ITEC 1997
Multimedia for Training and Education
Computer Based Education and Training
Computer Based
Education
Computer Based
Medical training
Maritime Training -- Training Analysis
Maritime Training - System Design
Technologies for Training Reconfigurable Systems
Technologies for Training
Technologies for Training - Analysis of Success
Technologies for Training - Research
Studies
Visual Database Creation and On-line Generation
Visualization
Interoperability, DIS and HLA Policy
Interoperability, DIS and HLA Standards
Interoperability, DIS and HLA Applications
Transportation Training - Road Policy Issues
Transportation Training - Road
Transportation Training -
Rail
Transportation Training Helicopter
Mission and Exercise
Training - Strategy and Analysis
Mission and Exercise Training - Combined Combat
CATC
CRM mad cabin crew training
Simulators and Equipment for
Aviation Training
Further Education in Aviation Subjects
Air Traffic Controllers Selection and Training
Pilot Flight Training Issues
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MEDIA SELECTION ~ A NEW LOOK AT THE AIMS MODEL
Peter Dorrington
In this paper I will re-examine AIMS and suggest a new approach to its use ~ one which builds upon the
strengths of AIMS but then goes on to provide additional functionality and reflects more modern training technologies. This new approach requires little or
no extra work to utilise but delivers a significantly more detailed and useable result.
In the second half of this paper, and as a comparison, I will introduce a completely different approach
to media selection ~ one based upon decision trees (Boolean logic) and with an emphasis instructional strategy rather than specific media-to-attribute
mappings.
MULTIMEDIA-BASED EDUCATION, TRAINING, AND PERFORMANCE
SUPPORT --TRENDS AND APPLICATIONS
Richard M. Thackray, Jr.
Technology-enabled education, training, and performance support has captured the interest of
organizations worldwide. The technology has matured and moderate-priced equipment is readily available with an ever increasing installed base.
Today, education and training specialists are faced with a very wide range of methods and media to
support education and training needs -- from CD-ROM, to virtual reality, to Web-based applications. With so many choices available, many education/training
specialists are left asking: “ What method/media best fit my needs? What works best? What fits my budget? What technology will still be viable five years
from now? “ To address these issues, this session will highlight the major features and trends for a range of multimedia-based interventions.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Flt Lt. Daren S Moss
In the last few years there has been an ever increasing use of Computer Based Training (CBT) and
Technology Enhanced Training (TET) throughout the British Armed Forces. A notable exception to this trend is the field of Aircraft Recognition; where
training is still predominantly carried out by acknowledged recognition expert(s) using a mix of photographs,
slideshows and briefings. These methods are costly, time consuming and involve minimal student interaction. Opportunities for self study and assessment are
limited by the distribution of expensive, recognition specific, journals and magazines which, although they contain excellent source material, have limited
training benefit.
This paper covers the design and implementation of the Aircraft Recognition Trainer for the UK
Tri-Service Recognition Committee. It examines the decision to develop a dedicated solution rather than purchase an existing off-the-shelf package, together
with the reasons behind the decision to use an in-house resource such as the Department of Technology Enhanced Training (DTET) at the RAF Training
Development and Support Unit (TDSU) in preference to a commercial developer. It includes the Human Factors, Psychology and Human Computer Interaction (HCI)
aspects considered during the evolution of the user interface and highlights the importance of subject matter experts having continued input to the ongoing
design of a CBT package. It also covers the opportunities offered / difficulties encountered during the incorporation of new technologies such as Fractal
compression, 3D modeling software and 32 bit operating systems.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Dr. Meir Morag
Advanced component technology can be utilized to enable efficient creation of interactive simulations. These simulations are key to successful computer-based training courses for system
operators and maintenance personnel. Object reusability is essential for modern simulation development and is
illustrated here in the visual simulation environment of RAPID.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
CBT DEVELOPER WORKBENCH - A CONCEPTUAL MODEL
John Hui Chzi-hon
Multimedia CBT offers enormous opportunities in terms of training for military organizations.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
THE BUSINESS CASE FOR LOW-COST ELECTRONIC
Peter Dorrington
There is a new buzzword doing the rounds of the training world “EPSS” ~ or Electronic
Performance Support Systems. Proponents of EPSS would have us believe that this new technology will do away with
traditional/formal training as we know it today and thrust us all into a brave new world of on-line task performance support and enhancement. We seem to hear
the same old litany every few years, the previous battle-cry being that multimedia would remove the need for instructors as we all learned the wisdom of
Solomon from self-paced instruction in front of computer screens. The funny thing is that there are as many instructors and training courses today as
there ever were (although it is true to say that Computer Based Training (CBT) has become an important component
in many modern training systems). So what is this EPSS thing everybody is talking about? If it’s so good how
come we haven’t seen more of it? And how do we get our hands on some if we want it?
