenge is to generate correlated databases for the
different radar displays, the PAR 80 and the ASR 910, and the visual
database for the tower simulator. All aircraft™s – and other
vehicles Πneed to behave consistent in a combined radar and tower
simulation. The following paper describes an approach of generating
the specific databases and other exercise relevant data for different
sensors such as radar or eyes, based on common source material, stereo
photos by using photogrammetric tools. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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SESSION
1:ON-GOING NATO M&S ACTIVITIES An appraisal of
on-going NATO M&S activities will be provided in this session
which includes a brief review by the NMSG Chairman of the Group
activities and a more detailed description of some of the most
important NATO M&S programmes. |
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SESSION
2: PARTNERS (PFP) SESSION Partnership for
Peace (PfP) is the basis for practical security co-operation between
NATO and individual Partner countries. Activities under PfP include
defence planning and budgeting, military exercises and civil emergency
operations. Under this cooperation scheme, invited Partner nations
attend ITEC to expose an overview of their national M&S efforts. |
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OPEN
TRANSPORT UNIVERSITY – THE VIRTUAL EDUCATION ENVIRONMENT FOR Igor
Kabashkin Development
of the modern transport technologies is characterised by two extreme
trends in the development of training technologies in this field:
For
example, the first trend characterises training in the field of modern
conceptions FANS (Future Air Navigation Systems) on the basis of
satellite technologies CNS/ATM (Communications, Navigation and
Surveillance for Air Traffic Management). The
second trend characterises training in the field of Intelligent
Transport Systems (Transport Telematics) and Transport Logistics. In
both cases there is a need in co-operation of experts for creating
learning environment for Open and Distance Learning (ODL) ideology
realisation. The
given above trends are corresponded to two models in ODL technologies
designing:
Latvian
experience of pointed models ODL using within the frame of “Open
Virtual Transport University” (OVTU) is discussed. The evolution of
idea of OVTU development and its practical realisation on the basis of
Network of Latvian Transport Education institutions is described.
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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BRIDGING
THE GAP BETWEEN COMPUTER BASED TRAINING AND SIMULATION (40) Philippe
Bonnemay Until
now, Simulators and Computer Based Training (CBT) have had no
technical links, even though both share many features. Both offer
synthetic display for visualization, or reproduce equipment logic.
Besides the lack of computing power, the main reason of this gap was
that CBT, by nature a multimedia tool, displayed realistic
representations of actual equipment along with instructional graphics,
texts or animations. As a result, CBT systems were developed from
scratch using proprietary authoring tools, with two main shortcomings:
However,
with the benefit of data standardization and application integration
techniques due to the explosive growth of Internet technologies, a new
approach can help to:
Beyond
achieving these technical goals, the new technology provides a
dramatic increase in the level of interactivity, and therefore the
involvement of students in training. This paper discusses the approach
selected, the technical architecture of the authoring tool developed
by Sogitec, and gives a pictorial overview of its functions. Lessons
learned during the development of the tool and a comparison of
productivity, based upon proven figures, are also discussed. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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THE
TENOR ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE FOR Mr.
Joseph Kristl, Ms. Cheryl Tibaudo, Dr. John Schroeder Dr.
H. Barbara Sorensen Dr.
Donald MacCuish Rapid
deployment of competent military teams throughout the world requires
operationally trained personnel to be prepared to manage all threats
and employ all contingencies. Currently, these force protector teams
are comprised of individual differing in competency skill levels in
fields of medicine, intelligence, communication, and security. In
addition, these force protectors assigned to a team originate from
different geographical locations with varied operational missions. To
further hinder the force protector team mission, individual team
members likely are unfamiliar with each other, have no detailed
knowledge of the deployment location, and are not trained in the
specifics of the tasks to be performed. It is essential that training
begin at the initiation of the assignment through arrival at the
theater of operation. However, traditional training methodologies and
strategies deter the force protectors’ development of mission
capabilities. Advanced
Distributive Learning (ADL) methods and technologies, however, provide
alternative capabilities to train rapidly deployed force protectors.