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Phil Hobday
As we look back over the last half-century we can see that
many organizations have been chasing technology to such an extent that they have become unable to make the most effective use of their equipment. The challenge facing these
organizations is how best to prepare for the next millennium.
Those hooked on technology believe they are less efficient because they do not have the latest
equipment. However, my hypothesis is:
"That organisations saturated with technology can gain a bigger return on the
'bottom line' by investing in effective training rather than new equipment".
Common practice in recent years has been for organisations to cut training budgets whilst
maintaining spending levels on new equipment, with the result that their training programmes have
fallen behind their technological base. Wise counsel reminds us that technology is only a tool and without the Human Resource interface it can do little to
generate profit. Hence an organisation can often become more profitable by investing in training its people rather than by purchasing new equipment.
Unfortunately, all too often the providers of training have failed to deliver effective training.
Although most trainers are by now familiar with the internationally agreed Systems Approach to Training (SAT),
many fail to provide effective training because they place insufficient emphasis on training design. The body of
this paper covers the principles of SAT and goes on to develop a model for the vital process of training design.
The training design model illustrated in this paper provides a useful tool not only for the trainer but
also for management to ensure their organisation gets the training it needs. However, by now the message should be crystal clear - 'SAT is only a tool and it
needs a skilled operator to achieve effective results'.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A FRONT-END ANALYSIS TO STREAMLINE
Katharine Golas, Ph.D., Southwest Research Institute
Since the early 1970s, the Computer-Based Training (CBT) industry has grown to the point where most
American government agencies and private organizations, and a significant number of international organizations, implement some type of CBT in their training
programs. Some organizations rely solely on CBT to deliver training, while others combine CBT with other training delivery methods, such as classroom
instruction, on-the-job training, and simulator-based training.
Historically, the process of developing CBT has been viewed as complicated and risky. There are as
many documented cases of cost overruns and poor-quality products as there are successful programs. However, even with the risks and high costs
associated with CBT, it has emerged as the most popular training delivery system within the last 30 years. With more powerful computing technologies now
available at lower costs, and the emergence of digital multimedia, the popularity of CBT is increasing at a rapid pace.
As the process of developing CBT has evolved over the years, and changed with technological advances,
many books have been written which present models and guidelines to guide CBT design and development efforts. Some organizations follow these guidelines to
develop CBT products using their in-house resources, but many, particularly government organizations, contract out entire CBT efforts. Organizations that
believe CBT may be a solution often begin by conducting a front-end study, such as training needs assessment, training media analysis, or
training requirements analysis, to validate their beliefs prior to full-scale development.
This paper describes an effort in which a front-end analysis was conducted using a new approach which
resulted in a streamlined CBT development effort. With the new approach the CBT analysis and design phases were conducted simultaneously. By combining the
two phases into one, a detailed specification was prepared which included CBT storyboards, a CBT production schedule, estimated costs to produce the CBT, and
selection of the most appropriate authoring system. By simultaneously conducting the two ISD phases, the costs and risks to the CBT customer as well as the
CBT contractor were reduced.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Lieutenant Commander J M Hammersley Royal Navy
Lieutenant Commander G J Moore Royal Navy
Royal Naval School of Educational and Training Technology
This paper describes the re-engineering of an existing piece of Computer Based Training within the
Royal Navy. The package is used to train operators of a common surface radar and is based on a system emulation. Originally produced in TenCORE® to meet one
operational user’s needs, its functionality needed to be extended to meet the requirements of another major user. These changes included delivery under Windows®, a higher
level of emulation fidelity, increased student interaction, enhanced student navigation facilities and extended subject matter content.
The reasons behind the decision to redesign and redevelop the product are described, as are the
training need, the specification, recycling of the original design, development issues, integration into the curriculum and project evaluation. The design
issues concerning the level of fidelity and student interaction required in a very low cost but effective training medium are explained. Also outlined are
the tools used, Visual Basic® and Asymetrix ToolBook®, and the practical implementation of the PRINCE methodology for project management. Problems with the
project and the accuracy of the risk assessment are illustrated.
The project was a microcosm of all the factors that are
dealt with in the specification of much larger CBT applications for the RN. The evaluation of the product is used to illustrate teaching points on the
courses that the Royal Naval School of Educational and Training Technology (RNSETT) conducts to produce informed
customers of CBT.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Lieutenant Commander G J Moore Royal Navy - Training Media Group Officer
The paper describes the current strategies for the selection, development and use of various forms of
computer mediated teaching and learning aids employed within the Royal Navy. From a learning model, three key aspects are identified that should be evaluated
by any organisation considering the use of this type of support to teaching and learning, viz.:
- technology issues, e.g. the ability of existing computer
systems and peripheral devices to
create the relevant learning environment (e.g. situated learning, distance learning), provide
portability or openness; methods and cost of development.
- learning needs, such as the nature of the learning goals
and knowledge domain; the
specificity/generality of the subject matter; mode(s) of teaching and learning; alternative
teaching strategies; assessment requirements; student characteristics.
- organisational factors, e.g. the nature of the organisation,
its data management needs,
student numbers and control requirements; courseware and project management;
configuration control; teaching style(s) and facilities in the organisation; training of
instructional staff to use these technologies effectively; resources; corporate image.
The above factors are illustrated by reference to the situation existing within the Royal Navy and
contrasted with other organisations including the UK Higher Education sector. The policy which this has led the RN to adopt for the use of computers in
teaching and learning is described together with the measures taken to develop RN training staff to ensure effective use is made of these materials. A
description is given of the methods adopted for developing the necessary knowledge and skills in RN training staff, including the development of formal
training courses and the role of a centre of in-house advice and expertise like the Royal Naval School of Educational and Training Technology, RNSETT.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Oliver Arifon
The pedagogy of simulation/gaming allows a great freedom for the student. It concerns letting the
participants discover for themselves that which they should discover. There is a model and a dynamic which includes the role players/trainers, assisted by
computers which permits the revelation of numerous elements.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
THE USE OF DEFENCE SIMULATION AND RELATED
COMPUTER-BASED TECHNOLOGY IN PUBLIC EDUCATION
Julia A. Medin, Ph.D.
This paper reports results of a funded study performed by the author at the Institute for Simulation
and Training of the University of Central Florida (IST/UCF). The study, entitled “Simulation and Computer-Based Technologies for Education”, investigated
and showed how military technology should and should not be used for public schools education.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
RESEARCH ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRTUAL SURGERY TRAINER
M. Kelly & N. Beagley
Centre for Human Sciences, DERA
The DERA Centre for Human Sciences is developing a simulator to train the techniques of Minimal Access
Surgery (MAS). The project focuses on the growing area of laproscopic surgery for the treatment of ectopic
pregnancy. Current training methods are limited in their ability to realistically simulate the variety of possible scenarios. The simulator uses a novel
hardware platform based on a personal computer. P-10 graphics cards are used to accelerate the display of interactive 3-D models. The project aims to produce
an advanced training package which combines a realistic simulation with an effective training structure. The development of an accurate simulation addresses
the specific issues of force feedback, stereo presentation, model deformation and depth cues. The simulation follows networking standards for Distributed
Interactive Simulation (DIS) allowing the issues surrounding remote training to be studied. The project’s design of an appropriate training structure and
lesson content relies on a full analysis of the surgeons’ tasks with the assistance of subject mater experts.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
MINIMALLY INVASIVE
SURGERY SIMULATOR
Serge COUVET
Thomson Training & Simulation
Doctor Jacques BADY
Armand Brillard Hospital
There are needs to improve surgeons’ training procedures in endoscopy because present means are not
appropriate. The purpose of an endoscopic simulator reproducing faithfully the patient anatomy is to facilitate surgeon’s training and continuing
education. Moreover, the operator can repeat several times the same step of the intervention, can introduce complications and pathologies in the session and
can self-train and auto evaluate. The asset of this product is to prepare surgeon to face and to react to unexpected events (accidents, complications…).