ADL permits formal, institutionally based training while instructor
and student are geographically separated. ADL extends the learning
environment for anywhere-anytime training/learning. A current
innovative program will develop skill-training procedures for force
protector personnel using new and innovative solutions for on-board
training. The paper will describe the design and development of an ADL
training system that will operate using Web technology and hand-held
deployable computers. The concept development will implement a force
protection-training program supported by an architecture and framework
that will operate over the www in real-time, at anytime, and at any
location. The implementation and evaluation of an ADL force training
course will be described. The cooperative effort of industry,
academia, and government will provide lessons learned and
developmental guidance for furthering ADL technology in support of
future force protectors. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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Lieutenant
Colonel (Dr) Annémarie van der Walt (D Ed) South
African National Defence Force College for Educational Technology (SANDF
COLET) In
a transforming society where the emphasis is on realizing the
potential of the individual and accrediting all competencies against a
National Qualifications Framework (NQF), the South African National
Defence Force (SANDF) is also in a state of change. The diverse human
resources demand training in order to effectively protect South Africa
and its inhabitants. Competency development is needed by both the
permanent component and the Part-time Force. This training requirement
and the shrinking budget compel the Defence Force to apply
cost-effective human resource development strategies. Distance
learning especially with its new interactive nature, can be a viable
strategy. The
creation of interactive learning materials that enhance learning form
an effective didactical learning transfer system. Of the various media
technologies presently utilized in the macro-distance learning
environment, computer-based training and on-line training can be
applied in the Defence Force. Printed materials form the basis and can
be supplemented with interactive television broadcasts - which were
overwhelmingly positively accepted by Defence Force members during a
pilot presentation - to improve the interaction between the instructor
and learner and between learners. The
distance learning model focuses on the specific situation of an
organization such as a Department of Defence, which is responsible for
the development of its own human resources. This model serves as main
guideline for the development of a distance learning system. It
emphasizes the basic components in the distance learning situation,
namely the learner, the instructor and the learning content that have
to be seen within the specific environment in which they operate.
Special attention is given to the support base that may include
mentors, instructional designers, administrators, animators, graphic
artist learning material authors, to name a few, for both the learner
and the instructor. The essential role of the policymaking component
is highlighted, since a distance learning system can only be applied
successfully if there is promulgated policy to empower the distance
learning system. Development
and implementation guidelines for a distance learning system in a
Department of Defence have to provide for a development program for
distance learning instructors and possibly study guidelines for the
learners, where they were used to mainly classical training. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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AN
INTEGRATED TRAINING SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT RELATING Jan
van Geest Training
objectives are increasingly recognised as a good framework for
training. They allow for the creation of effective training
situations, enable focussed performance monitoring, and facilitate
well structured, to-the-point after-action review. Currently used
virtual, live and constructive training systems provide little or no
support for the use of training objectives. The tools that the
training staff uses are often generic applications, based more on
technical capabilities than on instructional needs. According
to educational theory, an important principle in effective training is
the existence of a well- defined relationship between the training
objectives, the instructional setting and media. This paper reports on
the definition of an integrated training support environment that
supports the use of training objectives during the life cycle of an
exercise, i.e. in the definition, preparation, execution and review
stages. In particular, the relationship between the training
objectives and relevant events that occur in the scenario is
elaborated. The
training support environment contains several means to explicitly
relate scenario events to the training objectives for the
participating units. Relationships can be defined prior to the
exercise, and real-time during the execution stage. For example,
conditions can be set to alert the staff to events that are
interesting in relation to one or more training objectives. In this
way, members of the training staff are advised on relevant events in
the scenario, allowing them to build a common mental picture of the
performance of the trainees. This picture is based on traceable facts
in the scenario, and not only on what meets the eye of the instructor.
Apart from these automatically detected events, the staff also has the
option to manually enter observations on the performance of a specific
participant. The use of training objectives and events is further
endorsed by the environment by providing several views that visualise
the events. They provide information that is relevant in the context
of the training objectives. The views have an integrated user
interface, and are controlled by a common set of commands. The
training support environment facilitates effective and efficient
training that is tailored to the needs and the proficiency of the
units to be trained. It is implemented as a demonstrator in
co-operation with the Royal Netherlands Army. One of their main
interests in this environment is to obtain guidelines on how to
conduct high-quality training exercises with a relatively small
exercise staff. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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IMPLEMENTATION OF OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WARIN A MULTI-PARTY COMBAT SIMULATION SYSTEM (33) The
implementation of operations other than war (OOTW) gives military
training a totally new dimension. These scenarios are much more
difficult and complicated because of several new aspects, e. g. new
types of missions, participants (e. g. civilians), rules of engagement
etc. To
support the training of these types of operations, a combat simulation
system has to undergo extensive adaptations and further developments. The
authors will report about differences between (conventional) combat
operations and OOTW and the special requirements a combat simulation
system has to fulfill for a realistic representation of these type of
operations. Starting
with the user requirement demanding the development of a constructive
simulation, based to the largest possible extent on existent hardware
and keeping the current man-machine-interface, the authors will
present the following concept.
o
enemy o
allied o
identical as
well as the possibility of changing the relationship within the course
of the simulation.
o
warning shot o
ambush o
self-defence
This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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AN
INTEGRATED AND MULTI DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO Commander
Bram Weller The
training of our human resources, always regarded as important, and yet
seen as an outsider in the corporate world, has in the past often been
handled in an unprofessional and haphazard manner.
In their approach to training, instructional developers have
often applied a “tried and tested” method of training development.
In reality such practices incorporated old methodologies and learning
styles that catered for a specific group of learners at the exclusion
of those who found learning by the selected method difficult. The tide
has turned and more emphasis is being placed on empowering education,
training and development practitioners to be more scientific in their
approach to the design of learning opportunities and the facilitation
thereof. Now
more than ever before training (or the facilitation of learning) is no
longer the soul responsibility of the ‘trainer’
but rather the jurisdiction of a whole team of key role players
within the corporate environment. A systematic approach must be
applied whereby a full and proper analysis is done to identify the
learning gap, this in turn is followed up with the definition of
outcomes. These outcomes then become the foundation from which the
learning activities are developed, then the facilitation of learning
takes place. The evaluation of the transfer of learning that has taken
place today plays an increasingly more important role in the
determination of the effectiveness of the learning process. Such
an approach can only be facilitated through the application of a
formalised Education, Training and Development process, a process that
is systems driven, and is in line with the corporate human capital
development strategy. Gone are the days when just one, or a selected
few determine what training must take place; today an integrated
multidisciplinary approach is required to the education, training and
development of our human resource capital. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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COMPUTER-SUPPORTED
MONITORING OF COMMAND POST Mirko
Thorstensson1 The performance
of a command-post staff has a decisive effect on the outcome of an
operation when it comes to co-ordination and management of various
units of a taskforce. Monitoring and documentation of the internal
work and communication processes that take place in a command team can
increase the ability to investigate and understand cause-effect
relationships between incoming field reports, operational procedures,
decisions, commands and the activities in the field. To this end we
present a cognitive systems engineering approach to the command and
control problem, where the work of the command-post staff must be
analysed in the context of the overall taskforce mission. In
this paper we describe a method and a software tool that enable an
observer to monitor and record communication events in a command post
staff. The method extends link analysis by introducing time stamping
and classification of events. Thus, extended link analysis (ELA)
enables both cumulative measures and detailed temporal analysis of
staff communication. The software tool supports configuration,
monitoring, time stamping and classification of communication events.
Extending a computer-based instrumentation system, such as the MIND
system, with ELA facilitates the cognitive systems engineering
approach and improves understanding of internal processes in the
command-post staff. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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THE
NATIONAL CENTER FOR SIMULATION Henry
(Hank) Okraski The National
Center for Simulation contains the largest concentration of simulation
business in the world. Comprised of more than one hundred
corporations, academia and government agencies, this group is the
epicenter for the growing economic impact of a combined military,
space, government and commercial simulation business. And it’s
success can be attributed in large part to the visionary establishment
and growth of durable partnerships among these diverse members. This
paper describes the evolution of the Simulation Center, how
partnerships have grown from the original Army/Navy relationship,
their contribution to the effectiveness of the combined entities, the
result of “spin-off“ technologies, current issues that deserve
attention and the way ahead for the Center. The
Simulation Center hosts hundreds of foreign visitors annually who are
modeling and simulation advocates at home. Most are involved in
training applications and some are attempting to establish “modeling
and simulation or technology centers“ in their own countries. The
characteristics that are necessary for success and that are present in
the Florida Center are described. The importance of relationships with
a major university that conducts research in simulation technology and
related fields and proactive support of local, state and federal
governments and business organizations is also discussed. An important
human resource factor is a “feeder network“ of students coming
from secondary schools, community colleges and universities. Such a
network was constructed in the Central Florida area which adds an
interesting human dimension to the paper. In addition, and perhaps the
most important ingredient to success, is the willingness of the
military organizations to work together in developing a synergistic
relationship that had its origin over fifty years ago. As a result,
business opportunities have expanded beyond military applications into
entertainment, medical, public safety & law enforcement and
distance learning, establishing a more stable business base for
industry suppliers to weather the peaks and valleys of doing business
with an otherwise singular military customer. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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REUSABLE DESIGN AND ENGINEERING METHODOLOGY (REDEEM) PROJECT (69) Lieutenant
D J Elsey Royal Navy The
REDEEM project is a joint venture between the University of Nottingham
and the Royal Navy(funded by the US Office of Naval Research) to
evaluate the cost effectiveness of a software tool that attempts to
overcome some of the problems associated with the authoring of
traditional CBT. REDEEM,
developed by the University of Nottingham, provides tools to describe
characteristics of legacy and future CBT, learner profiles and
teaching strategies. The software combines this information with its
own default teaching knowledge and interprets the CBT so that it
delivers instruction that is both adaptive and individually tailored. An
existing CBT package will be adapted within REDEEM and the resulting
package trialled within the RN. The results will then be compared
against those obtained from both the original CBT and instructor led
tuition. The
potential benefits of REDEEM include reduction of the current
resources required for authoring navigation and learning strategies
within CBT; the system offers an instructional framework that can be
populated by both legacy and new CBT. In the long term, the focus of
training expertise is no longer in the development and production of
individual CBT packages but in their application with REDEEM.