Thus, a better training tends to reduce therapeutic risks for patients, to decrease health cost and to
improve health care quality. The simulator is based on state-of-the-art simulation technologies : force feedback system, 3-d real time synthetic imagery. It
provides high quality, real-time images similar to those of an endoscopic camera, while reproducing realistic force feedback on real surgical instruments.
Indeed, the trainee feels like in an operating room with a realistic replication of the operative environment and the inherent stress conditions due to
simulation technologies.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
INTRODUCTION OF A FULLY PORTABLE, BODY-MOUNTED
Karen Altieri
Advanced Computer Equipment, Ltd. has developed a “wearable” computer system for use by Walter Reed
Army Institute of Research. The system will be used to access medical information, to support remote primary care, and for remote diagnostic consultation.
The system consists of a small 4x4x3-inch chassis that houses the CPU, interface boards,
battery mount and a panel of standard I/O ports. The system comprises a 486SLC/50RS Mhz computer bus, 8
or 16 MB RAM, a 170 MB removable hard drive for a type III PCMCIA slot, a type II PCMCIA slot, voice actuation software and hardware, and a miniature
wrist-mounted keyboard.
This equipment is called System Six in the US and Manumax 2000 in the UK. The miniature VGA CRT is
mounted on a head band, or may be mounted on the wrist, and displays text, graphics or information relayed from the medical information system or from the
medical consultant.
The wearable computer system would interface with the medical information center via standard military
communications equipment, such as a SINCGARS radio, connected to the computer via the RS232 communications port. The addition of a miniature digital camera
would allow real-time images of the patient’s condition, or of the wound or injury, to be relayed to the diagnostician or radiologist as appropriate.
Information is critical to the formulation of almost every professional decision made in the field of
medicine today. Whatever medical endeavor is undertaken, the accuracy and speed of diagnostic information is critical. Much of this information is already
available via the infosphere. However, when the medical crisis occurs in an emergency situation outside the hospital environment, with few diagnostic tools
available, no patient records available, and the patient unable to provide critical details, the absence of an immediate data link available to the medical
attendant on the scene could make the difference between a full recovery or permanent injury for an injured or wounded combatant.
Such a wearable computer system would allow the military medical technician or a non-expert attendant
to perform diagnosis and treatment without the physical presence of a medical expert, but with access to the best medical information and expertise
available. The on-line telemedicine system would be worn by the medical care-giver. On-line communication capability would be activated by
voice commands, and a voice communication link would be established. Since all commands given to the computer would be verbal commands, the medical
attendant would have his/her hands free to continue medical treatment, In an actual medical emergency, the medical expert could lead him/her through viable
medical options to stabilize the patient or to provide appropriate patient care and treatment.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
E. W. Berghout
C. Svendsen
I. W. Thomassen
The effectiveness of a technology-based training system greatly depends on its value to the owner
organisation. This paper describes the results of a research project into the decision structure of the evaluation process of technology-based training
systems which was carried out in the Royal Norwegian Navy. A comprehensive methodology was developed which evaluates technology-based training systems as
information systems. The evaluation method can reveal cost driving training objectives and makes sure that there is maintained focus on the strategic value
of the information system components.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Edmund P. O’Shaughnessy, Sea Systems Sector
Melanie J. Forster
The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) has a long tradition of procuring a vast array of trainers for the
Royal Navy (RN). These trainers range from simple mock-ups of control panels to large, complex command team
trainers utilizing expensive operational equipment. The Defence Research & Evaluation Agency (an executive agency of the UK MoD) has provided both
research and consultancy support to the MoD on all aspects of training and trainers, from psychological factors of human performance to the definition of
technical specifications of trainer equipment. To ensure that the training needs of the Royal Navy are correctly
identified and met, the MoD is mandated to conduct a Training Needs Analysis (TNA) before procuring any training equipment of significant cost. To date it
has proven difficult, however, to transition the results of TNAs into technical specifications against which a competitive contract can be let. This paper
reports on the recent work of the authors in defining a method based on the corporate research programme on human performance in naval training to produce
technical specifications for trainers from the output of TNAs. This method has been used on a recent submarine command team trainer and is currently being
applied on the adaptation of two existing trainers to support the command team training aspects of weapon control. An analysis is presented of the current
TNA process adopted by the MoD for RN trainers with discussion on how the process can be applied and its difficulties overcome. The challenges of defining
the requirements of technical specifications of trainers are also covered along with a description of one means of structuring and presenting trainer
requirements.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Cdr. AE Mizen RN, Lt Cdr. N Talbot RN, Lt P Morris RN
The Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) process is a disciplined management approach, affecting both
customer and industry, aimed at optimizing equipment Life Cycle Costs. It is the main mechanism that affects the procurement of logistic support for new
equipment and upgrades to existing equipment. ILS includes elements that influence equipment design and determine support requirements. MOD policy decrees
that the ILS process be applied to all future equipment procurement in accordance with DEF STAN 00-60 - the UK standard for ILS.
ILS is a relatively new and still evolving process in the Royal Navy. The information required to
inform the procurement of training systems to support the operational equipment is the information required for a Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is part of
the ILS process. However, the experience of those involved in TNA and those using ILS is that deficiencies exist in the provision of training support through
current ILS practices. The MoD/Industry HFI/MANPRINT Liaison Working Group concluded that: “Greater integration of HFI, ILS, Training and Safety will reduce duplication and help focus on the human needs of the system development process with potential saving of time and money during development.
The ILS process considers training as a support element. It will therefore identify the procurement of
appropriate training systems to support the operational equipment, taking into account the personnel who require training and to what level. Within all three
Armed Forces TNA is a mandatory requirement when the expected cost of procuring new or adapted training equipment is greater than £50k. The Royal Navy (RN)
TNA process identifies all personnel whose working practices are affected by the new equipment, or changed requirement, together with the detailed lists of
their duties and tasks. An overview of the RN TNA process is at Annex A. It would therefore seem appropriate to consider how the TNA process may assist in
improving the specifications of training systems within the ILS process.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Dale Lotspeich
Michael D. Kasmarik
This paper presents an overview of a system design developed for the US Navy Battle Force Tactical
Training (BFTT) program by a joint team of Ph.D. NSWC, Eldyne, Inc. and RAC, Inc., of San Diego CA, Focus Learning Corporation of Pismo Beach, CA, and
Wunderlich-Malec Engineering of Minnetonka, MN. This design provides a means to integrate all Interactive Courseware (ICW), Interactive Electronic Technical
Manuals (IETM), and other required logistical support information into an electronic delivery system. The system
described utilizes Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware and software components to build the database and
communications capabilities for the system, and includes the following capabilities:
2. Overall configuration management control and reliability / obsolescence of program components.
3. A version control method for authoring of IETM and ICW content, and for distribution of the IETM and
ICW content runtime modules.
4. A repository system to make both IETM and ICW source level content objects and runtime content
object objects available to multiple locations.
5. A mechanism to connect to and retrieve information from various logistical support databases.
6. A network infrastructure to provide high performance network transport of all supported information
to shipboard and land based sites, on demand.
The COTS technology is comprised of several applications. The foundation application provides a method
to analyze and build a database of training requirements or objectives. Based on these requirements, training or performance support content is defined. This
content is linked in the database to the requirements or objectives, and therefore provides a means to identify and maintain content when objectives or
requirements change. In addition, linkages are provided to off-the-shelf ICW authoring packages, which in turn deliver actual IETM or ICW modules.
Finally, a client/server messaging technique, successfully demonstrated in the commercial marketplace,
is used to distribute and maintain version control of the IETM or ICW modules, and provides links to information from other logistical support databases.
Current efforts for BFTT are focusing on the first four of the capabilities described, which are configuration management and definition, and development of
IETM and ICW modules. Integration of the delivery technology will come at a later date.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
Daniel Sheppard
Mary Sheppe
Identifying training requirements and managing changes in the training environment for major acquisitions are often difficult tasks
because they often involve sophisticated training technology and implementing the changes require coordinated support throughout the training support
community. Analyzing training requirements for a new system or platform early in the acquisition process is critical to efficient and effective planning.
This paper describes a systematic approach/ process for identifying training requirements for a new maritime vessel. This approach has been used in
identifying training requirements for a new United States Coast Guard (USCG) Polar Icebreaker.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
SIMULATION & VIRTUAL REALITY TO SUPPORT THE DESIGN OF
Agostino G. Bruzzone
The paper proposes the application of virtual reality techniques within a harbour environment as a way
to guarantee safety during operations and to support layout definition activities. The paper presents a prototype developed for the integral modeling of a
large harbour used to simulate safety procedures. The prototype was implemented on low-cost platforms to
guarantee the most widespread use among all port services.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
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DESIGN FOR A RECONFIGURABLE SIMULATOR
Dirk Schmidt
Wolfgang Bender
For the use in research, development and material acquisition process a reconfigurable crew compartment
development simulator is under development in the frame of a project funded by the German procurement office for defense material. If a simulator is
reconfigurable to different weapon systems, also control devices, display devices and indicators have to be modified. In practice indicators will no longer
be used in hardware but will be simulated by graphics presented on a screen. This paper describes a configuration software which allows to describe
(configure) various ground based weapon systems and to download the configuration to a reconfigurable simulator with emphasis on sensors (type, position) and
crew stations. The intuitive graphical user interface is described in detail. The configuration software defines
the link between the various control devices (e.g. buttons, control grips, pedals etc.) through functions (e.g.
accelerate, break, slew, point, shoot etc.) to display devices (e.g. periscope, monitor, speedometer etc.). Various indicators (cycle, linear, analog,
digital) can easily be created and combined to complex panels. The configuration software makes extensive use of object oriented design.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
A DEPLOYABLE FLIGHT/GROUND RECONFIGURABLE SIMULATOR
William Garbacz
One of the trends in the world-wide military market is a move away from large, expensive, vehicle
unique simulators to simulators that are reconfigurable, low cost, and deployable. Lockheed Martin has responded to the market by developing the MARS 21, or Modular Advanced Reconfigurable
Simulator for the 21st Century. The MARS 21 design utilizes a unique
hardware and software approach that provides for an open, scaleable, reconfigurable system architecture for simulation applications. This paper addresses the
capabilities of the MARS 21, its hardware concept and components, and its
software concept and components.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
PROVIDING UAV VIDEO AND TELEMETRY USING
DIS/HLA STEALTH TECHNOLOGY
Gary W. Hall and Ralph Whitney
As the size and complexity of Distributive Interactive Simulation (DIS) and High Level Architecture (HLA)
based exercises continue to increase, the inclusion of intelligence-based systems becomes apparent. One necessary component in modern warfare is the Command,
Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C 4 I) system, like the Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) Common Ground
Station (CGS) sensor fusion system. A simulation of this type of system requires a variety of sensor inputs. Some of these sensor inputs are not available to other simulations in a DIS or HLA exercise because they require the
transmission of large amounts of imagery data in real-time. One example sensor input that is not available in a networked training environment, is the video
and telemetry information provided by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).
This paper describes a technique of reusing the Stealth technology existing in today’s DIS and HLA-based
exercises to provide UAV video and telemetry sensor information. The necessary video signals are provided by using an existing stealth to provide the
3-dimensional (3D) computer generated imagery of the battlefield. By tethering the stealth to either an existing man-in-the-loop simulation or a computer
generated simulation of an appropriate air vehicle, the video signal that would be generated by the real UAV is simulated. With the added ability of panning
the 3D viewpoint to simulate the UAV’s on-board camera movements, a more realistic simulation is achieved. Finally, by using the position of the tethered
viewpoint and camera’s field of view and orientation, the necessary telemetry data is provided as input to a C 4 I system.
Kevin S. Rees,
James Habersat and Brian Redman
Quinton Miller
The Laser Aim Scoring System (LASS) project represents a significant advancement in the quality of
HELLFIRE missile training for the AH-64 attack helicopter aircrews of the US Army. This paper describes the laser detection technology, system integration
challenges, program history, and future plans for the LASS. The need for LASS, the operation of the system, some design details, and the progress made to
date will also be discussed. The LASS detects, displays and records an AH-64 gunner’s laser designator spot aimed at a mock-up tank target during dry-fire HELLFIRE training. The LASS computer times the entire training engagement to verify that the laser spot was on target during the time required for a missile to travel down range. The LASS successfully detects potential target hits and misses caused by poor laser designation technique, improper boresight, and incorrect designator codes. LASS simulates a successful target hit by dropping the target board and firing off a small explosive device when a crew conducts a successful HELLFIRE engagement.
The LASS will never replace live HELLFIRE missile launches, but it can allow aircraft crews to conduct
realistic and effective dry-fire HELLFIRE engagements on a routine basis. The current effort to field LASS at
the 7th Army Training Command (7th ATC) in Grafenwoehr, Germany represents a major step forward in AH-64 HELLFIRE gunnery qualification. The 7th ATC is using
LASS to provide AH-64 crews stationed in Europe with the best quality HELLFIRE training available anywhere in the world.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
SCENARIO TYPE AND MOTION EFFECTS ON MACHINE GUNNER TRAINING
Jeffrey Horey,Ronald Wolff, Edward Purvis
Simulation has become increasingly important for training marksmanship and other weapon delivery
skills. The effectiveness of simulation is influenced by a wide number of device and instructional features, and isolating the impact of each results in more
efficient use of resources and better trained personnel. This paper presents the results of a preliminary evaluation of a simulator for the M-2 .50 caliber
machine gun. Platform motion and scenario type (graphics vs. video) were investigated for their effects on machine gun training and within simulator transfer
using the Moving Weapons Platform System. Results indicate significant improvement in performance for all combinations of motion and scenario type groups,
and a potential differential motion impact on within simulator transfer depending on scenario pretraining type. Additional research is recommended to confirm
the trends observed in this evaluation.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
SIMULATION OF COMBAT RADIO SYSTEMS IN EXERCISES
Alan Brill
Large scale exercises may comprise many hundreds of simulated vehicles and elements. Each vehicle may
contain its own intercom of, for example, two to twelve crew positions, with each crew position maybe requiring access to one or two open net radios and one
or two secure net radios. It is probable that many nets (frequencies) will be required in a large exercise. In addition to the voice radio communications,
field telephones, telephone exchanges, and data communication links are likely to be required.
This results in the need for a highly advanced complex communications solution to cater for all of
these needs. This complexity needs to be replicated within simulation and training environments.
This paper discusses the requirements for simulation of radio systems within large and small scale
exercises. The problems associated with instructor and trainer control and monitoring overlaid into the
simulated system are discussed, in addition to the system complexities outlined earlier.
The additional problems encountered are with radio systems in the field and which need realistic
simulation will be outlined. These include system re-configuration to correspond to exercise changes (including participant losses and battlefield condition
movements), signal fading, atmospheric noise introduction, and communication loss through movement and terrain
obscuration.
The effects of Electronic Warfare are considered, with introduction of white noise and re-transmission,
along with simulation of both the causes and their effects on the transmission paths.
The paper discusses all of the above and outline current and future solutions to the problems raised
with the simulation of radio communications in both small both and large scale combat exercise scenarios.
This paper is available on the 1997 ITEC CD ROM. Order it from ITEC, Ltd. - Papers
FROM ART TO SCIENCE: A KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO TASK ANALYSIS
Dr A.H. van der Hulst Instructional systems design slowly evolves towards a science. These days, the discipline has its own methodologies that outline phases in design and define intermediate results. In this paper it is argued that such support is necessary but not sufficient. The discipline lacks methods and tools that support the activities to get to the intermediate results. In task analysis, for instance, novices have trouble to work goal directed to obtain the information needed, to distinguish irrelevant from relevant information, to properly handle ambiguity and inconsistencies, and to ensure completeness. A model based approach, as suggested in the discipline of knowledge engineering, was proposed to help overcome these bottlenecks in task analysis. A field test with a model of team tasks indeed revealed that, when not used too rigidly, the approach cou |