Therefore, the following roles are defined: SMEs produce the training
material; trainers provide the student profile; and REDEEM provides
the embedded learning strategy and individual student navigation. REDEEM
has the potential to significantly reduce production costs of
effective and adaptive CBT which could be of vital importance to the
increasing drive towards the use of distance learning within the Armed
Forces. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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COMPUTER
AIDED EDUCATION SOFTWARE (57) Marius
RUSSU We
intend to present an educational software, called Test Generator
Software (TGS) which has been designed for computer aided learning,
training and testing. This software provides the possibility to renew,
process and analyse the tests, depending on the educational needs. TGS
takes into account three possible procedures: student test, self-test
and self-test completed by learning. To achieve the educational
targets, each of these procedures use several items for tests design
in connection to curricula stipulations and following all the rules
involved in the learning process. The items can be designed and solved
by making use of several computer aided education resources. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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THE
FUTURE ROLE OF AIRCRAFT SYSTEM EMULATIONS WITHIN THE TRAINING Christopher
W Greenfield Computer-based
Virtual Aircraft Training Systems (VATS) evolved during the 1990™s
to assist in the type-conversion training of technicians on a
particular aircraft. These virtual aircraft comprise of an aircraft
emulation that accurately models the aircraft systems™ behaviour,
along with an interactive Graphical User Interface within an
electronic classroom environment.
Such VATS enable groundcrew to practice ground functional
checks, routine & scheduled maintenance, setting up procedures,
interconnecting ground support equipment, and, by using built-in or
ground support test equipment, diagnosing and rectifying system
failures. However,
the potential (both in terms of training and cost effectiveness) of
such aircraft emulations is far greater than that which has been
currently realized. This
paper will discuss the methods involved in creating a virtual aircraft
emulation, and discuss the training benefits in using such a device
within an electronic classroom environment. It will then discuss the
potential of expanding the use of this emulation in other training
media such as: o
Within multimedia CBT o
Being the intelligence behind hardware-based part-task trainers o
Being the intelligence behind Cockpit Procedures Trainers Thus,
it is argued that the one emulation model could be used across the
range of training media for a particular aircraft type, enabling
benefits to be accrued in terms of economies of scale, ease of use and
ease of configuration control between training aids. The paper
concludes by assessing future trends within the development of
aircraft emulations, such as the vertical integration of these types
of training aids with Dynamic Flight Simulators (DFS) and the aircraft™s
Operational Flight Programs (OFPs), using the OFPs as discrete modules
within the DFS and emulation, to ensure configuration control across
the breadth of the training aids. Being entirely modular and
object-oriented, the emulation allows for this and other types of
technology insertion, such as replacing the user interface with
Virtual Reality headsets and gloves. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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INTELLIGENT
TRAINING AIDS: FROM CONCEPT TO DEMONSTRATION (39) Mr
François D. Héran Mrs
Susanna Sirignano Mr
Peter Meyer zu Drewer Dr
Eliodoro Carpitella Mr
Patrice Le Leydour This
paper is a follow-on to the presentation at ITEC 1999 of EUCLID CEPA
11 RTP 11.9 "Intelligent Training Aids", a project which
started in January 1998 and which will end in January 2001. The
concepts elaborated during the study have led to the specification and
design of intelligent training aids (ITAs). Selected
ITAs will be demonstrated and evaluated by the five members of the RTP
11.9 consortium with the military users on operational training
devices. The objective of demonstrations and evaluations is to show
how intelligent training aids can support instructors during the six
training phases: management of trainee database, management of
scenario database, briefing, supervision, assessment and debriefing. The
paper first briefly describes the scope and expected benefits of
intelligent training aids for military training. Results of the study
of instructional tasks which was set up to identify ITAs are
described. Then an overview of the training devices which support the
demonstrations, the definition of the ITAs selected for demonstration
and the evaluation methods which are going to be applied are
presented. Lastly,
preliminary conclusions, including lessons learned since the start of
the programme and possible future work, are drawn. As
the demonstrations are scheduled in December 2000 and January 2001,
after the submission date of the papers, the results will be shown
during the conference presentation.
This work is sponsored by the MoDs of France, Germany and
Italy, in the framework of the EUCLID
CEPA 11 programme. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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EUCLID
CEPA11 RTP11.10 DISTRIBUTED SNE SERVER (84) Pascal
Peyronnet – Alain Deturche Stefano
Ceriani – Edgardo Arcuri Susanne
Kerp – Andre Gross Florian
Graessel – Rainer Krampe Franck
Rousée - Dominique Derouet The
European Cooperation for the Long term in Defense (EUCLID) Common
European Priority Area 11 (CEPA11 – Modeling & Simulation)
Research and Technology Project RTP11.10 “DIS Environment Database
Server” program, sponsored by the French, German, and Italian MoDs,
developed the capability to provide changes in Land, Weather, Ocean
Environment during the course of a simulation execution, to sensor
simulation (visual, IR), reasoning simulation (CGF), mission
simulation. Examples of such changes include craters or,
ditch/trench/barriers insertion, building/bridges destruction,
precipitation, clouds, wind, sea-state, acoustic noise, etc. The
goal of the project is : 1) to analyze the requirements for SNE
services (dynamic effects, query and management services) for training
systems – 2) to study and experiment distributed interoperable
simulation architecture to support the SNE services. A final
demonstrator has been developed as a proof-of-concept for
architecture, data exchange/interface, integration of the services in
legacy simulation. This Demonstrator was originally developed as an
extension to the Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) standard, to
maximize the reuse of existing client simulations (visual, sensor
simulation, CGF, Helicopter mission simulation).
The implemented services cover 1) the dynamic evolution of the
SNE including real-time dynamic effects and interaction between the
different SNE Domains : Land-Weather, Ocean-Weather, 2) the
request/query on SNE representation to provide consistent vision of
the SNE for heterogeneous federates, 3) the management of
initialization and consistency of the evolving SNE representation. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |
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HIGHER-LEVEL
INTEGRATED TEAM TRAINING ENVIRONMENT FOR SPACE (HILITE)(93) Timothy Choate THE
GENERIC TOOLBOX FOR INTEROPERABLE SYSTEMS – GTI6 (90) Mr.
François Dubuc, Mr. Daniel Claude Mr.
Petr Chliaev, Mr. Alexander Vankov A Generic Toolbox
for Interoperable Systems (GTI6) has been developed by EADS LAUNCH
VEHICLES (EADS LV) for improving the quality and the efficiency of its
industrial processes. As prime contractor of various launchers and
spacecrafts such as Ariane 5 or the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV),
EADS LV needs to perform long studies and to build huge and complex
facilities all along the life-cycle phases of its new systems:
requirements definition, feasibility analyses, architecture design,
development, integration, qualification, production, operation... Now,
the new Information Technologies allow to perform most of these tasks
in a geographically distributed way in order : o
to quickly share information and data between distant
teams, o
to interactively use remote resources, making the work
more flexible and efficient, o
to shorten the life-cycle duration of new systems by
anticipated detection of design, integration or operational problems, o
to improve the global quality of the system, to minimize
travels and long collocation of experts, o
to reduce facilities overall costs by non-duplication of
components, teams knowledge and skills, GTI6
supports collaborative engineering analyses between distant team, as
well as interoperability between geographically distributed facilities
for simulation, modelling, processing and post-processing. First
of all, this paper will present the GTI6 concept and architecture,
then some typical applications and results. At the end, some general
recommendations will be proposed regarding the interoperability
between distributed systems. The current plan to extend the use of
GTI6 to other domains will also be described. This paper is available on the 2001 ITEC CD-ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers |